Dubawa: Haushi Mai Girma na Zapatistas: Jawabin Jama'a na Karshe na Babban Kwamandan Marcos. Daga Subcommander Marcos. Gabatarwa daga Nick Henck. Fassarar Henry Gales. (AK Press, 2018).
Bayan titunan birni da kasuwannin San Cristobal de las Casas, manyan tituna suna ta iska zuwa cikin tsaunukan Chiapas, da suka wuce sansanin soja na jihar Mexico, da kuma ga al'ummomin Zapatistas masu cin gashin kansu, motsi wanda ya barke a fagen duniya a ranar 1 ga Janairu. , 1994. A wannan rana, sun yi shelar tsayin daka ga ƙarnuka na cin zarafi da cin zarafi, kuma sun yi tir da shigar Mexico cikin yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta Arewacin Amirka (NAFTA).
Kamar yadda Zapatista Subcommandante Marcos ya bayyana sannan, "NAFTA hukuncin kisa ne ga 'yan asalin kasar."
Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, a ɗaya daga cikin jawabai na ƙarshe na Marcos na jama'a, ya ce "muna tambayar waɗanda suke kallon" waɗanda ke kan madafan iko don samun amsoshi, "aƙalla na ɗan lokaci, su ajiye karatun ku a gefe. The Economist, The New Yorker, mutane, da kuma manyan jawaban Al Gore; don hutawa na ƴan mintoci fatalwowin ku na Gulag da bangon Berlin; don kashe wani ɗan lokaci kyandir ɗin da aka kunna don 'ƙananan mugunta' tsohon ɗan takarar…”
Waɗannan kalmomin gayyata ce da ta dace don fita waje daga tsarin jari-hujja da siyasa kamar yadda aka saba da shiga Haushi Mai Girma na Zapatistas: Jawabin Jama'a na Karshe na Babban Kwamandan Marcos, sabon tarin tunanin 'yan tawaye masu shan taba a kan ka'idar zamantakewa, siyasar Mexico, tarihin Zapatista, da anti-capitalist shirya daga kasa. Tabbas, a warwatse cikin littafin akwai ba'a na Marcos, labarin rayuwa a La Realidad, da labarun yara masu ma'anar juyin juya hali, kamar su. Koyarwar Machete da sauran misalan gaba da uba.
Yawancin jawaban Marcos da aka taru a nan sun fito ne daga tarurrukan kasa da kasa da tarurruka a 2007 da 2009 a San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas a Cibiyar Indigenous Center for Integral Training-Jami'ar Duniya, cibiyar ilimi ta tushe tare da doguwar dangantaka da Zapatistas. Cibiyar tana haɓaka dorewar muhalli, wadatar kai, da ƙarfafa al'umma.
Marcos ya gabatar da jawabansa a wadannan tarurrukan tare da wasu fitattun hazikai kamar manazarcin tsarin duniya Immanuel Wallerstein, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Mexico Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas, mai sukar fasahar Burtaniya John Berger, 'yar jarida ta Kanada Naomi Klein, fitattun masu tunani na Mexico Gustavo Esteva da Pablo González Casanova. da wasu da dama daga sassan duniya. Gabatarwa ga littafin yana ba da gudummawa ga jawabai na Marcos tare da na sauran masu gabatarwa, da kuma gabatar da Zapatistas da gwagwarmayar su, daga tashin farko a 1994, ta hanyar “Sauran Gangamin” zuwa jawabin bankwana na Marcos a 2014, lokacin da ya tako. ƙasa daga matsayin jama'a a matsayin Zapatista Subcommandante.
Babban jigon tunani da nazari da ke bibiyar shafukan wannan littafi yana magana ne akan ra'ayoyin Marcos game da alakar da ke tsakanin ka'ida da gaskiya, da kuma yadda ta shafi gwagwarmayar Zapatista.
A wani taro na 2007 a San Cristobal, Marcos ya fara ɗaya daga cikin jawabinsa akan ka'idar ta hanyar yin la'akari da kiɗan da ya ji a daren da ya gabata, kiɗan da ke da "corrido-cumbia-ranchera-norte".
Marcos ya ce: "Idan wannan ba rashin fahimta ba ne, to ban san menene ba." "Kada ka tambaye ni yadda suke wasa da wannan ko rawa da shi, domin ba zan iya ko da buga kofa dama."
Maganar wannan waƙar tana da alaƙa da ka'idar Zapatista, in ji shi, saboda "muhimmancin abin da Zapatistas ke fuskantar al'amurran ka'ida kowa ya san shi, don haka zan ce kawai za ku sami hanyar haɗa ka'idar zuwa soyayya, kiɗa, da rawa."
