United States ili ndi mabasi 460 kutsidya lina! Ili ndi maziko okhazikika 507! Kodi US ikuchita chiyani ndi mabungwe opitilira 560 akunja? Chifukwa chiyani ili ndi maziko 662 kunja? Ku United States kwenikweni ali ndi magulu ankhondo opitilira 1,000 padziko lonse lapansi?
M'dziko la ziwerengero ndi zolondola, dziko lomwe "kuyankha" tsopano ndi mbiri ya Washington, dziko limene chidziwitso chonse chimapezeka pokhapokha pa mbewa, palibe nambala imodzi yomwe palibe Amereka akudziwa. Osati pulezidenti. Osati Pentagon. Osati akatswiri. Palibe aliyense.
Munthu amene analemba buku lotsimikizirika pa ilo sanadziลตe ndithu. Wopambana Mphotho ya Pulitzer New York Times wolemba nkhani sanabwere nkomwe. Anu adalembadi zolemba zambiri pamagulu ankhondo aku US komanso gawo la bukhu pa phunzirolo, koma analephera monga ena onse.
Pali magulu ankhondo opitilira 1,000 aku US omwe ali padziko lonse lapansi. Kunena zowona, kuwerengera kolondola kwambiri ndi 1,077. Pokhapokha ngati 1,088. Kapena, ngati mumawerengera mosiyana, 1,169. Kapena 1,180. Kwenikweni, chiwerengerocho chingakhale chokulirapo. Palibe amene akudziwa motsimikiza.
Kuwerengera Kuwerengera
Mu posachedwapa op-ed chidutswa, New York Times wolemba nkhani mโdanga la Nicholas Kristof ananena mfundo yochititsa mantha kuti: โUnited States imasunga asilikali mโmalo oposa 560 ndi mโmalo ena akunja, ndipo ambiri a iwo ndi cholowa cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse imene inatha zaka 65 zapitazo. Kodi tikuwopa kuti tikachoka ku Germany, Russia ikhoza kuwukira? โ
Kwa zaka zambiri, malemu Chalmers Johnson, munthu amene analemba buku la asilikali US ufumu wa mabango, Chisokonezo cha Ufumu, ananenanso mfundo yomweyi ndi kuichirikiza ndi kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa zisumbu za ku America zomwe zakhala zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwapo. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, atapanga migodi zolemba za Pentagon zomwe zilipo poyera, Johnson analemba kuti, "[T] United States imasunga 'malo' ankhondo 761 m'maiko akunja. (Ndilo nthawi yomwe Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imakonda, m'malo mwa 'maziko,' ngakhale maziko ndi omwe ali.) "
Posachedwa, Pentagon yasintha manambala ake pamasamba ndi masamba ena, ndipo atsika. Kaya agwera pamlingo wapamwamba ndi Kristof, komabe, ndi nkhani yotanthauzira. Malinga ndi lipoti la Department of Defense's 2010 Base Structure Report, asitikali aku US tsopano akusunga malo akunja a 662 m'maiko a 38 padziko lonse lapansi. Gwirani mu lipotilo mozama, komabe, mipata yayikulu ya Grand Canyon ikuyamba kutuluka.
Cholowa cha Maziko
Mu 1955, patatha zaka 10 nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha Chicago DailyTribuneadasindikiza kufufuza kwakukulu kwa maziko, kuphatikizapo mapu okhala ndi nyenyezi zazing'ono ndi makona atatu, ambiri a iwo ali ku Ulaya ndi Pacific. Mtolankhani Walter Trohan analemba kuti: โMbendera ya ku America imaulukira mโmalo oposa 300 a kumayiko ena. โMakampu ndi mabwalo ndi mabwalo amadzaza katundu kapena madera 12 aku America. Maziko akunja ali m'maiko akunja 63 kapena zisumbu. โ
Masiku ano, malinga ndi ziwerengero zofalitsidwa ndi Pentagon, mbendera yaku America imawulukira pa malo ankhondo a 750 aku US kumayiko akunja ndi madera aku US kunja. Chiwerengerochi sichikuphatikizanso malo ang'onoang'ono akunja ochepera maekala 10 kapena omwe asitikali aku US amawakonda osakwana $10 miliyoni. Nthawi zina, maziko ambiri amtunduwu amatha kupindika pamodzi ndikuwerengedwa ngati gulu limodzi lankhondo m'dziko lomwe laperekedwa. Pempho loti afotokoze zambiri kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo silinayankhidwe.
