A wani mataki, taron shekara-shekara na Cibiyar Bretton Woods (BWIs) na mako mai zuwa a Marrakech zai mayar da hankali kan mummunar girgizar kasa da lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a Maroko da Libya, bi da bi - bi da bi - wanda ke nuna rashin isasshen ababen more rayuwa, musamman ma a karshen lamarin bayan haka. Gwamnatin NATO ta gurgunta jihar - canjin canjin yanayi a cikin 2011 kuma ba a kula da madatsun ruwa masu rauni na Derna. Bukatun kuɗaɗen sake ginawa suna da yawa, amma shin abokan haɗin gwiwar BWIs sun dace, idan aka ba da rikodin su?
A ƙarshen watan Agusta, taron BRICS+ a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, ya tayar da damuwa kusa da duniya (ko ma kuskure fatan) cewa wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gwamnatocin azzaluman duniya suna haɗin kai kuma suna iya fuskantar adawa da 'Yamma' a wani bangare saboda BWIs' masu nauyi. yanayin lamuni. Biyar daga cikin sabbin mambobi shida sun fito ne daga yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma kahon Afirka. duk da mai haɗari- bashi Misira da Habasha, yayin da wani sabon memba, Argentina, ke karkashin Washington austerity babban yatsa. Kuma wannan hasashe zai iya tilasta sake yin aiki tare da gwamnatocin BRICS + ta sabon shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ajay Banga, da Manajan Daraktan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) Kristalina Georgieva (duba Ciki da Cibiyoyin, Menene yarjejeniyar mai martaba?).
Tarihin Banga na shekaru goma a cikin garin Soweto na Johannesburg bayyana haɗin gwiwar Mastercard tare da '' hada-hadar kuɗi '' mallakar Banki m (Cash Paymaster Services) wanda a cikin 2020 an tilasta masa shiga cikin karba bayan kasa biyan tara saboda yawan zamba ga jihar (ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa) minista) da miliyoyin talakawan al'umma (duba observer Summer 2023). Hakazalika, Georgieva ta kasance babbar jami'ar Bankin Duniya kafin ta koma Asusun a shekarar 2019, kuma an fi tunawa da ita da zargin da ake mata na rawar da ta taka a "azabtarwa data'a cikin Kasuwancin Banki rahoton a madadin shirin zuba jari kai tsaye na kasar Sin. Zamban kididdigar da ake zargin ya yi tsanani sosai har ta kusa tilasta mata yin murabus daga shugabancin IMF a 2021 (duba observer Kaka 2021). A cikin ruhi guda, IMF manajan daraktan magabata sun hada da Rodrigo Rato, wanda ya kasance jailed don zamba na kudi a cikin 2017, Christine Lagarde wacce ta kasance dan kaso a cikin Faransanci cin hancin siyasa shari'ar a cikin 2016, da Dominique Strauss-Kahn wanda yi murabus bayan harin jima'i da ya yi a wani otal na New York a 2011 kuma an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu (ko da yake an yi watsi da shari'ar, da'awar farar hula ta wanda aka azabtar, mai tsabtace otal, daga baya ya warware daga kotu).
[Bankin Duniya da IMF] sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da lokacin 2011 na matsayi don kula da muhimman halaye na ayyukan da suka gabata, yayin da suke amfani da harshen da ke nuna sabon hanya da kuma tausayi tare da manufofin adalci na zamantakewa na tayar da hankali.ADAM HAnieH, MASANIN SIYASA.
Menene game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na kuɗi na kasa da kasa na Washington wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikatan BWIs su karya tsarin cin hanci da rashawa? Tabbas, matsananciyar matsin lamba na geopolitics sau da yawa yana lalata ka'idodin kuɗi, don a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki Rudiger Dornbusch. bayyana a cikin 1998, "IMF wani abin wasa ne na Amurka don bin manufofinta na tattalin arziki a teku," matsalar da ba za ta kau ba yayin da Washington duka biyu ke rike da madafun iko a kan manufofin Banki da Asusun, kuma suna tallafawa masu mulkin kama karya (duba) A cikin Cibiyoyin, IMF da Bankin Duniya yanke shawara da shugabanci). Kwanan nan abin kunya A cikin abin da Amurka ta yi amfani da karfinta a IMF don hanzarta aiwatar da rancen dala biliyan 2 ga Pakistan, a musayar dala miliyan 900 na makamai na gaggawa ga Ukraine, shine kawai sabon lamari.
