Babban taron shekara-shekara na Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya sun shaida zanga-zangar a Washington da sauran wurare da dama. Kusan masu zanga-zangar 100 daga al'umma, muhalli da kungiyoyin matasa sun shiga cikin Tawaye na Extinction Rebellion da DebtForClimate.org a wajen ofishin Bankin Duniya na Johannesburg a ranar Juma'a, 14 ga Oktoba, wannan shi ne karo na biyu a cikin watanni takwas da suka gabata. Babban kiran da aka yi shi ne na kin amincewa da lamuni mai yawa - mafi girman rancen aikin da Bankin ya yi - wanda aka yi shekaru goma sha biyu a baya amma har yanzu yana haifar da babbar illa ta kudi da sauyin yanayi: tashar wutar lantarki ta Medupi.
A cikin tarihinsa na shekaru 71 a Afirka ta Kudu, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar abubuwan da suka faru na manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ci gaba na iskar Carbon, rashin ci gaban al'umma.[1] Kuɗaɗen ya haɗa da ba kawai lamuni na zamanin wariyar launin fata wanda ya tsananta manufofin wariyar launin fata na Eskom mai samar da makamashi daga 1951-67 da shawarwarin manufofin neoliberal a lokacin miƙa mulki daga wariyar launin fata zuwa dimokiradiyya a 1994.[2]
Bugu da kari, bankin ya ba da rancen sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 3 a shekarar 2010, domin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya da ake ginawa, aikin da ya yi kaca-kaca da cin hanci da rashawa - musamman cin hanci da rashawa na jam'iyya mai mulki ta Hitachi da ke Tokyo - wanda tuni ya shahara a lokacin. , kuma an yi nasarar gurfanar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Haɓaka Haƙƙin Ƙasashen Waje a Amurka a cikin 2015.
Wata bukata ita ce bashin Eskom da ke da alaka da tsakiyar rawar Hitachi a Medupi da kuma wata cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki mai suna Kusile, a yi watsi da su, a wani bangare na hana karin kashi 32% na farashin wutar lantarki na Eskom a shekara mai zuwa. Kamfanonin sun gurgunta ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarkin da ba su da aiki wanda ke wakiltar kashi 85% na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya haifar da kashe wutar lantarki a farkon watan Oktoba ga galibin gidaje da kasuwanci na tsawon sa'o'i shida a rana.
Kuma don biyan Medupi da wasu tsire-tsire guda biyu, Eskom ya haɓaka ainihin farashin wutar lantarki da fiye da 620% tun daga 2007.[3] Har ila yau, Eskom na kan aiwatar da harkokin kasuwanci, kuma a sakamakon haka, shugabancinta na da nufin kawo karshen tallafin giciye wanda ke taimaka wa masu karamin karfi.
Don hana Bashi mai ban tsoro na Eskom zai rage matsananciyar biyan bashin bashin dala biliyan 22 na kayan aiki. Sai dai bukatar masu fafutuka tana zuwa ne ga gwamnatin da ta gwammace ta ci bashin sabbin kudade don ci gaba da samar da makamashi mai dogaro da burbushin ga kamfanonin kasashen duniya da ke kawance da ita. Don haka a cikin 2019 transnet na sufuri na jihar ya haɓaka masana'antar iskar gas mai ruwan sha ta Bankin Duniya.
Don aiwatar da dabarun 'decarbonization'-da-gasification na jihar, Eskom ya yi niyyar ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 8.5 na haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar Makamashi kawai - don lamuni masu ƙarancin riba daga gwamnatocin Amurka, Burtaniya da Turai - a Glasgow Majalisar Dinkin Duniya COP26 taron sauyin yanayi a Glasgow. 2021. Climate Justice Charter Movement ya, a sakamakon haka, ya yi kira da a kauracewa, tun da za a yi amfani da kudaden kawai don biyan bashin bashi kuma 44% za a ba da izini ga kayan aikin methane don samar da 4000 megaWatts (kusan 15% na aiki na yanzu). iya aiki).[4]
Zuba jarin burbushin burbushin bankin na gaba - masana'antar LNG a arewacin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Richards Bay, wanda tuni ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 2 - zai iya haifar da iskar gas a arewacin Mozambique wanda ake kira 'Blood Methane' saboda wani farar hula da ke da alaƙa da albarkatu. yakin da aka yi a yankin Cabo Delgado wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan 5000 tare da raba kusan mutane miliyan guda.[5] Dakarun Afirka ta Kudu suna can, suna kare kamfanonin TotalEnergies, ExxonMobil, ENI da Kamfanin Man Fetur na kasar Sin a zuba jari a cikin iskar gas, duk kuwa da sabanin sauyin yanayi tun bayan fadowar methane ya haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sau 85 fiye da CO2.[6]
Sannan akwai wasu dalilai da dama na tantancewa da sake tunanin biyan basussukan Banki, idan aka yi la’akari da tarihin da ya yi na kare farar fata, masu hannu da shuni a kasar da a yanzu ta fi kowacce kasa daidaito a duniya. Mai yiyuwa ne za a bukaci a shigar da kara na sirri kan karin masu biyan haraji da masu amfani da makamashi na Bankin Duniya da sauran Bashi masu ba da lamuni, tsarin da manyan lauyoyi ke bincike.