Zomwe tikudziwa ndizakuti, m'malo akunja omwe asitikali aku US akuwerengera, amawongolera nyumba pafupifupi 52,000, ndi zida zopitilira 38,000 zazinthu zolemetsa monga ma piers, wharves, ndi akasinja akulu osungira, osatchulanso "zomangamanga za 9,100". โ monga njanji, njanji, ndi mapaipi. Onjezani nyumba zopitilira 6,300, zida zomanga 3,500, ndi mizere 928 m'magawo aku US ndipo muli ndi zonse zochititsa chidwi. Ndipo komabe, sikuli pafupi ndi nkhani yonse.
Kutaya Kuwerengera
Januware watha, Colonel Wayne Shanks, wolankhulira gulu lankhondo lotsogozedwa ndi US la International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), adandiuza kuti alipo. pafupifupi 400 US ndi mabungwe a mgwirizano ku Afghanistan, kuphatikiza misasa, malo oyendetsera ntchito, ndi malo omenyera nkhondo. Ankayembekezera kuti chiwerengerochi chidzawonjezeka ndi 12 kapena kuposerapo, anawonjezera kuti mโchaka cha 2010.
Mu Seputembala, ndidalumikizana ndi ofesi ya ISAF ya Joint Command Public Affairs kuti nditsatire. Ndinadabwa nditauzidwa zimenezo"pali malo opitilira 350 omwe ali ndi zida ziwiri zazikulu zankhondo, mabwalo a ndege a Bagram ndi Kandahar." Nditathedwa nzeru chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mabasi 50 mโmalo mopeza phindu la 12, ndinalankhula ndi Gary Younger, Mkulu wa Public Affairs Officer wa International Security Assistance Force. "Pali maziko ochepera a 10 NATO ku Afghanistan," adalemba mu imelo ya Okutobala 2010. "Pali maziko opitilira 250 aku US ku Afghanistan."
Panthawiyo, zinkawoneka kuti US inali itataya maziko okwana 150 ndipo ndinali wosokonezeka kwambiri. Nditalumikizana ndi asitikali kuti athetse kusagwirizanaku ndikulemba manambala omwe ndapatsidwa - kuchokera ku Shanks '400 tally mpaka kuwerengera pafupifupi 250 ndi Younger - ndinaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza mpaka ndidafika ndi Sergeant First Class Eric Brown. ku ISAF Joint Command's Public Affairs. "Chiwerengero cha mabungwe ku Afghanistan ndi pafupifupi 411," a Brown adalemba mu imelo ya November, "omwe ali ndi magulu akuluakulu, mpaka kufika ku Combat Out Post-level." Ngakhale izi, adachenjeza, sizinali mndandanda wathunthu, chifukwa "malo osakhalitsa okhala ndi zinthu zazikulu kapena zochepa" sanawerengedwe.
Panjira yopita ku "zomaliza" izi, ndinapatsidwa mafotokozedwe angapo - kuchokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana zowerengera ndalama mpaka kulephera kwa mayunitsi m'munda kuti apereke chidziwitso cholondola - chifukwa cha ziwerengero zotsutsana zomwe ndinapatsidwa. Pambuyo pa miyezi yotumizirana maimelo ndikuwona ziwerengero zikuyenda movutikira, kutha ndi kuwerengera komweko mu Novembala monga ndidayamba mu Januwale zikuwonetsa kuti lamulo la US silikutsata mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa mabasi ku Afghanistan. Zikuwoneka kuti asitikali sakudziwa kuti ali ndi malo angati m'bwalo lawo lalikulu lochitirako ntchito.
Masamba akuda ku Baseworld
Jambulani Lipoti la Zomangamanga la Department of Defense la 2010 pamasamba aku Afghanistan. Pitilizani, werengani masamba onse 206. Simupeza kutchulidwa kwa iwo, osati mawu amodzi, palibe umboni umodzi, osati kufotokoza kuti United States ili ndi maziko amodzi ku Afghanistan, ngakhale oposa 400. Onjezani zoyambira 411 zomwe zikusowa pazokwanira za Kristof ndipo mumapeza masamba 971 padziko lonse lapansi. Onjezani ku Pentagon's tally ndipo mwasiyidwa ndi maziko ndi masamba 1,073 kutsidya lina, pafupifupi 770 kuposa momwe Walter Trohan adawululira m'nkhani yake ya 1955. Chiwerengero chimenecho chimaposa chiwerengero cha 1967 cha mabungwe 1,014 aku US kunja, omwe Chalmers Johnson adawona kuti "Chinsomba cha Cold War."
