Kafin taron koli na 22-24 na watan Agusta a birnin Johannesburg ya sanya fatan samun wani sabon tsarin da zai daidaita siyasar duniya – wanda kuma ya jefa tsoro a zukatan manyan kasashen yammacin duniya a zukata da tunaninsu – akalla abubuwa biyar ne suka rage wa Brazil-Rasha-Indiya-China-Afirka ta Kudu (Afrika ta Kudu). BRICS) toshe zuwa gurguwar gurguzu. Koyaya, yanayi ya canza a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma magana game da 'BRICS +' tare da sabbin membobin dozin kusan dozin biyu da kuma tsarin 'de-dollarization' sun ɗaga martabar wannan hanyar sadarwa zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba - kuma maras tabbas - matakin.
Yana fitowa daga lokacin da sabani na ciki ya bayyana ya haifar da 'spalling' - wanda bangon BRICS ya kusa zuwa sama - yana da amfani a tuna abin da ke faruwa ba daidai ba:
- ya hana Shugabannin BRICS daga yin tarukan kai tsaye ko kuma kiran ɗaruruwan ƙwararrun ma'aikata, kasuwanci, tarurrukan ilimi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda suka fito a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙungiyar.
- vetoed galibi daga Turawa a madadin masana'antar su ta magunguna a cikin 2021-22, Angela Merkel da Boris Johnson dole ne su sami. godiya Bolsonaro shiga Manyan shugabannin da suka yi watsi da kiraye-kirayen da Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi da Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Cyril Ramaphosa suka yi, wadanda suka yi magana ga kasashe sama da 100 yayin da suke neman a dauki muhimman kayayyakin harhada magunguna a matsayin "kayan jama'a na duniya."
- flared mai girma a cikin Himalayas, yana nuna rashin ƙudurin kan iyaka tun farkon shekarun 1960, wanda ya kai a cikin 2020 zuwa mutuwar dakaru da yawa a yaƙin hannu da hannu. Ba za a iya karewa ba ga fadan soji a kan tudun mun tsira da kuma -sakamakon gina madatsar ruwan kasar Sin fiye da kima - kan tushen kogin da ke kwarara daga kudancin kasar. Sauran wuraren da aka fadada rikicin ya ta'allaka ne zuwa yamma zuwa Pakistan daga Kashmir, inda ake ci gaba da adawa da tsauraran matakan Delhi da kyamar Islama, da kuma burin Beijing na sarrafa Kashmiris a China. A yammacin kasar, Beijing tana ba da tallafin kayayyakin more rayuwa na dalar Amurka biliyan 65 daga tashar jirgin ruwa ta Gwadar ta Pakistan zuwa yammacin kasar Sin, wanda take ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda lauyoyin 'yan kasuwa a mashigin Malacca, da kuma samun saurin samun damar shigo da mai daga Belt da Road Initiative. Gulf Persian. Amma wannan matakin na tattalin arziki ga babbar maƙiyin Indiya - gami da yankin da ake takaddama a kai a Pakistan - ya fusata hukumomin Delhi, wadanda su kuma suka rufe hannun jarin kamfanonin China da kuma nuna matsanancin matakan kishin kasa.
- takardar sammaci (don sace dubun-dubatar yara 'yan Ukrainian), zai zo da kansa a taron Johannesburg na 2023. Ramaphosa ya roki shugaban na Rasha da ya halarci taron kusan, a matsayin wani bangare na jagorancin Afirka ta Kudu na aikin samar da zaman lafiya na Kiev-Moscow da shugabannin Afirka da dama suka yi a watan Yunin 2023. fitar da kayayyaki da ke da alhakin kusan kashi 10% na albarkatun hatsi a duniya, amma Putin ya yi watsi da wannan roko, a maimakon haka ya ba da kayayyakin hatsin nasa kyauta ga kasashe da dama masu fama da talauci wadanda shugabanninsu suka halarci taron St. Petersburg na Rasha da Afirka a karshen watan Yuli.