Bayar da lamuni ga tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma ba da shawara kan manufofin rikon kwarya-neoliberal
Lamunin Bankin Duniya ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ya kasance a shekarar 1951, kuma a cikin shekaru 17 da suka biyo baya, an ba da lamuni hudu na dalar Amurka miliyan 94 ga Eskom, rabinsu ya biyo bayan mummunan kisan gilla na Sharpeville na 1960, inda aka harbe masu zanga-zangar baki 69 a baya. Waɗannan lamunin sun wakilci mafi yawan lamunin ƙasashen waje na Eskom, tare da ƙananan ƙididdiga daga bankin shigo da fitarwa na Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Commonwealth da kuma bankuna masu zaman kansu na Switzerland da Jamus.
A lokacin, Eskom yana ba da sabis na kusan keɓance ga kasuwancin mallakar fararen fata da gidaje farare: Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka sun sami kusan babu wutar lantarki. Bankin bai taba neman afuwa ko biyan diyya ba don karfafa wariyar launin fata, amma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da ba da lamuni ga Eskom da Transnet. Na karshen ya kasance don fadada layin dogo zuwa wuraren daukar ma'aikatan bakin haure, don haka ana samun arha bakar fata ga masana'antun ma'adinai, noma da masana'antu.
A cikin 1967, Afirka ta Kudu ta kai matsayin 'matsakaicin shiga' kuma ba ta cancanci samun laon Banki ba. Amma a shekarar 1958 ne aka fara bukatar takunkumin tattalin arziki daga shugaban ANC, Albert Luthuli, kuma bankin bai kula da su ba.[7]
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya kuma ba da rance ga tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata a kai a kai a lokacin rikicin kudi wanda wani bangare ya haifar da fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya, ciki har da a farkon shekarun 1960, 1976-77 (don dala miliyan 550) bayan yunkurin Soweto, 1982 (don dala miliyan 902). a lokacin faduwar farashin zinare, da kuma 1985 (dala miliyan 70) ko da a lokacin da ake cikin yanayi na gaggawa, da kuma wani babban rancen da IMF ta baiwa kasar Zambiya a shekarar 1982 shi ma yana dauke da sharadi wanda ya hada da bude hanyoyin kasuwanci da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.[8]
Bayan takunkumin tattalin arziki na yaki da wariyar launin fata ya afkawa Pretoria sosai a tsakiyar 1985, wanda ya karya kawancen babban birnin kasar da kuma jihar tare da nuna alamar kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata na yau da kullun, ribar kamfanoni ta ragu cikin sauri.
Ga Pretoria, wata hanyar da za ta jawo hankalin kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata cikin gaggawa don tallafawa mulkin wariyar launin fata, ita ce barna, da cin hanci da rashawa da Katse Dam da ke makwabtaka da Lesotho. Madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka ta ba da izinin wucewa zuwa yankin Johannesburg. A ƙarshen 1980s, manyan lamuni da Bankin Duniya ya daidaita (ciki har da nasa na dala miliyan 110 a cikin 1991) sun ba da haɓakar kuɗi kai tsaye ga wariyar launin fata ta hanyar asusun Landan wanda Pretoria ke sarrafawa, wanda Bankin ya gani a matsayin mafi cancantar bashi fiye da Lesotho.
Dam din ya kuma haifar da dadewa matsala ga dubban 'yan gudun hijirar Lesotho da aka kora daga kasarsu ta gargajiya, da kuma ga masu amfani da ruwa masu karamin karfi wadanda, a garuruwan Johannesburg, aka tilasta musu daukar nauyin biya daga karshen shekarun 1990.[9] Bankin ya kuma ba da izini ga cin hanci da rashawa da yawa ya shiga cikin aikin daga masu ginin madatsun ruwa na kasa da kasa, wanda ya ba da amsa da sauri tare da dakatar da dokar hana wani kamfani na Kanada, tare da tura shi cikin fatara.[10]
Daga karshe Afirka ta Kudu ta samu mulkin dimokradiyya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, kuma a cikin wannan tsari, bankin duniya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni da dama na manufofin jama'a. IMF, ita ma, tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawarwari kan aiwatar da sabbin haraji na koma baya da sauran manufofin neman sassaucin ra'ayi da Baitulmali da Bankin Reserve suka amince da shi a farkon shekarar 1989, lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta yi fama da bakin ciki mafi dadewa.
A ƙarshen 1993, rancen dala miliyan 850 na IMF ya cika sharuddan da shugabannin mulkin wariyar launin fata da masu shigowa da masu fasahar tattalin arziki na ANC suka amince da su.[11] A sakamakon haka, har ma mafi munin matakan rashin daidaito, talauci da rashin aikin yi sun biyo baya kai tsaye daga yanayin IMF da kuma shawarar bankin duniya da ake kira 'Bankin Ilimi'.
Misali, shawarwarin farashin ruwa na Bankin Duniya 'kayan aiki ne,' ma'aikatansa sun yi takama, tare da katse huldar talakawan da ke haddasa annobar kwalara ta KwaZulu-Natal da ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 2000-01.[12] Shugaban kasar, Nelson Mandela, ya fuskanci matsananciyar matsin lamba daga 'yan kasuwa don yin amfani da dabaru masu sassaucin ra'ayi na bankin duniya da dama duk da karuwar juriya na zamantakewa.[13]
Zuba jarin farko na bankin a cikin kwal na Afirka ta Kudu
Bangaren Bankin Duniya mai zaman kansa, Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC), ya kasance mai karamin karfi amma yana kara saka hannun jari akai-akai a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya fara da sarkar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kanta, ikon mallakar kamfani na pizza na Amurka Domino's da sauran zarge-zargen 'rage talauci. 'Yan ta'adda a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda rashin daidaito ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a shekarun 1990 har ya wuce Brazil a matsayin mafi muni a duniya.
Hannun jarin hannun jarin IFC sun hada da hannun jarin dala miliyan 2002 a shekarar 5 a cikin sabon asusun hakar ma'adinai na Afirka wanda mafi girman jarinsa ya kasance a wani mahakar ma'adanin kwal na KwaZulu-Natal - Tendele - wanda ya zama sananne ga yadda ya fara farautar ƙauyuka biyu da kuma wurin ajiyar yanayi na Hluhluwe-iMfolozi na kusa. , Afirka mafi tsufa. Ma'adinan Tendele ya ba wa asusun hakar ma'adinan damar samun riba na 39% na shekara-shekara, a lokacin da IFC ta ji daɗin 6% na hannun jari a cikin asusun.[14]
Bayan da Bankin Duniya ya fitar da kudi, karin fadada ma'adinan zuwa kauyukan Somkhele ya haifar da ba kawai karuwar hayakin CO2 ba, ya kuma haifar da gurbacewar muhalli da kuma haifar da bama-bamai da ya lalata gidaje da dama da ke kusa da su, da kuma yin amfani da karancin ruwa (a tsakiyar shekarun 2010). fari) domin wanke kwal. A cikin 2020, Tendele kuma an yi ƙoƙarin siyan tsattsauran adawa na cikin gida, ta hanyar ba wa shugaban yaƙi da kwal na cikin gida Fikile Ntshangase $20,000 don siyan gidanta. Ta ƙi kuma ta ci gaba da shirya zanga-zangar adawa da faɗaɗa ma'adinan, kuma bayan 'yan makonni an kashe shi a wani kisan gillar da aka yi a duniya a shekarar.
Wannan kisan kai ya sa babbar lauyan da ke goyon bayanta ta yi kira da a biya diyya a matsayin ribar da aka dawo daga ma’adinan, wanda sama da dala miliyan 10 za a iya cece su daga bankin duniya.[15] Asalin jarin da IFC ta yi a shekarar 2002 a cikin asusun da ya ba da kuɗin Tendele an gabatar da shi ne a matsayin bayar da gudummawa ga manufofin ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da ci gaba mai dorewa ta hanyar tallafawa 'ƙananan' masu aikin hakar ma'adinai. Amma alkawurran ci gaban al'umma, ci gaban baƙar fata da alhakin muhalli da IFC ta yi duk an yi watsi da su a Somkhele, kuma kusan dukkanin masu cin gajiyar saka hannun jarin IFC maza ne farare.[16]
IFC tana ba da kuɗin ribar ma'adinai na rashin adalci da kuma kuɗaɗen mabukata
Irin wannan tsari ya bayyana a cikin manyan hannun jari biyu mafi girma na Bankin Duniya ta hanyar IFC: a babban ma'adinan platinum na Lonmin da kuma a cikin mai ba da lamuni na 'haɗin kuɗi' wanda aka fi sani da Cash Paymaster Services.
Dangane da Lonmin, IFC ta 2007 dala miliyan 50 - kuma ta yi alkawarin ba da lamuni dala miliyan 100 wanda ke nufin hada da gina gidaje 5000 ga ma'aikata, kodayake uku ne kawai aka gina - an yi nufin haɓaka Zuba Jari na Jama'a (CSI) a wani rikici na musamman. Ma'adanin da ke samar da mafi girman kaso na platinum na kamfanin: Marikana.[17] A shekara ta 2010 hukumar ta IFC ta mayar da wannan ma’adanin hoton hotonta ga CSI, amma duk da haka ƙiyayyar da ma’aikatan hakar ma’adanai da magoya bayan al’ummarsu suka yi wa Lonmin ya karu a watan Agustan 2012, wanda ya haifar da yajin aikin namun daji wanda kusan dukkan ma’aikatan kamfanin na Marikana suka shiga.
