Mai yuwuwar sabon shugaban kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) - cibiyar sadarwar kimiyya da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel - na iya zama jami'in karamar hukumar Durban mai dadewa. Debra Roberts ne adam wata, zaton ta lashe wani zaben wanda za a gudanar a Nairobi a karshen watan Yuli. Amma duk da haka gazawar juriyar yanayi na Durban yana da fasalin wankin kore har ya kai ko da an haifeshi a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2018: "Jagorancin siyasa guda ɗaya a cikin ƙananan hukumomi, alal misali, an kawo su a matsayin abin da ke haifar da manufofin daidaitawa na farkon adaftan a Quito, Ecuador, da Durban, Afirka ta Kudu."
A hakikanin gaskiya, ba wai shugabancin siyasa ba ne kawai a Durban ba, har ma da tsarin sassautawa da daidaita manufofin birnin, sun kasance da yanayin yanayi. inadalci (kuma haka yake ga Quito Municipality) da rashin iya aiki. Duniya ta fara fahimtar hakan a cikin Afrilu-Mayu 2022 lokacin da mutane 500 suka mutu sakamakon gaba ɗaya. rashin tabbatar da sauyin yanayi na birni yayin fashewar ambaliya guda biyu wanda tasirinsa ya kasance sau biyu mai tsanani godiya ga fitar da iskar gas.
Babban abin damuwa game da wannan takarar shi ne, a cikin shekaru XNUMX da suka gabata, ma'aikatan farar fata masu biyan kuɗi masu kyau da ke da alhakin muhalli, lafiyar jama'a da kuma yanayin yanayi (ba Roberts kaɗai ba) sun yi watsi da gwagwarmayar al'ummar Durban don kawo ƙarshen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da iskar gas da ke fitowa daga kamfanoni da matatun mai na gida. Wannan ya fito fili a Kudancin Durban inda masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke samun karbuwa a duniya yakar kamfanoni da na gundumomi, amma inda babu makawa, 'yan siyasa da jami'an birni suna kyale su, duk da sake ginawa bayan ambaliya. rhetoric akasin haka.
Tsarin Ayyukan Yanayi na Durban na greenhouse-gas raguwa bai isa ba kawai. Bugu da kari, shirye-shiryen jure yanayin yanayi sun ba da fifiko sosai kan kiyaye abubuwan Durban Metropolitan Open Space System (D'MOSS), wani yanki mai faɗi (kadada 95 000) na wuraren da aka karewa wanda tushen sa na zamanin wariyar launin fata a 1982 ya nuna tarihin kabilanci tsakanin wuraren zama na fari da baƙi. Wannan gaskiya ce mara dadi, ba kasafai ake ambatonta ba, amma kebe guda uku sune masu raba (bakar fatar Afirka) Cato Manor gari daga unguwar (fararen fata) da ke kusa da Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal; yankin (a al'ada-Indiya) na Kenville a Durban North; da masu arziki (fararen fata) Babbar Hanya unguwannin bayan gari.
A cikin irin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, mazaunan masu arziƙi suna godiya ga D'MOSS ba don dalilai na kiyayewa kawai ba, amma - lokacin da yake kiyaye baƙar fata masu ƙarancin kuɗi a bakin teku - don aikin rabuwar kabilanci / aji. Sakamako ɗaya, har ma da takaddun tsare-tsaren birni na Durban tallafi, "Babban mataki ne na rarrabuwar kawuna na wuraren aiki da gida saboda ayyukan tsare-tsare na baya waɗanda suka haɓaka amfani da ƙasa da yanki na kabilanci… [wanda] ya hana haɓakar wuraren amfani da gaurayawan."
Karkashin yanayi na Roberts Jagoranci, karamar hukumar ma shiga kan "Aiki akan Ribas" ƙananan ayyuka na matukin jirgi don kiyaye rafuka daga tarkace. Amma kamar yadda matsananciyar gurbatar yanayi ke nunawa rairayin bakin teku bayan kowace babbar guguwa, waɗannan yunƙuri ne marasa ƙarfi dangane da girman lalacewar magudanar ruwa da toshewar ruwa a cikin yanayin tsananin ƙarancin magudanar ruwa.
tarkace na kwararowa zuwa teku a wani bangare saboda gazawar gundumar ta yi kaurin suna wajen tattara shara. Rushewar mutuncin sashen dattin datti na Durban ya fito fili wanda hakan ya kai ga tsohon magajin garin Zandile Gumede (2016-19). la'anta a kan fiye da 2000 kirga na zamba, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma saba wa tsarin laifukan da aka tsara da Dokar Tsarin Mulki.