Pali, komabe, njira zina kuwerengera zonse. M'kalata yomwe inalembedwa kumapeto kwa Spring, Senator Ron Wyden ndi Oimira Barney Frank, Ron Paul, ndi Walter Jones adanena kuti panali zida zankhondo za 460 za US kunja, osawerengera omwe ali ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Nicholas Kristof, yemwe adabwera ndi chiwerengero cha 100 kuposa pamenepo, sanayankhe imelo kuti afotokoze, koma mwina adachitanso chimodzimodzi monga momwe ndinachitira: fufuzani Pentagon's Base Structure Report ndikusankha malo oonekeratu kuti, pokhala ndi "mapazi" akuluakulu, amatha kuwerengedwa ngati maziko, monga nyumba zodalira mabanja ndi masukulu, mahotela ogona (inde, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ili nawo), madera a ski (Nawonso) ndi waukulu mwa iwo magalimoto - Asitikali aku US adanenanso kuti ali ndi maphunziro 172 amitundu yonse mu 2007 - ndipo mumapeza malo ozungulira 570 akunja. Onjezani kwa iwo kuchuluka kwa mabwalo aku Afghan ndipo mwatsala ndi magulu ankhondo 981 akunja.
Zomwe zimachitika, komabe, Afghanistan si dziko lokhalo lomwe lili ndi vuto lakuda. Sakani zolemba za Pentagon pamasamba aku Iraq ndipo simupeza ngakhale chimodzi. (Izi zinali zoona ngakhale pamene US akuti anali nayo zoposa 400 maziko m'dziko limenelo.) Masiku ano, asilikali a US kumeneko achepa kwambiri. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo inakana kuyankha pempho la imelo la chiwerengero cha maziko ku Iraq, koma malipoti ofalitsidwa akusonyeza kuti palibe osachepera 88 omwe adakalipo, kuphatikizapo Camp Taji, Camp Ramadi, Contingency Operating Base Speicherndipo Joint Base Balad, yomwe, yokha, imadzitamandira pafupifupi asilikali a ku America 7,000. Maziko osowawa angakweze chiwonkhetso padziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi 1,069.
Nkhondo simalo okhawo obisika. Yang'anitsitsani Mayiko aku Middle East omwe maboma awo, akuwopa malingaliro a anthu apanyumba, amakonda kuti asapatsidwe kulengeza kwa asitikali aku America zapansi m'gawo lawo, ndikufanizira ndi mndandanda wa Pentagon. Kupereka chitsanzo, 2010 Base Structure Report imatchula malo amodzi opanda dzina aku US ku Kuwait. Komabe tikudziwa kuti dziko la Persian Gulf lili ndi zida zingapo zankhondo zaku US kuphatikiza Camp Arifjan, Camp Buering,Camp Virginia, Kuwait Naval Base, Ali Al Salem Air Basendipo Udari Range. Onjezani mawebusayiti omwe akusowawa ndipo chiwerengero chonse cha maziko akunja chikufika pa 1,074.
Yang'anani maziko a Pentagon ku Qatar ndipo mudzakhala opanda kanthu. Koma yang'anani kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti ya chitetezo omwe akutumikira kutsidya kwa nyanja ndipo mupeza amuna ndi akazi opitilira 550 omwe atumizidwa kumeneko. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Persian Gulf liyenera kuti linamanga movomerezeka Al Udeid Air Base palokha, kuyitcha china chilichonse kupatula kukhazikitsa ku US kungakhale kopanda pake, chifukwa chakhala ngati gulu lankhondo. chachikulu mayendedwe ndi lamulo likulu chifukwa cha nkhondo za US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Onjezani ndipo chiwerengero cha mayiko akunja chikufika pa 1,075.