Ya yi magana game da nisa a cikin ilimin kimiyya tsakanin ka'idar da gaskiya, da kuma "bakin ciki na masu ikirarin masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma suna jawo kansu tare da farin ciki na ban mamaki cikin rashin fahimta."
Don kwatanta ma'anarsa, Marcos ya kwatanta tallace-tallacen tallace-tallace da ke sayar da samfurori waɗanda suka yi alkawarin taimaka maka rage nauyi. Alal misali, tallace-tallace na "kuki da za su ba ku adadi mai ban sha'awa duka ba tare da yin wani motsa jiki ba face ɗaga samfurin a cikin baki da kuma tauna shi."
"Haka kuma," in ji shi, "a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka shige, wani ra'ayi ya taru a cikin da'irar fahimi na fahimi na Mexico: ra'ayin cewa dangantakar zamantakewa za ta iya canzawa ba tare da faɗa ba kuma ba tare da taɓa gata da masu iko ke morewa ba. Abin da kawai kuke buƙatar ku yi shine cika katin zaɓe da viola! Kasar ta canza. ”…
Tattaunawar da za ta biyo baya kan ka'idar Zapatista an kafa ta ne ta musamman game da gurbatacciyar ajin siyasar Mexiko, haɗin kai na Zapatista ga garuruwan karkara da aka yi watsi da su a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa a Chiapas, da kuma dogon tunawa da al'ummomin ƴan asalin.
Marcos ya tattauna dalilan da suka sa aka yi tawaye a shekara ta 1994, da kuma yadda a shekara ta 1993 wani makiyayi kuma babban mai gida mai suna Constantino Kanter ya tsara furcin nan, “A Chiapas, kaza ya fi rayuwar ɗan ’yan asalin daraja.”
Wannan jumla tana wakiltar tsarin da Zapatistas ya yi tawaye, kuma an buga Dokar Gyaran Juyin Juyin Juya Hali ta wannan shekarar a cikin wannan littafi gabaɗaya. Ya fara da "Masu ƙauye a Mexico suna ci gaba da neman ƙasar ta kasance ga waɗanda ke aiki da ita."
Sa’ad da ’yan tawaye suka sami ikon mallakar filaye a Chiapas a shekara ta 1994, Marcos ya ci gaba, an aiwatar da wannan doka, an kori makiyaya daga dukiyoyinsu, kuma aka raba ƙasar tsakanin ’yan asalin ƙasar. "[T] abu na farko da suka yi shi ne rushe shingen da ke kare gidajen mai gidan."
Wata rana kafin wayewar gari, ’yan tawayen, “maza, mata, yara, da tsofaffi suka buɗe fuskokinsu kuma suka rera waƙa da rawa, koyaushe suna raye-rayen da ba a san su ba. Sun ce ba su ƙasƙantar da talauci fiye da dā kuma matsaloli iri-iri suna kan su – mutuwa ɗaya ce daga cikin waɗannan matsalolin – don haka ba mu san dalili, dalili, ko dalilin farin cikinsu ba. Dangane da sabbin bayanai, sun ci gaba da rawa, waƙa da dariya har tsawon kalanda goma sha huɗu…”
Wannan cakuɗewar ka'idar ce da gaskiya - a cikin aikin juyin juya hali da tsari - shine tushen binciken falsafar Marcos, barkwanci, da labaran da aka gabatar anan. Yayin da yake yin karin haske zuwa karshen wani jawabi:
"Na san cewa ji bai dace da ka'idar ba, aƙalla cikin irin ka'idar da ke tuntuɓe a yanzu. Cewa yana da matukar wahala ka ji da kai da tunani da zuciyarka. Domin a gare mu Zapatistas, matsalar ka'idar matsala ce mai amfani. Ba game da inganta pragmatism ba ko game da komawa zuwa asalin empiricism, amma game da nuna a fili cewa ra'ayoyin ba kawai dole ne a ware su daga gaskiya ba amma kuma dole ne su duba cikinsa don sledgehammers wanda wani lokaci ya zama dole lokacin da mutum ya gamu da mataccen ra'ayi. -karshe. Zagaye, cikakke, gamawa, ra'ayoyi masu ma'ana suna da kyau don yin jarrabawar lasisi ko don samun kyaututtuka, amma sun kan rushe a farkon farkon gaskiya. "
A cikin gabatarwar wannan littafi, Nick Henk ya rubuta cewa jawaban Marcos sun ba da “hankali na zahiri” na tasirin jari-hujja na duniya. "Mahimmanci, hoto ne da waɗanda ke a ƙarshen amfani da jari hujja suka samar," in ji shi. Kyakkyawar tarihi da gogewar gwagwarmayar Zapatista ta saƙa a cikin jawabai na Marcos, suna yin sukar jari-hujja da kuma nazarin yadda za a shawo kan shi duka mafi ƙarfi da haskakawa.