Amma kuma akwai najasar da ta yaɗu fashewas, a wani bangare saboda manufofin neoliberal tsafta wanda ya haifar musamman high E.coli taro a cikin magudanan ruwa da koguna tun kafin harin ruwan sama na Afrilu 2022 ya lalata bututun mai da tashoshi a fadin birnin. Manajan ruwa na Durban Neil Macleod (wanda kuma farar fata ne da aka yi bikin a duk duniya) ya kasance a cikin 2014. ya sami lambar yabo ta masana'antar ruwa ta Stockholm amma ga yabo yarda cewa ajin 'banbanci' manufofin birni ne na hukuma, inda "ana ganin gidan wanka na masu hannu da shuni ne kuma ana ganin bushewar tsafta shine mafita ga talakawa."
Tun daga wannan lokacin, lalacewar lalacewa ta lalata yawancin abubuwan more rayuwa na Durban, a matsayin ɗan jarida ɗaya ruwaito, "Ayyukan jiyya mafi girma na uku a cikin birni ya kasance mai rauni tun kafin ambaliyar Afrilu kuma a halin yanzu shine babban tushen najasa da ke kwarara cikin kogin Umgeni" kuma daga nan, zuwa cikin teku, yana lalata rairayin bakin teku na birni.
Tabbatar da yanayi ya kamata Durban ya ba da kulawa sosai ga waɗannan tushen lalacewar muhalli, galibi aikin rashin isassun kasafin kuɗi na birni wanda, kodayake ba laifin jami'an yanayi ba, zai haifar da mafi girman tawali'u a cikin da'irar kula da muhalli ta duniya inda Roberts. ya gina suna mai ƙarfi.
A matsayin wani misali, wani rahoton Bankin Duniya na 500 mai shafi 2016 ya yaba ba wai shugabancin Roberts na “tsare tsare-tsare” da “tsarin juriya don daidaita canjin yanayi ba.” Duk da nakasu mai tsanani wajen tafiyar da tsarin birne cikin sauri, rahoton Bankin ya kawo misali da "jagoranci rawar da eThekwini ke takawa a fannin kula da muhalli na birni a Afirka da duniya" - in kalmomin na wani (farar fata) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, Roland White, Jagoran Duniya na Bankin don Gudanar da Birane, Gudanarwa da Kuɗi.
Sauran matukan jirgi na yanayi na birni sun haɗa da rage fitar da hayakin methane da dama, amma ta hanyar da ta ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankin Duniya. Dabarar 'keɓantawar iska' Roberts ya inganta - watau, dogara ga kasuwannin carbon na duniya don ba da kuɗi (dan kadan amma mai tsada) bututun methane-zuwa makamashi da janareta - ya haifar da babban tushen rikici sannan kuma adawar al'umma kusa da babban juji na Afirka, Durban's Bisasar Road fill (wanda yake a unguwar baki kamar yadda tsarin wariyar launin fata yake).
An gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na rufe Bisasar tun farkon shekarun 1990 ta Sajida Khan, wacce a shekara ta 2007 ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa ta hanyar gurbacewar shara a hanyar gidanta. Dubun-dubatar yunkurinta ya samu galaba a hannun jami'an karamar hukuma - musamman wasu fararen fata biyu, manajan birni Mike Sutcliffe da jagoran aikin Lindsay Strachan – Wane ne yunwa domin bashin carbon. Ci gaban gundumar Bisasar Road ya haɗa da cika shi zuwa matsakaicin matakan don siyar da ƙarin ƙididdiga, amma kudaden shiga sun lalace sosai. faduwar hayaki-farashin ciniki a daidai lokacin da aka samu durkushewar tattalin arzikin duniya a shekarar 2008, abin da ya nuna yadda Durban ke dogaro da jarin jarin kudi na duniya a wannan muhimmin wurin gwajin.
Duk da haka duk da wannan gazawar, ba kawai akwai m na birni greenwashing gabanin taron Durban na 2011 na karbar bakuncin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na COP17. Bayan ƴan shekaru, don samun lambar yabo ta shahararriyar lambar yabo ta WWF "Ina Ƙaunar Garuruwan" don rage iskar gas a cikin 2014, wani mai ba da shawara kan dangantakar jama'a na birni - Carver Media - aka sace asusun Twitter na duniya domin magudin zabe, sake nuna aikin matukin jirgi na methane.
Aikace-aikacen lambar yabo ta WWF na 2014 da gundumar ta yi ya dogara ne akan dabarun kasuwa-kasuwa: saboda (kamar) "7.5MWh na wutar lantarki da aka samar daga sharar gida, Durban yayi daidai da yin alfahari da nasarorin da aka sabunta na makamashi."
Bayan haka, ƙarfafa haɓakar yanayi akan abu, Gumede - wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Magajin Garin Graft"Ta jaridar CityPress - ya kasance a cikin 2018 da aka bayar lambar yabo ta yanayi na WWF “Ƙalubalen Birni ɗaya” na duniya a taron duniya na wannan shekarar a San Francisco wanda gwamnan California Jerry Brown ya shirya. A lokacin, har yanzu tana jin daɗin matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar C40 hanyar sadarwar da Michael Bloomberg ke goyan bayan, ta sake bayyana yadda manufofin Durban masu haɗari, masu banƙyama suke yaudarar manyan duniya.
Irin wannan rashin gaskiya na yau da kullun yana nuna ƙwarin gwiwar birnin (da manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa) na samun Durban. bayyana ya zama jagoran yanayi na kasa da na duniya ko ta yaya. Kuma a fili, mai masaukin baki taron yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Disamba 2023 a Dubai, Sultan Ahmed Al-Jaber, kawai gwada dabara iri ɗaya da Durban, tare da asusun Twitter na bogi, amma haka ya kasance fallasa farkon wannan watan by Guardian 'yan jarida.
A halin da ake ciki, mafi mahimmanci, rashin isassun tabbacin yanayi na yankunan masu karamin karfi na Durban an yi watsi da su sosai. An bayyana hakan ne a sakamakon karuwar bama-baman ruwan sama da suka afkawa cikin birnin Oktoba 2017, Afrilu 2019 kuma sau biyu a cikin 2022, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar asarar mutane da manyan lalacewar ababen more rayuwa kowane lokaci. Ma'aikatan karamar hukuma' rashin kulawa zuwa magudanar ruwa mai mahimmanci, don tabbatar da cewa gina gidaje masu kyau sun faru a wurare masu aminci (ba rumfuna a kan tudu masu tudu ko a wuraren da ake fama da ambaliyar ruwa ba), don gina hanyoyi da gadoji masu ɗorewa, da samar da ayyukan agajin gaggawa, duk sun tabbatar da mutuwa.
A halin yanzu, idan ana batun siyasar yanayi ta duniya, amincin manyan manajoji na duniya shine faduwa. Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) na 2023, Al-Jaber, shi ne kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Abu Dhabi. Alamu sun nuna yana da kowace niyya kiyaye zamanin burbushin mai muddin zai yiwu. Ma'aikatansa sun shagaltu da kokarin detox shafinsa na Wikipedia, da kamfanin mai na Al-Jaber ya ɗauki iko na wasikun UNFCCC.
Ƙarfi mafi rauni a cikin UNFCCC ya ci gaba da kasancewa haɗin gwiwar masu gurbata muhalli na gargajiya dozin biyu tare da ƙasashen Brazil-Rasha-Indiya-China-Afrika ta Kudu da suka lalata tattalin arzikin BRICS - kuma nan ba da jimawa ba, abin da ake kira. "BRICS+" azzalumai masu shan carbon. Maslahar shugabanninsu ta bai daya tana cikin duka biyun ba yanke fitar da isasshiyar iskar gas, kuma a ciki ƙin yarda basussukan yanayi ga wadanda ke fama da matsanancin yanayi "asara & lalacewa" da kuma tsadar sabbin hanyoyin daidaitawa da ake buƙata (da kuma diyya ƙasashe matalauta sun cancanci rashin fitarwa a nan gaba, idan aka yi la'akari da cin zarafin sararin samaniyar West+BRICS) .
Jigon wannan karfi shine a samu a cikin An ƙaddamar da ƙawancen a cikin Disamba 2009 a Copenhagen, A cikin muhimmin taron bangaren Amurka-China-India-Brazil-SA. Amma da alama sabbin mambobin BRICS+ sun hada da Saudi Arabiya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Iran, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Masar, Aljeriya da Najeriya inda ba a da sa rai na yin lissafi kuma inda masu fafutukar tabbatar da adalci da zamantakewa sukan shiga cikin hadarin kurkuku. sharuddan, ko mafi muni.
Al-Jaber ya kamata ya kasance yana inganta rage rashin fahimta, kamar dakatar da shirin fadada burbushin mai na Abu Dhabi, amma ikon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su shirya tilasta masa yin hakan ba, maimakon barin "maganin karya" - kamar Carbon Capture. da Storage da Carbon offsets - da za a yada daga shugabancinsa zuwa irin wannan matakin da tsohon sakataren UNFCCC kwanan nan. yayi magana a kansa.
Hakazalika, idan aka kara ba Durban amincewar IPCC ta bogi ta hanyar nada babban jami'in da zai tafiyar da hukumar a daidai lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya yadu da kuma rugujewar kananan hukumomi, zai bayyana yadda tsarin kula da muhalli na kasa da kasa ya fita waje. gaskiya - kamar yadda IPCC take akai-akai suna suka don ra'ayin mazan jiya lokacin da lokaci-lokaci yana ba da hasashen lalacewar yanayi waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan fata.
Masu fafutukar yanayi na Durban, lardin KwaZulu-Natal, da Afirka ta Kudu da ma duniya baki daya sun cancanci girmamawa, kamar yadda rayuwar duniya ke bukatar wata sabuwar hanya, wacce ta yi daidai da siyasar adalcin yanayi, ba yaudara irin ta Durban ba.
(Patrick Bond sanannen Farfesa ne na ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Canjin Jama'a a Jami'ar Johannesburg; wannan wani bangare ne na gabatar da babban taron gabatar da jawabi ga Dandalin Siyasa Ecology Network taro a Durban, 27 Yuni 2023.)
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