Amma akwai dalili mai zurfi na ci gaba da cin hanci: akidar Neoliberal. Daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, yarjejeniyar hada-hadar kudi tare da gwamnatocin da ke cin hanci da rashawa na da matukar wahala a cikin Bankin da IMF, duk da cewa cibiyar 'madadin' ta BRICS, sabon bankin raya kasa, da alama tana da matsala iri daya. dangane da dozin ta Afirka ta Kudu fayil daraja. Bugu da ƙari, (har yanzu ba a sani ba) Shirye-shiryen Rinjaye na BRICS yana ƙarfafa IMF saboda idan ƙasa tana son karɓar rancen fiye da kashi 30 cikin 18 na adadin kuɗin da take da shi, dole ne ta fara rajista don shirin daidaita tsarin - wanda aka tsara a XNUMXth & H Streets NW Washington DC. Cibiyoyin BRICS ba a zahiri mafita ba ne, amma suna haɓaka rashin shugabanci, idan aka yi la'akari da matsin lamba na siyasa don biyan buƙatun masu lamuni - misali. Vladimir Putin jari-hujja ko kuma Afirka ta Kudu parastatal sabis na hukumomi zuwa hadadden ma'adinan-makamashi - da kuma matsi da hukumar kima ta New York da babu makawa (duba observer Summer 2020). Hakan kuma ya tilasta wa sabon bankin raya kasa yin hakan shiga Takunkumin tattalin arzikin kasashen Yamma a kan nasu kashi 18 cikin 2022 na masu hannun jari a Moscow kai tsaye bayan mamayewar Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 2023, da kiyaye su har ma a karkashin shugabancin bankin XNUMX na Putin. ally, Dilma Rousseff.
Ba a koyo darussa na juyin juya halin Larabawa a Washington
Shekaru goma sha biyu da suka gabata, asusun IMF da Bankin sun bayyana cewa suna gab da rugujewa a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 2011, miliyoyin masu zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya a Tunisia, Masar, Libya da Aljeriya sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da zalunci da gwamnatocin azzalumai masu cin hanci da rashawa suka yi. Bayan fage a kowane hali akwai jami'an Bankin Duniya da IMF waɗanda suka goyi bayan (kuma galibi suna ba da kuɗi) rashin adalci na tattalin arziƙi, kamar yadda tattalin arziƙi ke haifar da matsin lamba ga al'umma. Wanda ya fi yin kaurin suna shi ne Strauss-Kahn, wanda a shekara ta 2008 azzalumi dan Tunisiya Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ya yi masa uzuri. An baiwa shugaban IMF Oda na Jamhuriyar Tunisiya don "gudunmawarsa don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arziki a matakin duniya." Strauss-Kahn ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a sakamakon. ƙarewa Manufofin tattalin arziki na Ben Ali "mafi kyawun abin koyi ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa… .Tunisiya tana samun ci gaba mai ban sha'awa a cikin manufofinta na yin gyare-gyare kuma al'amuranta na da kyau."
Amincewa da yabon Strauss-Kahn ga Ben Ali, biyu daga cikin masana tattalin arzikinsa - Joël Toujas-Bernate da Rina Bhattacharya - sha'awa in IMF Survey Magazine a cikin 2010 yadda mai mulkin Tunisiya ya inganta "sabunta sauye-sauye na tsarin mulki da nufin inganta yanayin kasuwancinta da kuma inganta tattalin arzikinta." Sun yaba da "macroeconomic management" "dabarun inganta fitarwa," daban-daban yarjejeniyoyin ciniki 'yanci da kuma, a cikin kudi, matsawa zuwa liberalization cewa zai "canza Tunisiya a matsayin cibiyar sabis na banki da kuma wani yanki na hada-hadar kudi."
A cikin manufofin zamantakewa, Toujas-Bernate da Bhattacharya sun yaba wa hukumomin Tunis don "sake fasalin manufofin kasuwancin aiki, tsarin ilimi, da ayyukan aikin jama'a wanda zai taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe motsin aiki da rage rashin daidaituwa tsakanin buƙatu da wadata a cikin kasuwar aiki. Aiwatar da waɗannan gyare-gyaren za a tallafa musu da lamunin manufofin bunƙasa Bankin Duniya da yawa” (duba Ciki da Cibiyoyin, Menene Tallafin Manufofin Ci Gaban Bankin Duniya?). A cikin "sake fasalin tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa" (watau ragewa wanda zai iya "saukar da dorewar kudi na tsarin fensho") da yunƙurin yanke "tallafin abinci da kayan mai," Ben Ali ya sami yabo ga "yin gyare-gyare don sa tsarin haraji ya kara kasuwanci. abokantaka" gami da alkawuran "don rage yawan kuɗin haraji akan kasuwanci da kuma daidaita waɗancan ragi ta hanyar haɓaka daidaitattun Harajin Ƙimar Ƙimar (VAT)," watau, babbar hanyar da za ta bi wajen biyan haraji (duba). observer Winter 2020).
Kisan kansa ta hanyar kona shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2010 na wani ɗan kasuwa mai cike da takaici, Mohamed Bouazizi - bayan da aka kwace masa kayan marmari da kayan marmari, wanda ke nuni da umarnin Washington na karbar haraji daga matalauta - ya haifar da tawaye na Larabawa wanda ya kori Ben Ali kawai. bayan wata daya. WikiLeaks ya bayyana yadda hatta ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta firgita da iyalan Ben Ali da matarsa Leila Trabelsi, wadanda ke rike da rabin tattalin arzikin kasa da kuma wanda, a matsayin Rob Prince. saka shi, sun kasance "mamaye ga IMF-matsa lamba na masu zaman kansu da suka nuna alamar sauyin tattalin arzikin kasar." A watan Yulin 2019, Hukumar Gaskiya da Mutuncin Tunusiya ta aike da sanarwa ga Bankin Duniya da IMF, da kuma Faransa, don neman diyya ga 'yan Tunisiya da aka keta hakkin bil'adama, suna mai da'awar cewa IMF da Bankin Duniya suna da "kaso na alhakin" tashin hankalin zamantakewa yana da alaƙa da manufofin daidaita tsarin (duba observer Kaka 2019).
Dangane da mulkin Muammar Gaddafi a Libya, IMF a watan Oktoba 2010 bikin tsarin mulki don "rage aikin ma'aikatan gwamnati" ta hanyar ma'aikata 340,000 da aka tsara, yayin da suke ba da shawarar "cewa a hanzarta shirin daukar ma'aikata." A cikin Fabrairu 2011, IMF inganta "Shirin mai cike da buri na mayar da bankuna ga kamfanoni" da "ya yaba wa hukumomi bisa kyakkyawan tsarin da suke da shi na yin gyare-gyare, da kuma fatan aiwatar da aiwatar da muhimman dokoki da yawa da aka zartar a shekarar da ta gabata, wadanda suka cika da manufofin da ke da nufin daidaita ma'aikata zuwa ga sauyin tattalin arziki. .”
New York Times 'yan jarida Pierre Briancon da John Foley lura Ta yaya, "Aikin asusun zuwa Tripoli ya tsallake ko ta yaya don duba ko 'burin' ajandar sake fasalin ya dogara ne akan kowane irin goyon baya na jama'a. Libya ba ita ce keɓe ba. Kuma IMF ba ta yi kyau ba bayan ta ba da bita mai haske ga yawancin ƙasashen da tashe tashen hankula suka girgiza a cikin 'yan makonnin nan, "ciki har da Bahrain, Aljeriya da Masar. The Times Damuwar ‘yan jarida ita ce, “kirar da gwamnatocin da ba su da sha’awa, zai sa masu maye gurbinsu su yi amfani da irin wadannan manufofi. A nan gaba, IMF na iya son ƙara wani akwati don bincika jerin ƙa'idodinta: goyon bayan dimokraɗiyya" (duba observer Winter 2019).