Alal misali, a cikin gabatar da "Wasu Abubuwan da ke Kan Gwagwarmaya na Antisystemic" Marcos ya fayyace yadda "hanyar jari-hujja ke korar dukiya, cin zarafi, dannewa, da kuma nuna wariya. A cikin matakin neoliberal-globalization, tsarin jari-hujja yana yin yaki akan dukkan bil'adama." Don haɓaka riba, 'yan jari-hujja dole ne su buɗe sabbin kasuwanni, kuma su samar da sabbin kayayyaki, in ji shi, wanda ke haifar da "mamawa da sake kwato yankunan jama'a da wuraren da a da ba su da sha'awar jari."
Dazuzzuka, albarkatun kasa, ruwa, ilimin kakanni - waɗannan duk kayayyaki ne, in ji shi. "Mutanen da aka samu a sarari da yankuna tare da waɗannan da sauran kayayyaki, ko suna so ko ba sa so, abokan gaba ne na babban birnin."
Korar filaye da yankuna na asali, da cin zarafi ga duk wanda ya tsaya kan hanya, wani bangare ne na yakin jari-hujja. Misali, bara An kashe masu kare muhalli 207 a kasashe 22 na duniya. Yawancin su an danganta su da rikice-rikice a kusa da kasuwancin noma da hakar ma'adinai. Chiapas ya kasance a sahun gaba na irin wannan rigingimun albarkatu da na ƙasa tsawon ƙarni.
Ga Marcos da Zapatistas, begen shawo kan tsarin jari hujja ya ta'allaka ne ga ƙungiyoyin mutane.
Marcos ya yi bayanin cewa: “Babban sauye-sauye ba sa farawa daga sama ko kuma da ayyuka masu ban mamaki da almara, amma tare da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙanƙanta kuma waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga ’yan siyasa da manazarta daga sama. Tarihi ba a canza shi ta hanyar cunkushe murabba'ai ko taron jama'a masu fusata, amma, kamar yadda [masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa] Carlos Aguirre Rojas ya nuna, ta hanyar lamiri mai tsari na ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka san juna kuma suka gane juna, ƙasa da hagu, kuma suna gina wata siyasa. ”
Darussan tarihin Marcos, ka'idar siyasa, da nazarin duniyoyin duniya da al'ummar Mexico sun cika wadannan shafuka. Tare da su akwai haskaka ɗan ban dariya, labarun yara, da kuma lokutan fahimi na waƙa waɗanda ke nuna dalilin da ya sa Marcos, da Zapatistas gabaɗaya, suka buɗe tunanin siyasa na duniya na tsawon lokaci. Misali, Subcommandante ya gaya mana:
“Wani lokaci, a cikin sa’o’i kafin wayewar gari lokacin da suka same ni ina yawo ba tare da yuwuwar hutawa ba, nakan iya hawa kan hayaki kuma, daga sama sama, na dube mu. Ku yarda da ni cewa abin da ake iya gani yana da kyau sosai cewa yana da zafi don kallo. Ba ina cewa shi cikakke ba ne, kuma ba a gama shi ba, kuma ba shi da gibi, rashin daidaituwa, raunin da zai rufe, rashin adalci don magani, wuraren kwatowa. Duk da haka yana motsawa. Duk da haka yana motsawa. Kamar dai duk wani abu mara kyau da muke da shi ya gauraye da kyawawan abubuwan da za mu iya zama, kuma duk duniya ta sake fasalin yanayinta kuma an sake yin lokacinta da wani kalanda. To, kamar dai wata duniyar za ta yiwu. "
Benjamin Dangel yana da PhD a cikin tarihin Latin Amurka daga Jami'ar McGill kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a cikin Latin Amurka sama da shekaru goma, yana rubutu don kantuna kamar The Guardian, Al Jazeera, The Nation, and Vice. Shi ne marubucin littattafan Farashin Wuta: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Albarkatu da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a a Bolivia, Rawa tare da Dynamite: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jihohi a Latin Amurka, da mai zuwa Tawayen Shekara Dari Biyar: Ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙarfafa Tarihi a Bolivia, duk tare da AK Press. Dangl gyara Zuwa Freedom.org, hangen nesa mai ci gaba kan abubuwan duniya, kuma yana koyar da aikin jarida a Kwalejin Champlain a VT. Imel BenDangl(a)gmail.com. Twitter @BenDangl
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