- sayi-nan-ci-gida wani tashin hankali Janairu 2023; june 2023 tawaye ta tsohon abokin Putin na kut-da-kut Yevgeny Prigozhin da rukunin 'yan amshin shatansa na Wagner; m bacewa Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Sin Qin Gang a watan Yuli jita-jita masu yawo game da wani al'amari tare da ɗan leƙen asiri na Biritaniya ko aiki mara inganci; kuma a Afirka ta Kudu, Ramaphosa's kusa- murabus a cikin Disamba 2022 saboda wani mummunan bincike game da cin hanci da rashawa. Yayin da shugaban kasar Sin Xi Jinping, da Modi da Putin da alama sun karfafa ikonsu, kasashen BRICS biyu masu rauni ba su da kwanciyar hankali: Lula. fuskoki Majalisa mai adawa da Bolsonarite kuma ya dogara da kawancen gurgunta kansa tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi a kan gwamnatinsa; yayin da Ramaphosa na kansa kudi cin hanci da rashawa kaso da kuma rashin dogaro na mataimakinsa (ba a ma maganar magabatansa ba taƙaitaccen ɗaurin kurkuku a ranar 12 ga Agusta - kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa na dillalan makamai na Faransa - sannan kuma a yi masa afuwa nan take), da kuma yaduwa. rashin wutar lantarki, watakila zai sa jam'iyyarsa ta rasa matsayi mafi rinjaye tare da dinke gwamnatin hadin gwiwa bayan zaben tsakiyar 2024.
Duk da haka duk da rikice-rikicen da aka haifar a cikin tsarin, ƙasashen BRICS uku na farko na tattalin arzikin fitar da kayayyaki - Brazil, Rasha da Afirka ta Kudu - sun yi kyau fiye da yadda ake tsammani daga tsakiyar 2020 bayan babban tashin hankali, kamar farashin ma'adinai da burbushin mai. da farko ya yi hatsari amma sai ya yi tashin gwauron zabo, kuma daga Maris 2022 bayan mamayewar Putin, lokacin da farashin kayayyaki ya yi tashin gwauron zabi na akalla wasu watanni.
Don haka ko da Rasha za ta iya dawo da abin mamaki cikin sauri daga tsauraran takunkumin tattalin arziki na yammacin Turai da kuma kwace sama da dala biliyan 600 na wasu kadarori na kasashen waje mallakar gwamnati da 'yan mulkin mallaka - takunkumin da ya aike da sako mai karfi ga azzalumai masu goyon bayan kasashen yamma musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya, cewa su. Kadarorin yammacin duniya ma ba su da aminci.
BRICS+ ya fito
Lallai cin hancin-hukunce-hukuncen kudi da ministar kudi ta Amurka Janet Yellen ta yi a cikin Maris 2022 babban dalili ne ga da yawa daga cikin 'yan takarar BRICS + da ke son shiga cikin kungiyar da ba ta da dala a nan gaba. Dukkansu suna lura da rashin daidaituwar dangantakar siyasa tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka wanda sau da yawa yakan tashi, kuma ba wai kawai saboda "masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba" Make America Great Again akidar Donald Trump an maye gurbinsu da manufofin waje na "neo-conservative" na Joe Biden wanda " dimokuradiyya” da manufofin tattalin arziki ana sanya su idan ya cancanta, da karfi.
Ko da kuwa hasashen dawowar Trump kan karagar mulki a farkon 2025, babban abin da ke damun azzalumai shi ne cewa wasu lokuta Washington kan girka da maye gurbin shugabannin abokan hulda, ba tare da wata hujja ba. Yayin da hakan ya kasance al'adar da aka dade ana yi, canjin tsarin mulki na waje ya zama mai sarkakiya saboda karfin takunkumin kudi.
Musamman bayyanawa ita ce gogewar da Saudi Arabiya ta samu, na farko a cikin 2020 a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan manufofin siyasar waje da dan takarar shugaban kasa Joe Biden (a matsayin 'pariah'), idan aka yi la'akari da kisan gillar da Riyadh ta yi wa dan jarida Jamal Khashoggi a cikin 2018. A farkon 2021. Biden sanar Dole ne a daina yakin Saudiyya a kan Yaman, amma canza sheka kuma yayi shuru a cikin shekara guda, yayin da farashin makamashi ya hauhawa, Biden U-juya kuma da kansa ya ziyarci Yarima mai jiran gado Mohammed bin Salman ('MBS') ya roki Riyadh ta kara yawan man fetur (zuwa farashi mai sauki), wanda shugaban Saudiyya ya ki.