Amma saboda wannan ra'ayin baƙon ne, IMF ko Banki ba kamar suna da ra'ayin cewa haɓaka ra'ayin ra'ayin ra'ayi a cikin lalatattun gwamnatoci a fili zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. Rahoton Bankin Duniya na Fabrairu 2011, Makomar Afirka da tallafin Bankin Duniya a gare ta, da'awa cewa duka Tunisiya da Libya sun kasance 'ƙananan haɗari' a cikin taswirar "ƙasashe masu rauni da rikice-rikice", ko da bayan da aka hambarar da Ben Ali da bukatar jama'a kuma Libya ta wargaje.
Kuma a Masar, inda mulkin kama-karya na Hosni Mubarak da mulkin soja-jari-hujja ke karbar lamuni mai yawa, shawarwarin IMF na Article IV. yabo Alkahira a cikin 2010 don "manyan sauye-sauye na kasafin kudi - gabatar da harajin kadarorin, fadada VAT, da kawar da tallafin makamashi." "Manufofin kudi da kudi na Mubarak na shekarar da ta gabata sun yi daidai da shawarar ma'aikata. Hukumomin sun jajirce wajen sake dawo da tsarin kasafin kudi gaba daya domin kiyaye shawarwarin da suka gabata don magance raunin kasafin kudi.” Har yanzu akwai bukatar, in ji IMF, don "daukar matakin da ya dace" a cikin, "sake dawo da kamfanoni da haɓaka rawar da aka tsara a tsanake da kuma farashi mai kyau na haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu."
Daga ranar 25 ga watan Janairu zuwa 11 ga Fabrairun 2011, miliyoyin 'yan kasar da suka fusata sun fita kan tituna da dandalin Tahrir, lamarin da ya tilasta wa Mubarak yin murabus. Ya kasance a lokacin akai-akai wanda aka yanke masa hukunci tare da daure shi a kan “fadojin shugaban kasa” na wawure dukiyar kasa, wanda ko ta yaya IMF da Banki ba su lura da shi ba.
Amma saboda matakan yaki da juyin juya hali a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, babu ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da IMF da Banki ke yabawa a cikin 2010 da ta sami ɗorewar dimokraɗiyya. Kuma yayin da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa ta G8 Deauville ta "yi alƙawarin goyon baya ga' sauye-sauye da ke inganta gaskiya, da rikon amana, da shugabanci nagari' a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa," a matsayin babban masanin kimiyyar siyasa Adam Hanieh. ruwaito a cikin 2015, Bankin Duniya da IMF "sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da lokacin 2011 na baya don kula da muhimman halaye na ayyukan da suka gabata, yayin da suke amfani da harshen da ke da'awar sabon hanya da tausayi tare da manufofin adalci na zamantakewa na tashin hankali."
Riko da akidar Neoliberal yana nufin cewa a shekarar da zababben shugaban Masar Mohamed Morsi ya yi mulki (2012-2013) kafin juyin mulkin soji, IMF ta dawo. da wuya cewa Alkahira ta yi watsi da tallafin abinci da mai a madadin dala biliyan 4.8. Morsi ya gane idan ya dauki irin wannan matakin zai yi kasadar sake bullowar rikicin Larabawa. Hatta magajinsa da aka yi juyin mulki, Janar Abdel Fattah El-Sisi (wanda a shekarar 2018 aka zabe shi bisa hukuma), ya samu uku. bailout bashi daga IMF. A shekarar 2023, dala biliyan 3 da azzalumi ya nema daga IMF ƙa'ida bisa kara privatization da kuma musanya kula degulation.