Saudi Arabia ikusowanso ku Pentagon, ngakhale mndandanda wa anthu ogwira ntchito kunja ukusonyeza kuti mazana a asilikali a US atumizidwa kumeneko. Kuchokera kutsogolo mpaka Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Gulf ku 1990 kupyolera mu nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq, asilikali a US adayika zikwi za asilikali mu ufumuwo. Mu 2003, poyankha kukakamizidwa kwa boma la Saudi, Washington idalengeza kuti ikutulutsa asitikali ochepa mdzikolo. Komabe US ikupitilizabe kuphunzitsa ndi kulangiza kuchokera kumasamba ngati Eskan Village, yomwe ili pamtunda wamakilomita 20 kumwera kwa Riyadh komwe, malinga ndi manambala a 2009, antchito 800 aku US (500 mwa iwo alangizi) adakhazikitsidwa.
Zochotsera, Zosawerengeka, ndi Zosadziwika
Kuphatikiza pa ziwerengero zosadziwika zazing'ono zomwe Pentagon sichivutikira kuwerengera komanso maziko aku Middle East ndi Afghanistan omwe amawulukira pansi pa radar, pali madera akuda kwambiri mu ufumu wa mabasi: kukhazikitsa mayiko ena omwe ali. zogwiritsidwa ntchito koma zosavomerezedwa ndi United States kapena zolonjezedwa ndi dziko lokhalamo ziyenera kuwerengedwanso. Mwachitsanzo, tsopano zikudziwika bwino kuti ndege za US drone, zomwe zimagwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi CIA ndi Air Force ndikumenya nkhondo yosakhala yachinsinsi ku Pakistan, Nyamuka kuchokera ku maziko amodzi kapena angapo m'dzikolo.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali masamba ena monga "malo obisalapo oyendetsedwa ndi US Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) mumzinda wa Karachi ku Pakistani," poyera ndi Jeremy Scahill mu Nation magazini, ndi bwalo la ndege limodzi kapena zingapo zoyendetsedwa ndi antchito a kontrakitala wachitetezo wamba Madzi a Black (tsopano akutchedwa Xe Services). Ngakhale ogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti ya chitetezo akuwonetsa kuti pali asitikali opitilira zana omwe atumizidwa ku Pakistan, palibe maziko pamenepo.
Momwemonso osawerengeka ndi a US Navy magulu onyalanyazidwa, ma flotilla omwe amakhala ndi zazikulu zonyamula ndege, zombo zankhondo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, komanso choyendetsa mizinga chowongolera, zida ziwiri zoononga zida zotsogozedwa, sitima yapamadzi yowukira, ndi zida, oiler, ndi sitima yapamadzi. US ili ndi 11 zotere othandizira, malo oyandama okhala ndi matauni omwe amatha kuyenda padziko lonse lapansi, komanso zombo zina zambiri, zina zikudzitamandira kuposa akuluakulu ndi ogwira ntchito 1,000, zomwe mwina, akuti Navy, amapita โku madoko aliwonse oposa 100 padziko lonse lapansiโ kuchokera ku Hong Kong kupita ku Rio de Janeiro.
"Kutha kuyendetsa ntchito zoyendetsa zinthu kumathandizira kuti asitikali apanyanja azikhala paliponse," akuwerenga Navy's Naval. Lingaliro la ntchito: 2010. Chifukwa chake maziko awa omwe amayandama pansi pa radar ayenera kuwerengedwanso.
A Bang, Whimper, ndi Alamo of the Twenty-First Century
Polankhula pamaso pa Komiti Yachigawo ya Senate Appropriations Committee on Military Construction, Veterans, and Related Agencies koyambirira kwa chaka chatha, Wachiwiri kwa Secretary Secretary of Defense Dorothy Robyn adatchulapo za "507" za Pentagon. Pentagon's 2010 Base Structure Report, kumbali ina, imalemba masamba 4,999 onse ku US, madera ake, ndi kutsidya kwa nyanja.
Mu dongosolo lalikulu la zinthu, manambala enieni siwofunika kwambiri. Kaya zolondola kwambiri ndi maziko a 900, maziko a 1,000 kapena malo a 1,100 m'mayiko akunja, chomwe sichingatsutse ndi chakuti asilikali a US akusunga, m'mawu otchuka a Chalmers Johnson, ufumu wazitsulo zazikulu kwambiri komanso zamthunzi moti palibe aliyense - ngakhale ku Pentagon. - amadziwadi kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake.
Zomwe tikudziwa ndikuti zimadzutsa mkwiyo kwa adani monga al Qaeda, ali ndi chizolowezi kabati ngakhale pa ogwirizana kwambiri ngati aku Japan, ndipo amawononga okhometsa misonkho aku America ndalama zambiri chaka chilichonse. Mu 2010, malinga ndi Robyn, ndalama zomanga zankhondo ndi nyumba m'malo onse a US zidafika $23.2 biliyoni. Ndalama zina zokwana madola 14.6 biliyoni zinafunika kukonzanso, kukonza, ndi kukonzanso ndalama. Kuti agwiritse ntchito zida zake, malinga ndi ziwerengero za 2009, Pentagon idawononga $ 3.8 biliyoni. Ndipo izi mwina sizingayang'anenso padziko lapansi ku America potengera mtengo wake wonse wazachuma.
Monga maufumu onse, magulu ankhondo aku US tsiku lina adzagwa. Maziko awa, komabe, siwoyenera kugwa ngati ma domino ambiri mumatsatizana omaliza a siliva. Iwo sangapite, ndiko kuti, kutuluka ndi "kuphulika" kwa Alamos wamtsogolo, koma ndi "chipwirikiti" cha kulephera.
Chaka chatha, kugwedezeka zinayamba ngakhale pakati pa opanga malamulo ku Washington ponena za chiyembekezo chowonjezereka ichi. "Sindikuganiza kuti tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti tikhale ndi asilikali ku Germany zaka 65 nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha. Tili ndi vuto lalikulu ndipo tiyenera kuchepetsa, "atero a Massachusetts Democratic Congressman Barney Frank. Mofananamo, Senator wa ku Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison waku Texas adalengeza kuti, "Ngati United States ikufunadi kutsimikizira ogwirizana athu ndikuletsa adani athu, tiyenera kuchita izi ndi mphamvu zankhondo zamphamvu komanso mfundo zomveka - osati kusunga asitikali ali kutsidya lanyanja, osalanda ndalama kuchokera kumayiko ena. zida ndi zida nโkuziika mโgulu lankhondo lofanana.โ
Zowonadi, chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, bungwe la White House lomwe limayang'anira kuperewera kwapawiri ku White House - lomwe limadziwika kuti National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform - lidapereka lingaliro lodula magulu ankhondo aku US ku Europe ndi Asia ndi gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu, zomwe, pakuyerekeza kwawo, zingapulumutse pafupifupi $8.5 biliyoni mu 2015.
Ufumu wa maziko, ukadali patali kapena pafupi ndi kutalika kwake, uyenera kucheperachepera. Asilikali akuyenera kuchepetsa mphamvu zake zakunja ndikuchepetsa zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zikubwerazi. Zowona zazachuma zidzafunikira zimenezo. Zosankha zomwe Pentagon imapanga lero zitha kudziwa kuti magulu ankhondo ake abwera kunyumba mawa. Pakadali pano, atha kusankhabe ngati kubwerera kwawo kudzawoneka ngati kuchita bwino kwambiri kapena kuthawa kwawo koyipa.
Chisankho chilichonse, koloko ikupita, ndipo kusanayambike kulikonse, asitikali aku US akuyenera kudziwa komwe akuchokera (ndipo aku America ayenera kudziwa bwino komwe kuli magulu ankhondo akunja). Kuwerengera moona mtima kwa mabungwe aku US akunja - mndandanda wowona, wodzaza, komanso wokwanira - ungakhale gawo laling'ono lofunikira pakuchepetsa ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nick Turse ndi mtolankhani wofufuza, mkonzi wothandiziraTomDispatch.com, ndipo pano ndi mnzake ku Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute. Buku lake laposachedwa ndilo Mlandu Wochotsedwa ku Afghanistan (Verso Books). Mutha kumutsatira pa Twitter @NickTurse, pa Tumblr, ndi kupitiriraFacebook. Webusaiti yake ndi NickTurse.com. Kuti mugwire kuyankhulana kwaposachedwa kwa TomCast kwa Timothy MacBain komwe Turse akukambirana momwe angawerengere ufumu wa America wa maziko, Dinani apa kapena, kutsitsa ku iPod yanu, Pano.
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga wa novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: Momwe Nkhondo Za Bush Zinakhalira za Obama (Mabuku a Haymarket).]
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