Hakan ya haifar da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa ma’aikata a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2012, yayin da ma’aikatar hakar ma’adanai ta yi ikirarin cewa ba ta da isassun kudaden da za ta biya su albashi da bukatunsu (a lokacin, na dala $1000/wata). Daga baya an bayyana cewa Lonmin ya tsunduma cikin yin watsi da harajin haramtacciyar hanya zuwa Bermuda wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun ma'aikata.[18]
A shekarar 2015, babbar kungiyar mata ta Marikana, Sikhala Sonke, ta yi yunƙurin samun mai ba da shawara/Ombudsman na Bankin Duniya (CAO) don tilasta wa IFC ɗaukar nauyi, inda ta nemi a samar da tsari na sasanta rigingimu tare da Lonmin don ba da agaji ga al'umma daga tauye hakkin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. . Sun yi watsi da su bayan tsarin Bankin na cikin gida ya zama mara amfani.[19] Lonmin, yana fuskantar fatarar kudi, wani gidan hakar ma'adinai na gida ya saya a shekarar 2017 amma har yanzu ba a warware koke-koken Sikhala Sonke a kan IFC ba.[20]
A wani shari'ar da ba ta yi nasara ba na yin kira ga mai ba da shawara na Babban Bankin Duniya (CAO) don tilastawa IFC ta yi nasara kan dimbin barnar da wani jarin Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar, kungiyar da ake ganin mata da ake yi wa lakabi da Black Sash ta soki dala miliyan 107 na IFC. (22%) rabo a Cash Paymaster Services (CPS), wani ɓangare na 'fayil ɗin hada-hadar kuɗi.[21]
Amma ba da lamuni da cin hanci da rashawa sun tilastawa IFC 'ta sanya matakan da za a magance da kuma gyara halayen da ba su dace ba,' a cewar Black Sash, wanda masu fafutukarsa suka rubuta 'cire cirewa ba tare da izini ba da yaudara daga tallafin zamantakewa na masu cin gajiyar' CPS (da kuma IFC), 'ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba na amfani da bayanan masu cin gajiyar tallafin zamantakewar jama'a da bayanai, dagewar zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa' da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci na shakku.[22]
Rashin samun sassauci daga IFC, Black Sash da abokan gida ba kawai an soke kwangilar hada-hadar kudi ta CPS tare da ma'aikatar jin dadin jama'a ba, har ma ta kai karar CPS don biyan diyya, kuma a cikin 2020 kamfanin ya sanya shi cikin fatara don gujewa gaba. lalacewa.
Wannan bukatar biyan ribar ita ce abin da aka tilasta wa IFC ta ‘mayar da kudaden,’ kalmar ‘yan gwagwarmayar cikin gida da ake amfani da su akai-akai tun lokacin tsohon shugaban kasar Jacob Zuma na 2009-18 na cin hanci da rashawa ya zama tushen fushin jama’a.[23] Kodayake CPS ta yi fatara, mai kamfanin shine Net1, kuma sabon daftarin dabarun bankin na 2021 na Afirka ta Kudu ya ambace shi sau biyu a matsayin saka hannun jari mai aiki tare da hada hada-hadar kudi 'mafi yawan cimma' da sarari mara tushe a karkashin 'Darussan' don 'ƙarfafa kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi da haɓaka. damar samun kudi ga talakawa.'[24]
Wannan yunƙuri na ladabtar da kamfanoni mallakar IFC a Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne kafin Bankin Duniya ya yi asarar kariya daga tuhuma a Kotun Koli ta Amurka.[25] Wannan abin al'ada na iya zama da amfani, gwargwadon yadda zai iya tsoratar da banki don daidaitawa a wasu hukunce-hukuncen, saboda tsoron Dokar La'antar Cin Hanci ta Ƙasashen Waje ko wasu dokoki (ciki har da da'awar farar hula) na iya ɗaukar IFC alhakin a Amurka, inda ba ta taɓa samun shi ba. dalilin tsoron tuhuma.
A halin da ake ciki, al'adar aikata laifuka a fili ta mamaye cikin kundin IFC na Afirka ta Kudu. Maimakon dogara ga tsarin binciken cikin gida na cibiyar da ke da lahani, kotunan Afirka ta Kudu na iya yin la'akari da ɗaukar shawarar lauyoyin Mfolozi Community Environmental Justice Organisation. Wannan zai haifar da fara aiwatar da dogon lokaci na ba wai kawai dakatarwa da dainawa kan kamfanoni mallakar IFC ba, har ma da tilasta biyan diyya daga kamfanoni da masu kuɗaɗen da suka ƙalubalanci su.[26]
Lamuni mafi girma na Bankin: na kamfanin wutar lantarki (lalacewa) da ake kora da wuta
Baya ga saka hannun jarin da IFC ta yi na hana zamantakewar al'umma da kare muhalli da aka bayyana a sama, babbar matsala guda daya da Bankin Duniya ke fuskanta a matsayin abin koyi na samar da kudade a Afirka ta Kudu ita ce karimcinta ga Eskom. Daga 1951 zuwa lamunin Medupi na 2010, ya kasance mai yawan rigima.
Kungiyar Jubilee ta Afirka ta Kudu karkashin jagorancin Archbishop Desmond Tutu da Njongonkulu Ndungane da mawaki Dennis Brutus sun yi Allah wadai da lamunin wariyar launin fata daga karshen shekarun 1990, suna neman a biya su diyya.
Mandela da kansa ya kuma bayyana nadama game da bukatar biyan basussukan zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata maimakon biyan bukatun al'umma: 'Mun gaji bashin da ya kai R250 biliyan (sai dala biliyan 73), wanda muke ba da hidima a kan kudi biliyan 30 [dala biliyan 8.8]. shekara guda. Biliyan 30 da ba mu gina gidaje ba kamar yadda muka tsara kafin mu hau gwamnati, don mu tabbatar da cewa yaranmu sun tafi makarantu mafi kyau, an magance matsalar rashin aikin yi yadda ya kamata.[27]
Sai dai a shekarar 2010 ne shugaban kasar na wancan lokaci Robert Zoellick ya bayar da lamuni mafi muni da bankin duniya ya bayar. An sami babban ra'ayi daga ƙungiyoyin farar hula har ma da manyan 'yan kasuwa a kan Bankin ya ba da rancen dala biliyan 3.75, mafi yawansu za su ba da kuɗin Medupi. Babban dalili shi ne, wanda ya samar da tukunyar tukunyar jirgi na dala biliyan 5.6 na Medupi da Kusile, Hitachi na Tokyo, ya tsunduma cikin lalata da dangantaka da jam'iyyar National Congress National Congress (ANC).
An fahimci hakan a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2009 lokacin da shugaban Eskom a lokacin, Valli Moosa, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin kudi na jam'iyyar ANC, ya yi Allah wadai da shi a hukumance ta hannun jami'an kare jama'a - da abokan kawancen kungiyar kwadago - saboda rikicin 'ba daidai' ba. sha'awa.[28] Kwamitin Eskom ya amince da Medupi a watan Disamba na 2005, watanni hudu bayan Moosa ya zama shugaban Eskom, a watan da Hitachi Power Africa ta samar a matsayin abokiyar karawarta na 'karfafawa' kashi 25 cikin XNUMX na Chancellor House mai alaka da ANC, babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga na jam'iyyar.
Kamar yadda mai kare Jama'a - mai bincike mai zaman kansa na jama'a - wanda aka samu a cikin 2009, 'Babu shakka cewa Mista Moosa, a matsayinsa na memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa da Kwamitin Kudi nata yana da hakki ga ANC don aiwatar da mafi kyawun bukatunta na kudi. . Hakazalika, a matsayinsa na Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwar Eskom, ana sa ran shi zai yi aiki a cikin mafi kyawun bukatun kuɗi na Eskom. Saboda haka waɗannan bukatu guda biyu sun kasance cikin rikici kai tsaye a lokacin da Hukumar ta yi la'akari da bayar da kwangila ga Hitachi Consortium.'[29]
An fara wannan tsari ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006 kuma an kammala shi a karshen shekara ta 2007, sannan aka yi ta yadawa yayin da ‘yan jarida suka bankado rawar da Moosa ke takawa, musamman bayan gano rigingimun riba a farkon shekarar 2009.[30]
Sannan a cikin 2015, an tuhumi Hitachi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Haɗin Kan Harkokin Cin Hanci ta Ƙasashen Waje (FCPA) ta Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya don, a zahiri, cin hancin shugabannin ANC. Kamfanin shari'a na Washington Paul Weiss - sau da yawa mai kare kamfanoni da ake tuhuma a karkashin FCPA - ya yanke shawarar:
Dangantakar Hitachi da Chancellor, mai canza sheka ga jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Afirka ta Kudu, ya kamata ya zama labari na taka tsantsan da ke nuna mahimmancin hanyar da ta dogara da kasada don yin taka tsantsan da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa tun daga farkon duk wata hulda da na uku. Duk wani mai bayarwa da ke aiki a yankin da ke da haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ya kamata ya lura da tabbatar da cewa yana da ingantattun tsare-tsare don hana yiwuwar fallasa ga abin alhaki na FCPA. Kuma a ƙarshe, shari'ar Hitachi ta zama abin tunatarwa cewa a ƙasashe da yawa, jam'iyyun siyasa suna da iko da tasiri sosai kan yanke shawara da kasuwanci na gwamnati. Duk wani kimantawa na kamfani game da haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa, da duk wani ingantaccen shiri na yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, dole ne yayi la'akari da fallasa ga jam'iyyun siyasa da jami'an jam'iyya.'[31]
Abin mamaki, Moosa ya sake dawowa a cikin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen 2010s kuma, abin mamaki, an nada shi shugaban Hukumar Kula da Yanayi na Shugaban Ƙasa, ba tare da ambaton rawar da ya taka a cikin cin hanci da rashawa na Medupi da Kusile ba. Kasar Afirka ta Kudu ma ta yi watsi da tsarin FCPA na Amurka, ko da bayan kawo karshen mulkin cin hanci da rashawa na shugaban kasar Jacob Zuma a watan Fabrairun 2018.
Kuma abin takaici, saboda gazawar gabatar da kara na Pretoria, maimakon biyan tarar dala miliyan 19 na FCPA ga masu biyan haraji na gida da masu amfani da wutar lantarki a shekarar 2015, Hitachi ya zauna a gaban kotu (don haka jihar Amurka ta karbi tarar). Masu amfani da Eskom dole ne su biya kuɗin cin hanci da rashawa, tare da biyan kuɗi na babba da ribar.
An sake bayyana rashin kishin siyasar bankin na daukar cin hanci da rashawa na Eskom da muhimmanci a shekarar 2015, lokacin da ‘Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa – Mutunci’ ba kowa bane illa dan Afirka ta Kudu, Leonard McCarthy. A matsayinsa na shugaban hukumar bincike na kasar ('Scorpions') kafin Zuma ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 2009, zarginsa da kiran wayar 'Spy Tapes' a shekarar 2007-08 na nufin masu gabatar da kara sun yi ikirarin cewa ya nuna son kai, kuma hakan ya bai wa Zuma damar kasancewa. a yi watsi da zargin cin hanci da rashawa 783.[32]
Sannan a cikin 2015 bayan Hitachi ya biya tarar sa, kuma ba tare da amincewa da nasa rikici na sha'awa ba (bayan ya kasa kawo Eskom a littafin a tsawon shekaru yana tafiyar da Scorpions), McCarthy ya yi watsi da korafin Hitachi da babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta Democratic Alliance ta yi. Shaidar da ta biyo baya na ƙarin dala biliyan 10 na cin hanci da rashawa na Eskom, wanda ke da alaƙa da sauran ayyukan da Bankin ke bayarwa a Medupi, McCarthy da magajinsa, ko kuma wani sashin Bankin ba su bincika ba.[33]
Ko da ware cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da burbushin halittu a Eskom da Transnet, ci gaba da sadaukarwar da Bankin Duniya ya yi na samar da kudaden samar da makamashi mai yawa an nuna shi a cikin 2019 lokacin da IFC ta hada kai da Transnet don inganta sabon tashar LNG da wurin sarrafawa, kamar yadda muka gani a sama. Abin ban mamaki, lokacin da aka zo batun ba da shawara kan tsarin lalata makamashin Eskom, a cewar masanin makamashi Mark Swilling, 'Gwamnatocin Burtaniya, Amurka, Faransa da Jamus tare da EU sun kafa kawancen Canjin Makamashi mai Adalci bayan ziyarar walƙiya na wakilan yanayi jim kaɗan kafin taron COP26. . Cibiyar Asusun Zuba Jari ta Duniya ta Bankin Duniya ta sanya kanta a matsayin mai gudanar da ayyukan gaskiya.'[34]
Ya kamata a yi watsi da Bashin Bashi na Eskom
A cikin 2019, sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu na Eskom sun tantance ta Ranar Kasuwanci kuma editan sa yana da daraja a faɗi a tsayi:
Tashoshin wutar lantarki na Medupi na Eskom da Kusile na iya zama bala'i mafi girma a tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sabbin ayoyin da tsire-tsire ke da ƙira da damuwa na fasaha waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai akan aikin su yana sanya biya ga duk wani ra'ayi cewa matsalar wutar lantarki na SA na iya zama na ɗan lokaci kawai. Shugaban Eskom Jabu Mabuza ya ce tashoshin wutar lantarki suna samar da rabin wutar da ya kamata su kasance. Jerin lahani - wanda Eskom da kanta ya bayyana a matsayin wani ɓangare na roƙon ta ga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Ƙasa SA don yin la'akari da ƙarin harajin kuɗin fito saboda matsalolin kuɗi - yana da ban mamaki da gaske. Misali, ƙirar tukunyar jirgi yana haifar da yanayin zafi wanda tsarin ruwan fesa ba zai iya sanyaya shi sosai ba. Hakanan ƙirar tana haifar da toshewar toka kuma baya ba da izinin sarrafa ƙurar da ta dace, yayin da tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta bai dace da ƙayyadaddun fasaha ba. Duk waɗannan, da sauransu, suna haifar da raguwa akai-akai kuma suna buƙatar kulawa don yin sau biyu akai-akai kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Eskom ya dora laifin wadannan kura-kurai a kan babban dan kwangilar sa, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Africa, kamfani daya da aka same shi da laifin yin walda mara kyau kuma akai-akai ya kasa tsallake wani muhimmin mataki kafin kaddamar da aikin, wato gwajin ingancin tururi. Abin ban mamaki ne, ko da yake, Eskom, wanda a baya ya yi amfani da hanyoyin doka da hukunci a kan ƴan kwangilar da ba su kai ba, ba ya yin hakan a wannan karon. A duk asusun ƴan kwangila a cikin masana'antar, aikin Eskom yana da ban tsoro. Ana tsammanin cewa 'yan kwangilar, waɗanda ba su sami damar shiga wurin ba kamar yadda aka tsara, za su sami babban da'awar a kan Eskom, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙara mahimmanci ga layin ƙasa. Wannan layin ƙasa yana motsawa koyaushe, kamar yadda kwanakin ƙarshe na ayyukan suke. Medupi, alal misali, an fara ɗaukar ciki ne a cikin 2004, an juya sod na farko a cikin 2007, ranar kammala rukunin farko shine 2012 kuma ranar da za a gama duka shida shine 2015. Duk da haka, abin da ya faru shine Medupi ya samar da wutar lantarki ta farko. a cikin Maris 2015 kuma kwanan ƙarshe na ƙarshe shine 2021.
Farashin Medupi ya karu daga R69.1bn a shekarar 2007 (R116.7bn a farashin 2016) zuwa kimanta na baya-bayan nan, a shekarar 2016, na R145bn. Don wannan dole ne a ƙara R30bn don lalata iskar gas, farashin riba sama da shekaru 14 na gini da iƙirarin ɗan kwangila. Lambobin Kusile sun fi girma. R434bn na Eskom (ko kuma game da shi) a cikin bashi da kuma rikicin kuɗin da ya biyo baya sakamakon waɗannan ayyuka biyu ne kai tsaye.
Mafi muni fiye da rashin kwarin gwiwa, duk da haka, shine fatan da Afirka ta Kudu za ta kasance da wasu manya-manyan manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu masu tsada da rashin inganci wadanda ba za su iya mayar da kudadensu ba. Wannan zai faru ne a daidai lokacin da duniya gaba ɗaya ke ƙaura daga kwal zuwa nau'ikan makamashi mai rahusa da iska da hasken rana ke samarwa. Masana tattalin arziki sun san su a matsayin kadarorin da ba a taba gani ba, shine abin da mafi yawan jama'a masu ladabi za su kira farar giwa. Sauran mu, ko da yake, za mu yi marmarin kiran shi abin da yake: zakara mai girma.[35]
Hatta rahoton da gwamnatin ta yi na Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa ya yi kaca-kaca a shekarar 2020, musamman kan tsadar kayayyaki:
Medupi da Kusile an samo asali ne a kan layi a cikin 2012 da 2014 bi da bi. A cikin 2019 duka biyun suna kan gini. An tura ranar kammala Medupi har zuwa 2021 kuma Kusile, an tsara shi don 2023. Lokacin da Eskom ya sanar a cikin 2007 cewa zai gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki na mega biyu, farashin Medupi ya kasance a karkashin R70 bn da Kusile R80 bn. Kudin yanzu R208bn na Medupi da R239bn na Kusile. Yayin da wasu daga cikin sassan suka shiga yanar gizo suna samar da wutar lantarki, sun fuskanci matsaloli. Eskom ya kira wadannan 'kuskuren zane' kuma ya yi niyyar gyara su akan kudi R8bn.[36]
Ba wai kawai ya kamata a nisantar da wutar lantarki ba, haka ma ya kamata a yaye Eskom da kanta daga manyan ayyuka da kuma cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na tsarin sabuntar makamashi na gwamnati tare da adana sautin yanayi, a cikin tsarin sake farfado da tsarin kasa don cimma nasara. canja wurin wutar lantarki da tallafin giciye.
Amma Bankin Duniya a maimakon haka ya tafi da abin koyi wanda shine zakara ta kowace hanya da ake iya tunanin. Kuma ba wai Bankin Duniya ba ya da wani tasiri a kan mai karbar bashi, Eskom; Ƙarfin Bankin na aiwatar da nau'ikan sharadi daban-daban ana yin la'akari akai-akai. Misali, Ministan Kudi na Afirka ta Kudu na 2018-21, Tito Mboweni, ya koka a watan Fabrairun 2021, 'Tattaunawar da Bankin Duniya ya kasance mai wahala kuma yana da iyaka kan sanya wasu sharudda. Kamar yadda ka sani, muna da rashin lafiyan yanayi. Ba za mu iya yarda da sharuɗɗan ba kuma dole ne mu ja da baya.'[37]
Bankin ya kammala lamunin dala miliyan 750 bayan da aka maye gurbin Mboweni, ba tare da bayyana wasu sharudda ba, baya ga amincewa da matsananciyar kasafin kudi da magajin Mboweni ya sanya. Amma sha'awar masu kudi ba don shiga tsakani a kan - kuma maimakon cin riba - garken cin hanci da rashawa na Afirka ta Kudu, bala'in bala'i na fararen giwa da manyan ayyuka na bayyana.
A saboda wadannan dalilai, masu zanga-zangar da sauran al'ummar kasar za su ci gaba da sauraren ra'ayoyin duniya kan ko Bankin Duniya ya ci gaba da karban Bashin Bashi.
[1] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Greenberg/publication/324088764_Eskom_electricity_sector_restructuring_and_service_delivery_in_South_Africa
[2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077853/
[3] https://poweroptimal.com/2021-update-eskom-tariff-increases-vs-inflation-since-1988/
[4] https://www.change.org/p/unfccc-and-ippcc-ch-make-ending-coal-gas-and-oil-investment-a-condition-for-financial-support-to-south-africa-cop27-climatechange-climatereport-frenchembassyza-germanembassysa-usembassysa-ukinsouthafrica-climateza-presidencyza-cyrilramaphosa?utm_content=cl_sharecopy_32365449_en-GB%3A4&recruiter=1252814831&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=copylink&utm_campaign=share_petition
[5] https://www.transnet.net/Media/Press%20Release%20Office/Transnet%20signs%20a%20cost-sharing%20agreement%20with%20IFC%20to%20facilitate%20investment%20in%20natural%20gas%20infrastructure.pdf
[6] https://journals.uj.ac.za/index.php/The_Thinker/article/view/1175/754
[7] https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4039-1591-7%2F1.pdf
[8] https://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/transformation/tran003/tran003004.pdf
[9] https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/48398/IDL-48398.pdf da kuma https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312056555_Unsustainable_South_Africa_Environment_development_and_social_protest
[10] https://archive.internationalrivers.org/resources/world-bank-debars-acres-international-limited-acres-1972
[11] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056244.2018.1484352
[12] https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/patrick_bond_the_elite_transition_from_apartheibookos.org_.pdf
[13] https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/patrick_bond_the_elite_transition_from_apartheibookos.org_.pdf
[14] https://www.cadtm.org/Lessons-from-the-assassination-of-Fikile-Ntshangase-Climate-violence-the-Right
[15] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/world-bank-reparations-demanded-for-murder-of-frontline-south-african-anti-coal-activist/
[16] https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=20132
[17] https://www.groundup.org.za/article/marikana-world-bank-loan-undermines-lonmins-arguments-says-academic_2426/ da kuma https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020731415584561
[18] https://peripherization.blog.rosalux.de/files/2014/07/Bond-2014-Monthly-Review-on-SA-Resource-Curses-1.pdf
[19] https://debt-issues.blog.rosalux.de/files/2012/11/Bond-Berlin-paper-on-debt-and-uneven-development-in-contemporary-South-Africa.pdf
[20] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/resources/marikana-sikhale-sonke-withdraws-lonmin-mediations/
[21] https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=18785
[22] https://www.blacksash.org.za/index.php/media-and-publications/media-statements/81-south-african-ngos-question-ifc-s-investment-into-net1
[23] https://www.itweb.co.za/content/nWJad7b8lBoqbjO1
[24] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/07/23/south-africa-new-world-bank-group-partnership-framework-supports-socio-economic-transformation-for-an-inclusive-resilien
[25] https://www.ciel.org/news/supreme-court-rules-world-bank-group-immunity-jam-v-ifc/
[26] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/world-bank-reparations-demanded-for-murder-of-frontline-south-african-anti-coal-activist/
[27] https://youtu.be/8AgsTzZCdS4?t=700
[28] https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/business/2010-03-26-cosatu-concerned-on-moosa-verdict/
[29] https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/100325report.pdf
[30] https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22valli+moosa%22+hitachi
[31] https://www.paulweiss.com/media/3174209/2oct15fcpaalert2.pdf
[32] https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-10-13-polokwane-conference-timing-bad-reasons-for-npa-to-drop-zumas-783-charges-sca/
[33] https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/world-bank-concludes-probe-into-hitachis-medupi-contract-2015-10-14
[34] https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-04-so-where-is-the-8-5bn-that-south-africa-was-promised-at-cop26/
[35] https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2019-02-13-editorial-eskom-is-a-disaster-of-epic-proportions/
[37] https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/banks/we-are-allergic-to-conditionalities-mboweni-on-world-bank-loan-talks-20210224
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