Tabbas zuwa farkon 2023, a wani alamar rashin girmamawa bayyananne don Washington, Riyadh ba kawai ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta farko da Iran, wanda China ta kulla, amma ya fara tsarin kasuwanci na 'petro-yuan' don lalata karfin dala. A farkon watan Agusta, Washington ta yi ƙoƙari sosai mayar da wannan mahimmancin de-dollarization tare da wani kunshin wanda kuma ya hada da matsayin Abraham Accord na zamanin Trump - ''daidaita' alakar Isra'ila da Saudiyya mai kama da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a 2020 - wanda shugaban na Saudiyya ya dage har sai bayan kura ta lafa a taron BRICS kuma an zabi sabbin mambobin kungiyar.
Tare da sabon BRICS+ da ya fara yin tsari, mafi fitattun abubuwan da 'yan takarar yanzu ake la'akari da su sune matsanancin ƙarfin carbon da halayen siyasa na zalunci, wanda MBS ya bayyana. Cikakken jerin sunayen 'yan takarar zagayen farko na shiga kungiyar BRICS, wanda ministan harkokin wajen Afirka ta Kudu Naledi Pandor ya bayyana a farkon watan Agusta, sun hada da Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Morocco, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela da Vietnam.
Hodgepodge ne wanda ba shi da akidar da za a iya gane shi, amma cike da kiyayyar zamantakewa, anti-hali da kuma kudi $-ƙirar son kai. Babban kyaututtuka ga China da Rasha, wanda ke haifar da fadada, zai kasance Saudi Arabia da Iran. Idan an amince da dukkan sabbin 'yan takara 23, za a iya tantance kasashe 28 na BRICS+ dangane da yadda suke goyon bayan Putin (kuri'ar adawa da kudurin janyewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) ko kuma matsayar tsaka-tsaki (kauracewa kuri'un, kamar yadda Afirka ta Kudu ta yi), sabanin wadancan. fifita Ukraine.
A sansanin na baya akwai kasashe 14 da suka fito takara baya ga Brazil: Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Honduras, Indonesia, Kuwait, Morocco, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Thailand da UAE.
Sabanin haka, akwai gwamnatocin BRICS 13 da BRICS+ da suka yi adawa ko kuma suka kaurace wa kudurin watan Fabrairu na 2023: Aljeriya, Belarus, Bolivia, China, Cuba, Habasha, Indiya, Iran, Kazakhstan, Rasha, Afirka ta Kudu, Venezuela da Vietnam. Don haka, daga rabo na huɗu zuwa ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar adawa ko kauracewa a ƙarƙashin BRICS na yanzu, rabon zai iya canzawa daga 13 zuwa 15.
Dangane da abin da za a iya la'akari da shi na gaskiya, dimokiradiyyar da ba za a iya jayayya ba, akwai kawai Argentina, Bolivia da Honduras, suna shiga Brazil da Afirka ta Kudu. Don kyakkyawan dalili, an yi al'ada - aƙalla 21st-ƙarni - haɗin kai tare da 'yan takarar BRICS + Bolivia, Cuba, Palestine da Venezuela, kodayake ƙarshen ya ragu cikin ƙimar ci gaba cikin shekaru goma tun mutuwar Hugo Chavez, kuma ba shakka akwai sauran barna ga ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da mulkin mallaka na 1960s. Aljeriya da Vietnam.
Abin damuwa, haka nan, su ne gwamnatocin mayar da martani da suka dade suna aiki a yankin yammacin duniya: Indonesia, Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Thailand da UAE. Argentina na iya shiga sahunsu idan sakamakon zaben Oktoba ya kasance mai nasara irin na Bolsonaro (Javier Milei). Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen da suka yi na mubaya'a daga Yamma zuwa BRICS, a kowane hali, ana iya jujjuya su dangane da haɗin gwiwar yanayin siyasa.
Kuma ta fuskoki da dama, mafi hatsarin yanayin ra'ayin mazan jiya na yuwuwar sabuwar kungiyar shine babban matakin da 'yan takarar ke da shi. carbon kamu. Sabbin bayanan kwatancen daga 2021 sun nuna cewa ba wai kawai fitar da son rai ba ne, menene Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Masar da UAE suka kara ton biliyan 3.375 na CO2 na shekara-shekara daga makamashi da masana'antu, zuwa ga Ton biliyan 16.9 na kungiyar BRICS. Bugu da kari, akwai wasu }asashen }asashen }asashen da ke samun ku]a]en ku]a]en waje, daga man fetur da iskar gas: Aljeriya, Argentina, Bahrain, Kuwait, Nigeria, Senegal, da Venezuela.
Duk da haka a cikin tsarin faɗaɗawa, ana iya tsammanin daidaitaccen diflomasiyyar magana-hagu-dama. Kamar Pandor aikata, "Tabbas zan kiyaye duk wani ma'auni na faɗaɗawa wanda zai kai mu ga hanyar da za mu ba da gudummawa ga karuwar rikice-rikice a cikin al'ummar duniya ko a kowane bangare na duniya."
Ja da baya daga sake fasalin bangarori daban-daban - kamar yadda BRICS yake. sub-emperial wajibi
Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙawance maras tabbas da tarin 'yan takara, ba ƙungiyoyin BRICS ko ƙungiyar BRICS+ ba za su iya da'awar ci gaba ga tsarin duniya mafi adalci da galibi suke magana akai. Misali, maganganun taron BRICS galibi suna bayyana muradin yin gyare-gyare a bangarori daban-daban, da kuma yuwuwar shirye-shirye na hadin gwiwar hukumomi, likitanci da kudi wadanda ba za su dogara ga kasashen Yamma ba. Amma sakamakon bai gamsu ba.
Wani lamari da ya fito fili shine ci gaban rigakafin cutar ta kwalara, yana da mahimmanci a cikin 2020-22 lokacin da Covid-19 ya kashe tsakanin miliyan 7 (na hukuma) da mutane miliyan 31, ya danganta da 'wuce haddi mutuwa' ƙididdiga (wanda a Indiya, Brazil da Afirka ta Kudu ya kai aƙalla adadin waɗanda suka mutu a hukumance sau uku). Kuma duk da haka yayin taron kolin Johannesburg na 2018 alkawari cibiyar rigakafin BRICS da ke cikin wannan birni, amma ita kaɗai abin duniya a cikin alama, yanayin kama-da-wane a cikin Maris 2022.
Tambayoyi sun kasance game da inganci na allurar Sinawa da na Rasha idan aka kwatanta da fasahar mRNA ta Yamma (Afrika ta Kudu ma ba a yarda ba Sputnik saboda hatsarori ga masu fama da cutar HIV/AIDS). Sannan akwai mara kyau Jihohin Amurka ne ke tallafawa (kuma daga 2014-17 dakatar) Binciken Sinanci na "samun aiki" a madadin Big Pharmacorps. Bayan da Trump ya karbi mulki a shekarar 2017, an dawo da wadannan ne kawai a Wuhan - a cikin wani "leaky" dakin gwaje-gwaje - saboda an yi la'akari da haɗarin halittu masu haɗari da yawa don shafin Triangle na Bincike na North Carolina. Littattafan Sinawa na gwaje-gwajen Wuhan - da kuma na farkon cututtukan da suka faru a dakin gwaje-gwaje a ƙarshen 2019 - har yanzu ba za a iya samun damar yin amfani da su ba, amma wannan alaƙar ta sake yin nuni da maigidan daular.
Wani aikin da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka shi ne kiyaye tsare-tsaren kuɗi na duniya. Don haka, ƙarin bege na ƙarya na gaskiya na BRICS madadin ikon tattalin arziƙin bangarori daban-daban ya taso ne daga asusun lamuni na duniya na IMF na cin zarafi na yancin kai na kasashe matalauta da kuma sanya akidar neman sassaucin ra'ayi, arziƙi da ƙetare - ba tare da ingantacciyar adawar BRICS ba:
- karfafuwa IMF, ta hanyar tursasa masu karbar bashi na BRICS da ke son samun sama da kashi 30% na adadin kudaden da suke karba (misali a Afirka ta Kudu dala biliyan 3) don fara sanya hannu kan shirin daidaita tsarin IMF, don haka kara karfin kudi na Washington.
- ya koma IMF, ba CRA ba - don haka musamman 'madaidaicin' ba kawai an yi tallar ƙarya ba, amma kawai ya wanzu a kan takarda.
A takaice, bayan shekaru goma wanda - tun lokacin taron kolin BRICS na Durban na 2013 - kudaden ci gaban kasa da kasa ya kasance kan gaba a ajandar shugabannin, falsafar tattalin arzikin duniya ta 'Washington Consensus' ba ta canza ba. Hakanan ba su da ayyukan ba da lamuni na cibiyoyi na Bretton Woods.
Wadancan ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da zamantakewa - da lalata - su ma bayyananne A cikin babban ci gaban BRICS, sabon Bankin Raya Kasa (NDB), wanda kamar CRA na kasa, ya zama cikin sauri. a hukumance aminin bankin duniya.
Hakanan, tare da tsohuwar shugabar kasar Dilma Rousseff kwanan nan aka nada a matsayin shugabar kungiyar BRICS NDB, ya kasance a alamar zamanin a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2023 cewa, bayan ganawa da Putin, ta tweeted, "NDB ya sake nanata cewa ba ta shirya sabbin ayyuka a Rasha kuma tana aiki bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙuntatawa akan kasuwannin kuɗi da kasuwanni na duniya. Duk wani hasashe kan irin wannan lamari ba shi da tushe”. Ita kuma aikata zuwa kawai kashi 30 cikin 2030 na lamunin kuɗaɗen gida nan da XNUMX, manufa ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya duk da lalacewar lamunin kuɗaɗen kuɗi.
An yi ta yayatawa game da yuwuwar ficewa daga darajar dala, saboda kyawawan dalilai:
A farkon 2023 masu sukar dala fiye da kima sun lura cewa biyu daga cikin uku mafi girma da aka taba samu na fatarar kudi da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi a farkon shekarar 2023. A cikin watan Fabrairu, dan jaridar Brazil Pepe Escobar da ya zalunta. mai suna Shahararriyar tweet, "BRICS IT UP, BABY" saboda "Idan China, Rasha da Indiya sun amince kan kudin da ke goyan bayan zinari, wannan shine KARSHEN dalar fiat… Sabon kudin zai haifar da gibin asusun Amurka na yanzu - $ 18 tiriliyan - faduwar dollar."
Amma irin wannan zage-zage ba gaskiya ba ne, don haka a cikin watan Yuni, bayan taron ministocin harkokin waje na BRICS, tawayen kuɗi ya kasance. squelded Babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Afirka ta Kudu, Anil Sooklal ya ce: "Ba mu taba yin magana game da rage dala ba. Abin da muka yi, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne, mun kulla yarjejeniya shekaru da dama da suka gabata, yarjejeniyar banki, wadda ta share fagen kasuwanci da kudaden mu na cikin gida.” Amma na karshen zai kasance mai wahala, sakamakon babban rashin daidaiton cinikayya tsakanin kasashen BRICS, da kuma karfin sarrafa musaya tsakanin Sin da Indiya da ke sa mayar da kudaden ciniki cikin wahala.
Saboda haka, Escobar yana da hankali annabta a farkon watan Agusta, "Kungiyar BRICS ba za ta sanar da sabon kudin ba a Afirka ta Kudu, da farko saboda ba su ma yi nazarin cikakken bayani ba. Ba shi yiwuwa. Na biyu, saboda ba za ku iya fara sabon kuɗi kamar haka ba. Tsari ne da zai iya ɗaukar tsawon shekaru goma. Abin da suke yi kuma za su fara inganta a kai, shine matsugunan kasuwanci ta hanyar amfani da kudaden nasu na BRICS, da fadada shi zuwa BRICS +."
Escobar shawara yana iya ɗaukar shekaru goma kafin kafawa sannan kuma zai ƙunshi, “watakila, sabon kuɗi wanda zai zama ainihin kuɗin sasantawa na kasuwanci ba kudin kamar, misali, Yuro ko fam na Burtaniya ba. Wani abu da ya sha bamban: tsarin sasantawa na kasuwanci wanda zai iya ƙetare yanayin yanayin dalar Amurka wanda, ka sani, yana ko'ina cikin duniya. Yana da matukar wahala a tsere masa."
Hakanan, Vijay Prashad na Cibiyar Tricontinental ta Delhi shigar da shi zuwa wani taron karawa juna sani a Jami'ar Johannesburg a watan Agusta: “Babu wanda a yanzu yake son maye gurbin dala. Na tambayi mutane a bankin jama'ar kasar Sin, 'shin renminbi zai maye gurbin dala?' Ba za su yi ba. Me yasa? Domin Sinawa suna alfahari da samun ikon sarrafa kudi da kuma sarrafa kudadensu."
Wannan lamari ne mai matukar mahimmanci, idan aka ba da damar da kasar Sin ke da ita na rage jinkirin tashi da saukar jiragen sama bayan faduwar kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta 2015-16 ta hanyar amfani da wa] annan abubuwan sarrafawa, da kuma abin yabo na hana cryptocurrencies.
Prashad ya tambaya, “Shin za mu shiga wani lokaci inda muke da kwandon kudade? Ka sani, watakila wannan ya daɗe a nan gaba, don haka mutanen da ke sha'awar kan layi game da rage dolar Amirka ya kamata su kwantar da hankali."
Abubuwan da ake kira kwarin gwal da sauran masu sha'awar yuwuwar BRICS anti-imperial Haƙiƙa ya kamata a gane cewa mafi yawan ma'aikata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a kusan kowace ƙasa suna cikin ma'aikatun kuɗi da manyan bankunan tsakiya - kuma BRICS ba ta kasance ba.
Kuma yayin da nake wani taro a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin da ba da nisa da kan iyakar Mongoliya a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, na faru a fadin Justin Lin, ba wai kawai tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya (2008-12), amma daya daga cikin masu lura da yanayin siyasar kasar. Na tambayi ko wani a cikin da'irar sa ya bayyana wani kudiri na renmimbi na canza dala, ko a hade tare da ruble, rupee, Rand da gaske - sai kawai ya girgiza kai.
Dagewar da BRICS ta yi na yakar ginshikin karfin kudi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata ya zo da mamaki ba, domin idan aka yi la’akari da hakan, ciki har da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC) - wanda ya fara a 2009 a taron Copenhagen inda Barack Obama shiga Lula, Wen Jiabao, Manhoman Singh da kuma Jacob Zuma don a hali -Yarjejeniyar da ta dace da suka sanya wa kowa - BRICS sun shafe shekarun 2010 suna wasa cikin kuma ba tawaye ba gaba, abin da ake kira Washington-Brussels-London-Tokyo odar 'unipolar'.
G20 - wanda Modi zai karbi bakunci a ranar 9-10 ga Satumba a Delhi - shine mafi ma'ana shafin don wannan haduwa, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakarsa da Biden da Emmanuel Macron a watan da ya gabata (wanda a watan da ya gabata ya nemi a ba shi izinin shiga taron BRICS kuma an ki). Koyaya, na farko, tsarin tafiya-dama na magana-hagu a cikin BRICS muhimmin mafari ne, kamar yadda abubuwan da suka faru a Johannesburg za su tabbata.
(A watan Agusta 21-22, wani gidan yanar gizon bincike na Johannesburg da mai fafutuka zai fara zanga-zangar kusa da wurin taron BRICS a ranar 23 ga Agusta; cikakkun bayanai suna kan BRICS daga ƙasa gidan yanar gizo.)
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