Da farko dai labarin ya kasance makamancin haka a Tunisiya, inda bayan Lagarde zaƙi-magana sabbin shugabanninta a 2012, IMF sharadi an sanya shi kan lamuni a cikin 2013 ($ 1.7 biliyan) da 2016 (dala biliyan 2.8). Amma a shekarar 2023, a matsayin ’yan kungiyar kwadago tsayayya Hukumar IMF ta ba da umarnin sake fasalin kamfanoni 100 na jihohi da kuma yanke tallafin zamantakewa, shugaban kama-karya Kais Saied (wanda a shekarar 2021 ya rusa majalisar dokoki kuma ya yanke hukunci) a karshe. ƙi wani tallafin dala biliyan 2 na IMF saboda asarar mulkin mallaka. Amma jami'an Tarayyar Turai sun yaba wa gwamnatin Securocrat na Saied, waɗanda suka ba da taimako mai karimci domin gada rata IMF, don ba da rance ga 'yan ci-rani na Afirka ta hanyar Tunisia.
Cin hanci da rashawa na Afirka ta Kudu yana ci gaba, tare da ƙarin tallafin IMF da Banki fiye da kowane lokaci
A kudancin Afirka, IMF da Bankin sun kasance masu karimci sosai masu ba da bashi zuwa ga mulkin wariyar launin fata - tare da kudaden da aka samu na ciyar da farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da bukatu na ma'adinai na kasa da kasa - kuma a cikin 1993, an ba da lamuni na dala miliyan 850. kulle A cikin manufofin Neoliberal wanda ya kawar da gwamnatin Nelson Mandela daga 1994 mulkin dimokuradiyya. Masana tattalin arziki na Bankin Duniya sun kasance masu mahimmanci a ciki marubuci Shirin gyaran gida na Mandela na 1996, da kuma nuna son kai daga baya. bincike da nufin rufe sakamakon rashin daidaito, mafi muni a duniya.
A cikin 2010, lamunin Eskom na dala biliyan 3.75 na Bankin na tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 4800 ya ba da damar muhimmanci kudi na manufacturer Hitachi's jihar-kama na jam’iyya mai mulki, ko da yake Shugaban Bankin 2007-2012 Robert Zoellick ne adam wata ya kasance da cikakken sanin cewa cin hanci da rashawa (wanda ya kasance a ƙarshen 2007 ya riga ya zama abin kunya) kuma ƴan ƙasa lobbying a kan rance ya kasance wanda ba a bayyana ba (duba observer Winter 2022). Lokacin da Hitachi ya samu nasara karar a cikin 2015 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ayyukan Cin Hanci na Ƙasashen Waje ta Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya ta Amurka, Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin na Mutunci Leonard McCarthy (wani ɗan Afirka ta Kudu mai rigima) ba bisa ka'ida ba. da'awa cewa babu kudin Banki da ya shafa. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da mummunan ɓarna na tsarin ya kasance bayyana a cikin kasar Afirka ta Kudu - gami da damfarar ta ma'aikatar lafiya - IMF da Bankin sun ba da manyan lamuni a cikin 2020-2022 mai yiwuwa don agajin Covid-19, zane zanga-zanga a ofishin Bankin Johannesburg.
Wani abin ban mamaki shine karni kwata da suka wuce lokacin da Bankin Duniya ya fara kullum damuwa game da kama jihohi, musamman dangane da mummunan sauye-sauyen siyasar Gabashin Turai. A shekara ta 2006, shugaban kasa na lokacin Paul Wolfowitz - da kansa ya yi murabus bayan shekara guda saboda rashin shugabanci - ya ba da tallafin bankin murya ga Ƙaddamar da Gaskiyar Masana'antu Masu Haɓakawa. Amma duk da haka, yanayin da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakanin wasu daga cikin masu karbar bashi - musamman a Afirka - yana nufin cewa a yayin da ake aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu tsauri, Bankin da IMF sun kawar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tashe-tashen hankulan jihohi da ƙarfafa ƙwararru.
A taron bazara na IMF na Afrilu 2011, lokacin Strauss-Kahn na ƙarshe taron manema labarai, wani ɗan jarida ya yi tambaya game da tawaye na Arewacin Afirka: “Kuna da wata fargaba cewa wataƙila akwai wani yunkuri na hagu da ke zuwa ta waɗannan juyin?” Wani dan iska Strauss-Kahn ya ce, “Tambaya mai kyau. Koyaushe akwai wannan haɗarin, amma ban tabbata ba zai faru. " Har sai ya yi, tsarin yana bayyana ba zai iya yin gyara na gaske ba.
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