Source: Globetrotter
MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA – 12 ga Mayu, 2021: Matasa daga “layi na farko” tare da shinge a zanga-zanga a titunan Medellin
Hoto daga Roger.Rondon/Shutterstock
Colombia ta shaida jerin abubuwan zanga-zangar gama gari a karshen watan Afrilu sakamakon kiran yajin aikin da aka yi a birnin Cali. Har yanzu ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar, zanga-zangar tana da dalilai da yawa: a bayyane "gyare-gyaren haraji"wanda zai iya tura karin dukiya zuwa kashi 1 cikin dari a Colombia; gazawar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na baya-bayan nan; da rashin iyawar tsarin kula da lafiya na Colombia don ɗaukar rikicin COVID-19. Dangane da wannan zanga-zangar da ake yi, gwamnati ta yi sun kashe mutane da dama, sun bace daruruwa, sun sanya dokar hana fita a garuruwa da yawa, kuma sun yi kira ga sojoji. Amma ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar—saboda aƙalla wani bangare ne na ƙin mayar da komi a ƙasar.
A bayan boren Colombia shine tambaya ta kasa. Yakin basasa da aka kwashe shekaru goma ana yi ya kai ga korar miliyoyin manoma daga kasarsu, wanda ya kare a hannun manyan masu gonaki ko kuma aka yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da manyan ayyuka na kamfanoni. A ci gaba da kwace filaye na kamfanoni da ke gudana a Kolombiya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai sabon makami mai ban tsoro: sojan kiyaye muhalli. A cikin jerin hare-haren da sojoji suka yi a fadin kasar tun daga watan Fabrairu, wanda ya kunshi sojoji da 'yan sanda da dama, sojoji sun kama mutane 40, wanda babban lauyan gwamnati zargi na sare dazuzzuka da hakar ma’adanai ba bisa ka’ida ba, a wurare daban-daban guda shida a kasar. A cikin wani a baya aiki, Sojoji sun kama mutane hudu da laifin cin zarafin muhalli, wadanda aka yiwa lakabi da "masu adawa da 'yan ta'addar juyin juya hali na Colombia (FARC)" da shugaban kasar Colombia Iván Duque ya yi, a cewar wani rahoto. Labari in Mongabay. A wani samame da aka yi a watan Maris 2020, sojoji suna kokarin kama masu kiwo ba bisa ka'ida ba a wuraren shakatawa na kasa sun dauki mutane 20, 16 daga cikinsu sun zama manoma waɗanda ba su mallaki ƙasa ko shanu ba. bisa zuwa Mongabay. A cewar rundunar sojin Colombia, an gudanar da ayyuka takwas ne a shekarar 2020, inda ta ce "ta kwato sama da hekta 9,000 na gandun daji," yayin da ta kama mutane 68, wadanda 20 daga cikinsu kanana ne, in ji labarin. Mongabay.
Abin da sojoji ke kira "dajin da aka dawo" yanki ne wofintar da mutanensa. Gabaɗaya yunƙurin, wanda ya fara a cikin 2019, ana yiwa lakabi da "Aikin Artemis.” Yana tura me daya labarin a cikin Takardar Birni (Bogotá) ta kira "Jaruman Ƙarfe-Ƙarfe na Colombia" a ƙoƙarin rage sare itatuwa ta hanyar 50 kashi, a matsayin Shugaba Duque ya gaya Reuters.
Ganin yadda sojoji ke kare dajin da yawa, tambayar da ta taso ita ce, shin sare itatuwa matsala ce da za a iya magance ta ta hanyar amfani da makamai? Shin za a iya ceto dajin ta hanyar kama mutane da yawa? Iya makamancin haka ya kashe dubban mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, ciki har da manoma, a yunƙurin faɗaɗa kididdigar jikinsu, a amince da su don kare muhalli?
The Amazon Barazana
Yanke dazuzzuka na Amazon matsala ce ta gaske. The Colombian Amazon ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na ƙasar Colombia da kashi 6 cikin ɗari na ɗaukacin yankin Amazon, tare da Bolivia da Venezuela kowannensu ya sami wani kashi 6 cikin ɗari, Peru kashi 9 cikin ɗari, da Brazil kashi 66 cikin ɗari na duka yankin Amazon.
Shugaba Jair Bolsonaro na Brazil ya yi kamfen kan alƙawarin "ci gaba” Amazon kuma ya dauka matakan gaggawa wajen yin hakan. A Colombia ma, an yi ta sare itatuwa cikin sauri, a tsakanin kadada 100,000 zuwa 200,000 a kowace shekara. kamar na 2018. Manyan injinan sare dazuzzuka sun hada da kiwo, kone-kone, noman coca da poppy, da fadada hanya da ma’adinai. Idan adadin “farfadowa”—wanda aka ayyana a matsayin kawar da mutane daga yankin da karfin soja—ya bi tsarin 2020 na hekta 9,000 a shekara, sojojin”cikakken karfe eco-warriors” suna aiki aƙalla sau 11 suna jinkirin dakatar da sare itatuwa. Wannan yana haifar da tambayoyi game da ainihin abin da ke faruwa a Colombia kuma me yasa.
Amazon shine kariya a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Colombia, kamar yadda yake da hakkin yanki na 'yan asalin yankin. Daga cikin wadannan hakkoki akwai haƙƙin kyauta, kafin, da izini na sanarwa a yanayin kowane tsarin ci gaba. Akwai tarukan tarurruka da yawa waɗanda ta hanyarsu ƴan asalin ƙasar ke iya amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Wadannan sun hada da mesa dindindin, comisión nacional da Mesa Regional Amazonica. Wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Amazon na Colombia-fiye da rabi- shine, bisa doka, ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan asalin ƙasar.
Waɗannan filaye ana marmarin buƙatun kamfanoni.
An Kalubalanci Hakkokin Masu Jari A Kotu
Kayan aiki mafi ƙarfi na kwace ƙasa na kamfani ba ya yin kamfen na kare muhalli: shi ne tsarin "ciniki na kyauta," wanda aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda masanin ilimin harshe kuma masanin falsafa Noam Chomsky ya lura. ya fada za a fi kiran su da "yarjejeniya haƙƙin masu saka jari." Amma wannan tsarin ko da yaushe yana fuskantar ƙalubale daga ƴan asalin ƙasar da kuma kotuna waɗanda ke da maƙasudin 'yancin kai.
Akwai misalan da yawa na lokacin da ’yan asalin ƙasar suka kai ƙara kotu don neman haƙƙinsu a kan ƙasarsu. Sakamakon farashin hannun jari na Canadian Mining Cosigo Resources Ltd gano aiwatar da haramtattun ayyuka a wani wurin shakatawa na Amazon kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Colombia, kamfanin ta bincikar shi Kolombiya ta yanke hukunci a Texas, inda za a gudanar da lamarin kamar yadda dokokin Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNCITL) ta tanada. Cosigo Resources Ltd. ya yi iƙirarin cewa kariyar tsarin mulkin Colombia a cikin Yaigojé-Apaporis National Park ya saba wa wajibcin Colombia na kare haƙƙin masu saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Kasuwancin Amurka-Colombia. Wannan yakin yana ci gaba da gudana.
Wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada, Auxico Resources, yana ƙoƙarin fitar da zinariya da coltan (wani mahimmin sinadari a cikin wayoyin salula) a ƙarƙashin Amazon. Auxico Resources sanya hannu a Bayanin Magana tare da gwamnan Guainía, Javier Zapata, don "samar da ma'adanai," bisa zuwa Minería Pan-Americana. A cikin 2018, Zapata ya sanar da cewa kashi 80 na ƙasar an ba da su ga Albarkatun Auxico. Zapata yanzu haka yana gidan yari saboda cin hanci da rashawa. Amma Auxico har yanzu yana aiki a yankin. A cikin 2019, Shugaba Duque ya sanar da ƙirƙirar sabuwar karamar hukuma Barrancominas in Guainía riga-kafi wani yunƙuri na al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar (85 kashi na mutanen Guainía ƴan asalin ƙasar ne) a yankin don kafa haƙƙinsu na ƙasar.
Kamfani na uku, Amerisur Resources (yanzu GeoPark), ya ci lasisi don gudanar da aikin hakar mai a yankin Siona 'yan asalin yankin Putumayo a kudancin Colombia (a kan iyakokinta da Ecuador da Peru), al'ummar mutane 2,600 da 'yan sanda da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi suka kai hari tsawon shekaru da dama - bayanan 'yan sanda sun nuna. kisan kiyashi daban-daban guda 23 a Putumayo tsakanin 1993 zuwa 2014. Al'ummar sun yi rantsuwa a shekarar 2014 cewa ba za su bari a yi amfani da man fetur a yankunansu ba. A cikin 2018, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka "ta ba da umarnin daukar matakan kariya don kare" Siona, kuma wani alkali na Colombia ya kuma bayyana cewa wannan "ya aika da sako karara" kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa Amerisur Resources su daina aikin hako mai a can, a cewar an Labari in El Espectador. Alkalin ya bayar da umarnin dakatar da lasisin bincike a daya daga cikin wuraren ajiyar. Amerisur Resources cikin sauri ta sanar da cewa za ta ci gaba da hakar ma'adinai saboda "kafin shawara,” wani hakki a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin Colombia, da alama an kammala shi. Ana ci gaba da gwabzawa har zuwa yau, inda kamfanin ya ci gaba da nacewa cewa ta cika ka'idojin tsarin mulki na yarda da farko wani lokaci a baya.
A cikin 2010 a Ecuador, sojoji samarwa ƙirƙirar dajin "kare" da sojoji ke sarrafawa a yankin Siona - Siona ta ƙi. A watan Yuli 2020, Gwamnan Siona Sandro Piaguaje an sanar da GeoPark cewa "[Y] za ku yi asara, saboda ba za ku iya samun digon mai daga yankinmu ba." Amma yanzu faɗakarwar sare gandun daji suna tasowa a ko'ina cikin ƙasar Siona tare da rahotannin safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Siona na fargabar cewa waɗannan faɗakarwar za su ba da hujja ga sojoji su shiga yankin kuma za su fara wani tsari wanda zai ƙare wajen mika yankin ga GeoPark.
Lokacin tattaunawa game da bukatun kamfanoni a cikin Amazon, Bai kamata a manta da batun Steven Donziger da Chevron a Ecuador ba. A 1993, Donziger ya ci gaba da'awar tarihi a kan katafaren kamfanin mai na Chevron, wanda ya gurbace yankin Amazon a Ecuador kuma ya lalata al'ummomin 'yan asalin yankin. A shekara ta 2011, wata kotu a Ecuador ta umarci Chevron ya biya Dala biliyan 9.5 a cikin lalacewa. Chevron bai biya ba—sannan ya ci gaba da amfani da tsarin kotunan Amurka don muzgunawa Donziger, wanda a halin yanzu yake shekara ta biyu a gidan yari a birnin New York.
Kumfa Na Muhalli Da Aka Bayar Da Makiyaya
Duk da tsadar da ake yi na fadan kotuna, ’yan asalin ƙasar sun tabbatar da cewa gwagwarmayar da suke yi a ciki da wajen kotuna don kare muhalli na iya yin nasara sau da yawa. Ga kamfanoni masu fama da yunwa, kiyayewar soja ya fito a matsayin madadin dabarar fadace-fadacen kotuna. Tare da Operation Artemis, Colombia ta fitar da dabarun "Kumfa na Muhalli, ”Wanda fara a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017, sojojin Colombia sun shiga cikin jerin atisayen soji a cikin Amazon mai suna "Operation United America,” tare da gwamnatocin Peru, Brazil, Kanada, Panama, Argentina da kuma, ba shakka, Amurka—amma ba Bolivia ba (Shugaban kasar na lokacin Evo Morales ya ki).
Kumfan Muhalli aiki ne na ba-zata, wanda ake sanar da jama'a bayan da sojoji suka gudanar da wani samame na kare wani yanki daga haramtattun ayyuka. Kowace jiha (sashe) a Colombia tana samun a "Rundunar gaggawa don aiwatar da sa ido, rigakafi, sarrafawa da ayyukan sa ido kan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare itatuwa."
A cikin 2018, ƙungiyoyin campesino (baƙauye) sun ba da shaida a gaban kotun #JuicioALaDeforestación (gwajin sare gandun daji) game da abin da hukumomi suka yi garesu da sunan kiyayewa. A cikin La Paya National Park, wakilin manoma daga kungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata na Leguízamo yayin da yake ba da rahoto game da "cin zarafin da hukumomi suka yi wa farar hula a yankunan" ya ce, "An kona dukkan kayayyakinsu, gidaje da dabbobi a lokacin shiga tsakani. .” Ya ci gaba da cewa, “Mu manoma ba mu ne dalilin sare dazuzzuka ba. Babban mai gidan, wanda ya kwace hekta dubu daya daga dajin, yana yawo cikin walwala ba tare da wata matsala ba.” An gudanar da wasu ayyukan soji guda hudu iri daya a cikin 2018-19.
The case of Labarce, a cikin Sashen Sucre na Colombia, yana da koyarwa. ’Yan Afro-Colombiya, waɗanda wasu iyalansu suka isa yankin tun a shekara ta 1916, sun ga ƙasarsu ta zama wani yanki na wurin shakatawa na ƙasa— Santuario de Flora y Fauna el Corchal—a shekara ta 2002. Yankinsu ba zato ba tsammani ya zama “terra nullius,” “ƙasassu mara komai”.-Irin koyarwar da aka yi amfani da shi don kwace ’yan asalin ƙasarsu daga ƙasashensu a duk faɗin Amurka, ciki har da Amurka da Kanada inda cibiyoyin hakar ma'adinai ke da hedkwatarsu. Mazaunan sun fito da gaskiya don yin aiki tare da tsarin kuma suna da haƙƙi a ƙarƙashin doka. A cikin shekarun da suka yi suna zama a wurin, sun kare nau'ikan halittun yankin kuma sun kiyaye yanki da ke kewaye ba tare da ƙara faɗaɗa cikin daji ba. Haka kuma, an karkasa su a matsayin mamaya na kasarsu ba bisa ka’ida ba. Akwai wasu lokuta da yawa na ƙauyen da aka ayyana su ba zato ba tsammani, sun kasance masu shiga tsakani, tsararraki bayan an ƙarfafa kakanninsu su "mallaka" ƙasashe.
Dole ne a Rage Muhalli
Karɓar da dakarun soji ke yi ba wai kawai ga Colombia ba ne kawai - masanin Kenya Mordekai Ogada ya rubuta game da irin wannan motsin rai a yawancin ƙasashe a Afirka. Ya rubuta akan nasa yanar, “Ƙaunar baƙo ga namun daji yawanci ma’auni ne na ƙiyayyarsu ga ’yan Asalin.” Idan za a iya ba da “kyautawa” a matsayin taken korar ’yan asalin ƙasar, lokaci ya yi da za a sake yin tunani. Lokaci yayi jefar da Malthusianism, fantasy na "ƙasassu maras komai," da kuma apocalypticism wanda ke tattare da tunanin muhalli da yawa.
An kiyasta Amazon yana da shekaru 13,000, kuma yankin ya kasance zaune na shekaru 19,000 ko fiye - akwai dalili, a wasu kalmomi, don yin la'akari da yiwuwar cewa dajin dajin da za a iya kwatanta shi ne a gaskiya. shimfidar al'adu ’yan adam da sauran nau’in halittu da ke aiki tare. A cikin littafin 1491: Sabbin Wahayi na Amurka Kafin Columbus, marubuci Charles Mann ya ba da dama kimomi game da wane yanki na Amazon ne 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙirƙira; Wani kiyasi mai tsauri shine cewa "kusan kashi 12 cikin dari na dajin Amazon da ba a ambaliya ba sun fito ne daga asalin ɗan adam - kai tsaye ko a kaikaice 'yan adam suka halitta"; wani mai bincike ya ce masa “dukkan mutum ne ya halitta”; kuma a cewar wani mai bincike, "Kalmar" muhallin da aka gina… ya shafi yawancin, idan ba duka ba, shimfidar wurare na Neotropical."
Tare da ikon National Parks na Colombia ana amfani da su don korar manoma, shawara ɗaya don samun nasara a cikin wannan rikici shine "Parques da Campesinos” (Parks with Peasants) ra’ayi — wanda zai sa manoma su yi tarayya da juna wajen kiyayewa, maimakon kafa su a matsayin makiyan muhalli.
Babban makamin yaki da sare itatuwa ba makami ko kadan. Shi ne a ba manoma tsaron mallakar filaye, don sake dawo da ayyuka masu ɗorewa waɗanda suka adana sararin Amazon mai ɗaukaka. Shirin Ci Gaban Ƙasa na yanzu a ƙarƙashin Operation Artemis yana nufin yin hidima "kiyayewa"Manufofin za su ga an rage shi zuwa wani yanki na kariya da aka katange, yanke ta hanyoyi, kewaye da shingen man fetur, madatsun ruwa, wuraren da ba su da kyau, da ma'adinai, kamar yadda gabatar da taswira ta masu fafutuka a shirin Kare daji na Amazon. Kasancewar al'ummomi da masu kulawa a cikin ƙasa - ba "cikakkun mayaƙan muhalli ba" - ita ce kawai amintacciyar hanyar da za ta dakatar da sare bishiyoyi.
Hanyar ceto duniyar ba shine a sami cibiyar da ta fi lalata duniya ba—sojoji na zamani — su ƙirƙiro “kumfa” babu kowa, sai a mayar da ƙasar ga kamfanonin mai da ma’adinai. Hanyar ceto duniyar nan ita ce a mayar da ƙasar ga mutanen da ayyukansu suka ba da tabbacin ɗimbin halittu masu ban mamaki da muka more shekaru aru-aru.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi