Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ƙasa ta Brazil (MST) ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Latin Amurka, tare da kusan mutane miliyan 1.5. Shekaru da yawa MST ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin takensu "Mama, Tsaya, Samar" don daidaita manoma marasa ƙasa a ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da su ba a Brazil, inda kusan kashi 3% na al'ummar ƙasar suka mallaki sama da 2/3 na ƙasar noma.
A tsakiyar Brazil rikicin siyasa na yanzu, MST na ci gaba da aiki don tabbatar da adalci da kuma adawa da gwamnatin Michel Temer na hannun dama. Kwanan nan, ta shirya domin a saki of daurin zalunci tsohon shugaban kasar Brazil, dan takarar shugaban kasa na baya-bayan nan, kuma shugaban jam’iyyar Workers’ Party, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.
Mai zuwa shine taƙaitaccen bayani akan tarihi, dabaru da hangen nesa na MST.
***
Da sanyin safiya ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1985, iyalai 2,500 marasa gida sun isa cikin manyan motoci, bas, da babura don mamaye Fazenda Annoni, fili mai girman eka 23,000 a Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An tilastawa iyalai su mamaye ƙasar saboda rashin bege. Ga da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu fafutuka, madadin shine muguwar aiki, bauta irin ta bauta a manyan gidaje, ko murkushe talauci a cikin tarkace na birni. Darci Bonato, wanda ya shiga wannan sana’ar, ya tuna cewa iyalai suna da abin da za su iya dauka a bayansu don fara sabuwar rayuwarsu.
Muna da (gasa) da za mu iya amfani da ita a kan buɗaɗɗen wuta, tukwane, abinci da tufafin gado. Yara sun yi barci a lokacin da muka isa, muka kwantar da su a kan wata katifa karkashin bishiya, muka lullube su da bargo. Sa'an nan kuma muka koma hanya don taimaka wa sansanin. Daren farko, babu wani babba da ya yi barci. Akwai cikakken wata, na tuna, kuma yana da haske sosai. Da gari ya waye sai wasu 'yan sanda suka iso. Da muka fito tare da shinge, muna shirye mu hana su shigowa. Akwai jita-jita cewa muna da makamai, amma ba mu. Makaman da muke da su shine fartanya da zakka.[1]
‘Yan sanda sun yi kokarin korar su a banza, amma ‘yan fafutuka na da karfi a adadi kuma sun yi nasarar bijirewa ‘yan sandan yayin da suke ci gaba da shirye-shiryen sabuwar rayuwarsu. "Mutane sun fara kafa tantuna, suna tattara ruwa daga kogin, suna kunna wuta don dafa abinci," in ji Bonato.[2]
An ci gaba da killace sansanin ‘yan sanda na tsawon shekara guda, wanda hakan ya sa iyalai ke da wuya su zo su tafi, su sami abinci da kayayyaki. Masu fafutuka na MST daga ƙarshe sun buɗe makaranta don koyar da yaransu, kuma mutane da yawa sun shiga cikin ’yan uwa a sansanin yayin da aka ƙara haɓaka. Kangin da 'yan sanda suka yi ya sa ya zama dole ga kowa da kowa a sansanin ya raba kayayyaki, aiki, da abinci. A wani lokaci, yara sun kusanci ’yan sanda suka ba su furanni, suna bayyana cewa ba sa adawa da ’yan sanda, amma suna adawa da gwamnati. A shekarar 1987, gwamnati ta amince ta bar manoma su zauna a filin. Bonato ta yi magana game da shekarun da ta yi a sansanin:
Ba na nadama. Idan da ban yi haka ba, da na yi aiki na tsawon shekaru talatin a matsayin ma’aikacin gona kuma na ƙare ba tare da kadada ɗaya ba. Don haka a gare ni babbar nasara ce. Yau 'ya'yana suna zaune tare da ni, kowa da filinsa. Sun yi rayuwa tare da ni duka, kuma yanzu sun fi sau goma fiye da yadda za su kasance idan na ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ɗan hayar.[3]
Membobin MST da suka mamaye Fazenda Annoni sun ga ladan aikinsu kai tsaye, kuma sun zaburar da sabbin masu fafutuka a Brazil.
Dabarun MST suna magana ne game da ƙirƙira da ƙwarewar membobinta. Ƙarfin da ke tsakanin masu shiga cikin wannan sana'a na gina al'umma ta kud-da-kud na manoma masu dogaro da kansu, renon yara, da kuma bijirewa 'yan sanda gaba ɗaya yana nuna iyawa da dagewar MST a matakin ƙasa. A cikin tsawon shekaru ashirin da shida na aikin MST, ta kwashe sama da kadada miliyan talatin da biyar, kuma ta zaunar da iyalai sama da 400,000.[4] Matsugunan, waɗanda galibi ana tsara su cikin haɗin gwiwa (tare da wasu sanannun keɓancewa), gida ne ga ɗaruruwan makarantu da MST ta gina, waɗanda suka baiwa dubun dubatar mutane damar koyon karatu da rubutu.[5] Yayin da motsi ya girma, ya zana nasa zaman kansa na zamantakewa ta hanyar aiki kai tsaye kuma ya zama babban karfi na siyasa a Brazil.
Mamaya, Tsaya, Yi
MST ta fara ne a cikin 1984, lokacin da kwanaki huɗu a cikin Janairu, kusan manoma ɗari marasa ƙasa suka hadu a jihar Paraná ta kudanci. Domin masu shirya taron sun san cewa tafiyar tana bukatar ta kasance mai fadi, sai aka gayyato shugabanni marasa kasa daga jihohi goma sha uku. Wannan taro ya kasance hutu ne daga gwagwarmayar filaye da aka saba yi, wanda akasarin kungiyoyin kwadago suka jagoranta. Mutane da yawa a cikin manyan kungiyoyin kwadago na Brazil sun yi imanin yakin neman sake fasalin aikin gona ya kamata ya faru a cikin rukunin ƙungiyoyi - amma ƙungiyoyin ba su karɓi manoma marasa ƙasa a matsayin membobi ba. João Pedro Stédile, Sakataren Aikin Gona na Rio Grande do Sul a lokacin, tare da sauran mahalarta taron, sun ga cewa dukan dangin manomi da ba su da ƙasa suna fama da rashin adalci, don haka ya kamata a ba su ikon bayyana abin da madadin ya kamata ya kasance. kamar. A kan haka, Stédile ya yi imanin shugabannin yakamata su haɗa iyalai a cikin motsi. Don haka, an ba duk membobin iyalan da ba su da ƙasa damar shiga cikin motsi daga farkon MST. Bayan ƙarfafa mata a waje da tsarin magabata na gargajiya, Stédile ya bayyana a cikin 1999, “Ta haɗa da duk membobin iyali, motsi yana samun gagarumin ƙarfi. Alal misali, matasa, waɗanda ubanninsu suka saba zalunta, sun fahimci cewa ƙuri’ar da za su yi a majalisa tana da muhimmanci kamar [kuri’ar mahaifinsu].”[6] A tsawon lokaci, wannan faɗin memba ya ba da gudummawa ga tsayin daka da ƙarfi a cikin lambobi lokacin da suke mamaye ƙasa da ƙirƙirar manufofin da suka yi la'akari da bukatun duk 'yan uwa.
MST - wanda takensa shine Occupy, Resist, Produce - ya kasance cikin lumana yana mamaye ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da shi ba tun 1985. Yawanci, lokacin da masu fafutuka suka karɓi filaye, suna haɓaka gonakin haɗin gwiwa da gina gidaje, makarantu, da asibitocin lafiya a kai. Suna gudanar da kasa baki daya ta hanya mai dorewa, tare da ilmantar da yara da kuma ciyar da daidaiton jinsi.[7] Tun da aka kafa wannan yunkuri, MST ba kawai ta karbi filaye ba, sun kuma shiga cikin jerin gwano, shinge, da sana'o'i da nufin neman taimakon gwamnati ga mambobinsu, ciki har da inganta hanyoyin samun bashi, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Shekaru da dama, MST ta yi gwagwarmaya da amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara (GMO) da kuma manyan noman masana'antu, yayin da suke aiki a cikin sansanonin nasu don shuka abinci mai kyau akan ƙaramin sikelin wanda ke samar da aikin yi ga membobin MST.[8] Tun daga farko da aka mayar da hankali kan sana'ar filaye, wannan tsari iri-iri na dabaru da manufofi sun taimaka wa wannan yunkuri ya kasance mai sassauya cikin lokaci, da samun damar daidaita sabbin ayyukan noma da sauye-sauye a fagen siyasar kasar.
Daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka yi bayan faduwar mulkin kama-karya na Brazil a shekarar 1985, akwai wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka rubuta a shekarar 1988, wanda ya kafa ‘yancin gwamnati na sake raba filayen da ba a yi amfani da su ba ga manoma marasa galihu. Ma'auni na sake fasalin ƙasa ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne a yi amfani da duk ƙasa don amfanin al'umma. Idan ƙasa ba ta cika aikin zamantakewa ba, tsarin mulki ya bayyana, to gwamnati tana da haƙƙin mallaka da sake rarraba wannan fili.[9] Kayan aiki na hukuma wanda ke aiwatar da wannan sake rarrabawa shine Cibiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta ƙasa da Cibiyar Gyaran Agrarian (INCRA). Da zarar INCRA ta ba da shaidar cewa ya kamata a sake raba fili, gwamnati ta ba da izinin ta ta hanyar biyan mai mallakar filin, kuma a yanayin ayyukan MST, ta ba wa manoman da ba su da ƙasa. MST ta yi amfani da wannan garambawul na kundin tsarin mulki don matsawa gwamnati da INCRA su bi nasu hanyoyin doka — na farko ta hanyar mamaye ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da su ba, sannan ta neman mallakar wannan fili, ko kuma ƙasa kusa da sansanin.[10]
Yawancin nasarar MST ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na jagorancinta, yanke shawara, da tattarawa. Ana tafka muhawara kan yanke shawara da ayyukan kungiyar a cikin zababbun kwamitocin a matakai daban-daban na harkar, tun daga sansani zuwa ofisoshin yankin. A cikin MST, kowane memba yana cikin rukunin Base na kansa, kwamitin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke riƙe iko tsakanin tushen motsi. Rukunin Tushen a kowace sansani ko ƙauye sun ƙunshi iyalai goma zuwa ashirin, kuma kowace ƙungiya tana da mai kula da maza da mata.[11]
"Wannan ita ce dimokuradiyyar mu," memba na MST João Amaral na Rio Grande do Sul, ya ce game da tsarin Rukunin Base da ayyukan gama gari. Yin amfani da yarjejeniya don isa ga yanke shawara muhimmin sashi ne na ayyukan Ƙungiyoyin Base, a cewar Amaral. "Wataƙila wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin sirrin haɗin kai na MST. Cewa ba'a raba mu akan kowane batu da yakamata ku yanke shawara. Shi ke nan. Muna neman yarjejeniya, tare da mutunta matsayi a cikin tsiraru, har sai mun kai ga yarjejeniya. Akwai lokuta inda mukamai da suka kasance da farko a cikin tsiraru suka zama rinjaye a cikin tsarin tattaunawa."[12]
Wannan ƙarfafawa a kan karkatacciyar hanya, hanyar ƙasa zuwa sama yana ƙara wa ƙungiyoyin dorewa da farin jini a tsakanin membobi. Mafi yawa ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa ne shugabannin MST ke fitowa; Ƙwarewar su tana ƙara haɓaka a cikin azuzuwan da tarurruka. Mayar da hankali kan kawo sabon jagoranci a cikin rukunin ya shafi tsararraki kuma yana lalata yunƙurin sanya ikon yanke shawara a hannun wasu kaɗan.
Ainihin zama na ƙasa yana haifar da ƙwazo kuma yana ƙara yawan membobin MST. Gabaɗaya, da zarar shugabannin MST suka yanke shawara a kan wani yanki na ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da su ba don zama a cikin wani yanki da aka ba su, suna tsarawa a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da ƙasar, suna kwatanta tsarin da INCRA ke bi, da ɗaukar mutane don shiga cikin aikin. Wannan tsari na al'umma yana kawo mutane cikin MST, yana haɗa mahalarta cikin ayyukan dabaru da shirye-shiryen sana'a, sa'an nan kuma daidaita dangantakar ta hanyar haɗin kai wanda ita kanta sana'ar ke buƙata. Bayan an gama duk shirye-shiryen kuma membobin MST sun yanke shawarar mamaye ƙasar, ana faɗakar da kowa a cikin minti na ƙarshe don kiyaye wani abin mamaki. A ƙarshe, mahalarta suna shiga ƙasar, suna kafa sansaninsu kafin wayewar gari.[13] Duk da yake wannan tsari ne na yau da kullun, a cikin lokaci membobin MST suma sun kafa sansani waɗanda mutane ke juyawa cikin sansanin a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa biyar yayin da ake baiwa mutane filaye.
Kamar yadda Stédile ya bayyana a cikin 2002,
Da daddare ne manyan motocin haya suka iso, kafin gari ya waye, su zaga cikin al’umma, su kwashe duk abin da za su iya, sannan su tashi zuwa kadarorin. Iyalan suna da dare ɗaya don su mallaki yankin kuma su gina matsuguni, ta yadda da sassafe, lokacin da mai gidan ya fahimci abin da ya faru, an riga an kafa sansanin. Kwamitin ya zabi iyali da zai leka wurin, don gano inda ake samun ruwa, inda akwai itatuwan inuwa.[14]
Manufar ita ce a ci gaba da fafutuka duk da takurawar ‘yan sanda ko ‘yan daba da mai gidan ya dauka hayar: “[T] babban abin da ya kamata kungiya, da zarar an taru a wani sansani, shi ne a ci gaba da kasancewa cikin hadin kai, a ci gaba da matsa lamba. gwamnati."[15] Dagewar da MST ta yi da dabarun aiwatar da kai tsaye ya yi nasara sosai cikin shekaru da yawa kuma yana ba da ikon gina sararin samaniya mai cin gashin kansa yayin da yake matsawa gwamnati lamba a lokaci guda.
Bayan kafa sansani, ƙungiyar ta fara tura INCRA, jami'an kotu, da/ko 'yan siyasa don neman ƙasa. Masu gwagwarmaya sukan jira shekaru biyu zuwa hudu. A halin yanzu, masu mallakar filaye, ’yan baranda, da ’yan sanda sukan yi ƙoƙarin korar jama’a daga ƙasar ta hanyar tsangwama da kisa. Ƙarfin ƙungiyoyi na MST, haɗin gwiwar sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke tallafa mata, da sadaukar da kai na iyalai suna da yanke shawara kan ko aikin zai yi nasara ko a'a.[16]
Ga yawancin masu fafutuka na MST, rayuwa ta zama mafi kyau fiye da abin da aka sha wahala kafin su mamaye sabuwar ƙasar. Sonia Bergamasco, farfesa a fannin injiniyan noma a Jami'ar Jihar Campinas kuma marubucin binciken sasantawa na MST, ta ce, "Kashi 95 na mutane suna amsa cewa sun fi dacewa yanzu [bayan sun shiga sulhu]. Aƙalla suna da gidaje, suna noma abinci kuma yaransu suna zuwa makaranta. Da zarar sun daidaita, daya daga cikin abubuwan farko da al'umma ke yi shi ne fara makaranta."[17]
Wahalhalun rayuwa a cikin sansani ya sa wasu su fice, amma wahala kuma ta haɗa membobin MST. Sau da yawa yanayin rayuwa yana da wahala a sansanonin, tare da tantunan filastik na gida don zama da rashin wadataccen ruwan sha. Yana da wuya a kasance cikin koshin lafiya da hana yaɗuwar rashin lafiya lokacin da sansanin ya yi nisa da asibiti. Don ƙarfafa haɗin kai, ilimantar da yara, da ƙarfafa sha'awar ci gaba da yaƙi, kwamitocin MST suna shirya raye-raye, wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, da wasan kwaikwayo.[18]
Pacote, memba na MST, ya tuna,
Mun rasa abin da muke da shi lokacin da muka je sansanin. Za mu iya ɗaukar kaɗan ko da kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan ƴan abubuwan da muka mallaka a cikin sabon sansanin, abin da muka ɗauka shine murhun dafaffen mu [ƙona itace]. Wadancan ’yan ajiyar da muka samu sun tafi ba da jimawa ba, saboda ba mu samu komai ba. Ba mu da gida ko ƙasa da za mu koma, ba kayan gida, da ƙyar ko tufafi, kaɗan daga cikin kayan aikinmu—komai sun ɓace. Kuma babu yadda za a koma a sake zama irin wannan ga tsohon makwabta, abokai a waje. Komai ya dogara da gaba da kuma abokan da muka yi a sansanin. Babu hanyar dawowa.[19]
Gabaɗaya, ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin ɓangarorin ko ainihin bayi a matsayin ma'aikatan gona, a cikin ƙauye, fuskantar matsanancin talauci, shan muggan ƙwayoyi, aikata laifuka, da rashin ilimi da kiwon lafiya ga iyalansu, sansanin MST sun kasance ci gaba a fili.[20]
Da farko, babban abin da MST ya mayar da hankali shi ne yaƙin ƙasa. Amma da sauri masu fafutuka sun tattauna batun wayar da kan ‘ya’yansu domin su zama ‘yan al’umma. Iyalan MST suna son samun ilimi mai ƙarfafawa ga 'ya'yansu, saboda haka za su iya, "yaƙi don haƙƙinsu, yin aiki tare, don darajar rayuwar lafiya da za su iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasar kuma su ƙi yaudarar birnin." Kungiyar ta yanke shawarar cewa suna bukatar kafa nasu tsarin ilimi mai 'yanci. A cikin 1990, sun haɓaka manufofinsu na wannan tsarin, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga horar da sababbin shugabanni, da nuna gaskiyar al'umma da yadda za a iya canza ta, baya ga azuzuwan karatu, rubuce-rubuce, da basirar nazari. Matsaloli sun taso idan yaran da ke zuwa makarantu masu nisa suna yawo da yawa daga sansani zuwa sansani, kuma idan makarantun a waje suke, yara suna fuskantar abubuwa. Dangane da irin waɗannan matsalolin, masu fafutuka na MST sun kafa makarantun balaguro inda malamai ke tafiya da dukkan kayayyakinsu, gami da alluna da tebura.[21]
A cikin Maris na 1998, lokacin da 'yan sanda suka kori mambobin MST daga sansanin a Rio Grande do Sul, masu fafutuka sun yanke shawarar yin tattaki zuwa babban birnin jihar don nuna rashin amincewa. Makarantun masu balaguro sun tafi tare da su, suna gudanar da aiki a wurare daban-daban tare da tafiya. Wani malami ya bayyana wannan ƙwarewar ilimi:
Tebura da kujerunmu sun kasance ƙasa mai wuya, sanyi, allo ɗin takarda ne da aka liƙa a bango, ga dogo, ga bishiyoyi ko kuma kawai riƙe a hannun malamin. Mun koya ta gani, rayuwa, da aikatawa. Mun yi lissafin kilomita, mita, santimita na hanyar da za mu bi, adadin kwanakin da za a yi kafin isa babban birnin, abin da aka samar a garuruwan da muka bi… Mun ga motoci, dawakai, karusai, jiragen kasa, jirage. , jirgi mai saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, don haka muka yi nazarin hanyoyin sufuri. Mun yi waƙa a gaban mutane 2,000 [a taron ƙungiyar malamai a Porto Alegre]… Lokacin da muka yanke shawarar rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga gwamna, muka yi magana game da jigon, muka rubuta game da shi, kowa ya ba da ra'ayi, sai ya kasance. karanta kuma sun amince da makarantar gama gari.[22]
Wannan tsarin ilmantarwa shine misalin yadda MST ta fi mayar da hankali kan samar da madadin jihohi da cibiyoyin Brazil na gargajiya. A cikin aji, filayen noma, da tarurruka, MST ta gina nata duniyar ba tare da jiran sakamakon zaben da ya dace ba, canjin siyasa, ko goyon bayan jam'iyyun siyasa; ta dauki al'amura a hannunta don gina al'ummar da take bukata domin tsira da ci gaba.
"A cikin kowace al'umma, har ma fiye da haka a Brazil, canjin zamantakewa bai dogara ga gwamnati ba amma a kan kungiya da kuma hada kan al'umma. Mutanen ne ke yin canjin,” in ji Stédile. "Dole ne mutane su gane cewa ba shi da amfani neman gwamnati ga komai. Gwamnati ta kasance wani bangare na al'umma kuma yana da kyau ta ci gaba… Amma mahimman sauye-sauyen al'umma ba daga gwamnati suke zuwa ba amma daga kuzarin da ma'aikata ke samun nasara wajen tattarawa yayin da suke shirya yancinsu."[23]
An cire wannan labarin kuma an daidaita shi daga Rawa tare da Dynamite: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jihohi a Latin Amurka by Benjamin Dangl, (AK Press, 2010).
Benjamin Dangel yana da PhD a cikin tarihin Latin Amurka daga Jami'ar McGill kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a cikin Latin Amurka sama da shekaru goma, yana rubutu don kantuna kamar The Guardian, Al Jazeera, The Nation, and Vice. Shi ne marubucin littattafan Farashin Wuta: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Albarkatu da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a a Bolivia, Rawa tare da Dynamite: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jihohi a Latin Amurka, da Tawayen Shekara ɗari biyar masu zuwa: Ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da Ƙarfin Tarihi a Bolivia, duk tare da AK Press. Dangl yana gyara TowardFreedom.org, hangen nesa mai ci gaba kan abubuwan duniya, kuma yana koyar da aikin jarida a Kwalejin Champlain a VT. Email BenDangl(at) gmail.com. Twitter @BenDangl
Notes:
[1] An nakalto daga Sue Branford da Jan Rocha, Yanke Waya: Labarin Ƙauyen Ƙasa a Brazil (London: Ofishin Latin Amurka, 2002), 35–36. Encruzilhada Natalino, dake kusa da Fazena Annoni, shine farkon zangon MST: "Tarihin MST," MSTBrazil.org, http://www.mstbrazil.org/?q=history.
[2] An nakalto a Branford da Rocha, Yanke Waya, 35-36.
[3] An nakalto a cikin Ibid., 37–39.
[4] Michael Fox, "Ƙungiyar Mara Ƙasa ta Brazil Ta Cika Shekaru 25, Ya Buɗe 'Sabon Mataki' na Gwagwarmaya," Juye Duniya, Janairu 28, 2009, http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ abun ciki/view/1688/63/.
[5] Misali, a Fazenda Annoni an tsara wasu iyalai zuwa gidajen kwana, yayin da wasu ba sa noma nasu hectare 20.
[6] An nakalto a Branford da Rocha, Yanke Waya, 21-23.
[7] "Game da MST," MSTBrazil.org, http://www.mstbrazil.org/?q=about.
[8] "Tarihi na MST."
[9] Richard Plevin, "Aikin Bankin Duniya Ya Rusa Gyaran Kasa a Brazil," Global Exchange, Agusta 6, 1999, http://www.mstbrazil.org/wbsubverts.html.
[10] Matthew Flynn, "Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata marasa Ƙasa ta Brazil," Shirin Amurka, Afrilu, 2003, http://americas.irc-online.org/citizen-action/series/06-mst_body.html.
[11] Sílvia Leindecker da Michael Fox, Bayan Zabe: Sake Fannin Dimokuradiyya a Amurka (Oakland: PM Press/Estreito Meios Productions, 2008), http://www. Bayan zabe.com/. Tattaunawa daga sashin shirin a: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=dK0IAM-DIaA.
[12] An nakalto a cikin Ibid.
[13] Flynn, "Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata marasa Ƙasa ta Brazil."
[14] Joao Pedro Stédile, "Bataliyoyin da ba su da ƙasa," Sabon bita na Hagu, Mayu/Yuni 2002, http://www.newleftreview.org/A2390.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Melissa Moore, "Yanzu Lokaci yayi: MST da Tsarin Gyaran Kasa a Brazil," Abincin Farko, Maris 8, 2003, http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/49.
[17] An nakalto a cikin Bill Hinchberger, "The Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST)," The Nation, Maris 2, 1998, http://www.brazilmax.com/news.cfm/tborigem/fe_society/id/29.
[18] Angus Lindsay Wright da Wendy Wolford, Don Gaji Duniya: Ƙungiya marar Ƙasa da Gwagwarmaya don Sabuwar Brazil (Oakland: Littattafan Farko na Abinci, 2003), 46–51
[19] An nakalto a cikin Ibid., 54, 264.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Branford da Rocha, Yanke Waya, 114-118. Ga kuma Michael Fox, "Matan Marasa Ƙasa Sun Kaddamar da Zanga-zangar a Gaba ɗaya Brazil," Rahoton NACLA a kan Amurka, Maris 12, 2009, https://nacla.org/node/5611.
[22] An nakalto a Branford da Rocha, Yanke Waya, 119.
[23] An nakalto a cikin Marc Saint-Upéry, El Sueño de Bolívar: El Desafio de Las Izquierdas Sudamericanas (Barcelona: Paidos, 2008), 65–67.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi