Masu zanga-zangar 'yan mata a jami'ar kasar Colombia don nuna adawa da cin zarafin mata da gwamnatin shugaba Ivan Duque, yayin yajin aikin kasa.
Hoto daga Sebastian Barros/Shutterstock.com
Zanga-zangar da ta fara da yajin aikin kasa da kungiyar kwadago ta Colombia ta kira ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba zuwa zanga-zanga sauye-sauyen fansho da karya alkawuran da aka yi na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya sun dau tsawon watanni biyu kuma sun zama zanga-zangar adawa da daukacin kafa. Kuma an ci gaba da zanga-zangar har zuwa sabuwar shekara kuma ba ta nuna alamun tsayawa ba.
Ƙarshen shekaru goma ya yi kama da kawo wani tattaki na hannun dama a Latin Amurka kamar sauran wurare. The 2016 juyin mulki a Brazil wanda ya ƙare da ɗan fasist Jair Bolsonaro a cikin iko, da 2019 juyin mulki a Bolivia, juyin mulkin da ake ci gaba da yi a Venezuela, duk sun nuna rashin tausayin Amurka wajen kawar da gwamnatocin hagu a yankin. Nasarar hannun dama a akwatin zabe ya faru a Chile a cikin 2017 da kuma cikin Colombia a cikin 2018, inda masu kada kuri'a suka ki amincewa da Gustavo Petro na hannun hagu suka kuma rungumi Iván Duque, wanda ke zaman kare tsohon shugaban kasa Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Amma tare da sabon salon zanga-zangar, ƴan rashen hannun dama da ba za a iya tsayawa ba na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama.
A Chile, ana zanga-zangar watanni uku. har yanzu yana tafiya, suna neman shugaba Sebastián Piñera ya yi murabus tare da sauya salon siyasar sa-in-sa. Ko a fuskar ‘yan sanda da sojoji suna amfani da wuta mai tsanani kan masu zanga-zangar, ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba.
Ecuador wani lamari ne na musamman, wanda Lenín Moreno ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar da zai ci gaba da manufofin hagu, amma wanda nan da nan ya sauya hanya bayan ya isa kan mulki a 2017, gami da soke mafakar Julian Assange, wanda yanzu ke cikin gidan yari na Burtaniya. Sake bude hako mai a cikin Amazon, bude wani sabon sansanin sojin Amurka a Galapagos, kawar da haraji kan masu hannu da shuni, da kuma yin wani sabon kunshin matakan tsuke bakin aljihun asusun ba da lamuni na duniya IMF ya isa ya haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa. An tilastawa gwamnatin Moreno yin shawarwari da masu zanga-zangar kuma ta janye wasu matakan tsuke bakin aljihu.
A Haiti, an kwashe sama da shekara guda ana zanga-zangar. An tayar da shi a watan Yulin 2018 ta hanyar hauhawar farashin man fetur (daidai da tartsatsin da aka yi na zanga-zangar Ecuador), sun fadada don yin kira ga shugaban ya yi murabus. A Haiti, yayin da zanga-zangar ta ci gaba, wasu daga cikin iyalai masu fada a ji a kasar sun bi sahun kiran da shugaban ya yi murabus, wanda hakan zai kara yin wahala a samu hanyar fita daga rikicin.
A Colombia, bayan lashe zagaye na biyu na zaben na 2018, shugaba Duque na iya jin cewa yana da hurumin aiwatar da manufofin dama, wanda a Colombia yawanci ya hada da sabbin matakan yaki baya ga tsuke bakin aljihu da aka saba yi. Amma hada ragi na fensho tare da cin amanar tsarin zaman lafiya shine kawai sata da yawa daga gaba: Matasa sun shiga zanga-zangar 21 ga Nuwamba da yawa (kiyasin mafi ƙasƙanci shine 250,000).
Yadda zanga-zangar ta dore tana da ban mamaki. Maimakon gudanar da zanga-zangar sau daya, an jajirce wajen ci gaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar har sai an samu nasara. Za mu iya jin karin bayani a wannan shekara daga Brazil da Bolivia bayan juyin mulkin.
Jigon zanga zangar Colombia shine batun yaki da zaman lafiya. A ce 'yan Colombia sun gaji da yaƙi, rashin fahimta ne. Yakin can wanda ya fara (dangane da yadda kuka kwanan wata) a cikin 1948 ko 1964 ya ba da hujjar rashin ƙarewa. hari akan hakkin jama'a da mutuncin gwamnati. 'Yan Afro-Colombiya sun yi gudun hijira daga ƙasashensu a fake da yaƙi. An kori 'yan asalin kasar. An yi wa ƙungiyoyin ɓarna ɓarna yayin da aka kashe ƴan daba da shugabanninsu. Makiyaya da ƙasashensu sun yi ta fama da yaƙin sinadarai. Masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi sun kafa kansu a cikin sojoji da kungiyoyin leken asiri, inda suka samar da manyan na'urori na sojan sama na nahiyar. 'Yan siyasa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da wadannan gungun 'yan ta'adda suka mutu. Yakin ya ba da uzuri ga mafi yawan munanan ayyuka, musamman "arya tabbatacce” inda sojoji suka kashe mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, tare da yi wa gawarwakinsu ado a matsayin ’yan daba domin kara alkaluman kisa. Ko da yake 'yan tawayen, tare da yin garkuwa da su da kuma kashe-kashen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, ba su taba samun farin jini ga mafi yawansu ba, 'yan Colombia sun goyi bayan tsarin zaman lafiya idan aka ba su dama. Kuma 'yan Colombia ba sa kallon manyan ha'inci na tsarin zaman lafiya a baya, kamar wanda aka yi a shekarun 1980, lokacin da dubunnan 'yan daba da suka shiga siyasa suka kashe su. Daga 2016, lokacin da aka tabbatar da sabon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, har zuwa tsakiyar 2019, Sojojin juyin juya hali na Colombia. (FARC). 138 daga cikin tsaffin ‘yan daba; An kashe wasu masu fafutuka fiye da 700 a cikin lokaci guda, ciki har da fiye da haka 'Yan asalin kasar 100 tun lokacin da Duque ya hau mulki a shekarar 2018.
A karshen watan Agusta, kungiyar 'yan FARC karkashin jagorancin tsohon babban mai shiga tsakani, Iván Márquez. sanar cewa suna komawa daji da fada. Sun yi nuni da cewa kisan da aka yi wa mambobinsu da kin bin sauran bangarorin yarjejeniyar ya nuna cewa babu wata bukata ta zaman lafiya a bangaren gwamnati. Waɗannan FARCs waɗanda suka ba da sanarwar yin watsi da yarjejeniyar an ɗauke su a matsayin masu damfara: Gwamnati Labeled su a matsayin kungiyoyin masu laifi. Bama-bamai na iska (ma'aunin yaki ba yawanci hanya ta farko wajen mu'amala da "masu laifi") ta biyo baya da sauri. Lokacin da wani bam (kuma a watan Agusta) da sojojin saman Colombia na daya daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyin 'yan damfara a Caquetá suka kashe yara takwas da Duque. Labeled "dabaru, mai hankali, maras kyau, kuma mai tsauri," an gaishe shi da kyamar jama'a da suka cancanta. Duque ya kasance yana shirin kai irin wannan yaki kamar yadda aka saba, sai yanzu a karkashin tutar zaman lafiya, wadanda abin ya shafa suna masu lakabi da masu laifi maimakon 'yan daba.
Yaƙi na har abada yana amfanar wasu: waɗanda ke cikin kasuwancin makamai da tsaro musamman, da waɗanda ke son aikata laifuka a fake da yaƙi. Amma duk da fa'idodin yaƙi na har abada ga ƙwararrun mutane, al'ada kuma tana yin tasiri mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka zaɓi mai ba da shawara na Duque Álvaro Uribe Vélez a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a 2002 da 2006, ya kasance tare da alƙawarin al'ada - zaman lafiya - ta hanyar nasara mai mahimmanci akan 'yan tawayen. Madadin haka, ya ba da narco-paramilitarism, tabbataccen ƙarya, kuma, kusan, yaƙe-yaƙe na yanki da Ecuador da Venezuela.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na Uribe shine yin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da 'yan sanda. Tunda jami'an tsaro na goyon bayan gwamnati, tsari, da makamai, wannan wata tattaunawa ce ta gwamnati da kanta. Amma lokacin da wasu kwamandojin sojojin suka fara magana a bainar jama'a game da alakarsu da gwamnati da kuma kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, sun tsinci kansu a kora zuwa Amurka A lokacin, an ba da wannan abin kunya—“para-politica.” Amma ga wasu daga cikin masu binciken, ya fi dacewa da sunan "para-Uribimo.” Kwamandan rundunar soji Salvatore Mancuso - wanda ke da ikon yin magana game da Chiquita banana Corporation kasuwar kasuwa kuma wanene da alama zai koma Colombia wani lokaci ba da daɗewa ba — shine kawai sanannen suna. Wasu da yawa sun gano cewa zama ma'aikacin tsaro yana kaiwa ga gajeriyar rayuwa sosai. Uribe, magajin garin Medellín kuma gwamnan Antioquia a lokacin da ake yi na 'yan kasuwa, an ambaci sunansa a cikin takardu da yawa na hukuma kamar yadda yake kusa da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi da 'yan bindiga. Shaida ta ci gaba da zuwa, a matsayin kotuna, yanzu gwada kanin Uribe, ci gaba da kusantar mutumin da kansa.
Bayan zagaye na farko na "Uribimo," lokaci ya yi da za a gwada tsarin zaman lafiya. Cin amanar wannan tsari, qaddamar a cikin 2012, kuma wa'adin sabon shugaban Duque na wasu shekaru goma na "Uribimo," ya kasance wani karfi da ke motsa zanga-zangar kwanan nan.
Uribismo ya haɗa yaƙe-yaƙe marasa iyaka tare da austerity da rashin daidaito. A cikin a kwanan nan Gallup zabe, kashi 52 cikin 45 na 'yan Colombian da aka yi bincike a kansu sun ce tazarar da ke tsakanin attajirai da talakawa ya karu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata; Kashi 12 cikin 43 na kokawa don samun abinci a cikin watanni XNUMX da suka gabata; kuma kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na rashin kudin matsuguni. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda galibi suna gwagwarmaya don ci gaban zamantakewa da daidaito - ƙungiyoyi da jam'iyyun siyasa na hagu - a al'adance an mai da su azaman ƴan daba. Tare da gwamnati ta shelanta yaƙin—da kuma farin ciki sosai—mutane suna son ’yancin yin buƙatun tattalin arziki ba tare da an ɗauke su a matsayin ’yan tawayen yaƙin basasa ba.
Amma lokacin da aka fuskanci zanga-zangar ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, gwamnati ta tafi kai tsaye zuwa kayan aikin datti na yaki, inda ta kashe Dilan Cruz dan shekaru 18 mai zanga-zangar a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, tare da sanya dokar hana fita. tsare mutane sama da 1,000, da ƙirƙira"hawa, "Yin amfani da jami'ai masu tayar da hankali don aikata ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba don samar da hujja ga zalunci na jihar. Jami'an gwamnati sun kuma yi kokarin da'awar cewa Venezuela da Rasha (tabbas) ne suka yi zanga-zangar.
Wani ɓangare na ƙazantattun kayan aikin yaƙi shine yin shawarwari, da kuma gwamnati ta yi haka tare da kwamitin yajin aikin na kasa. Babu shakka ana fatan zanga-zangar za ta gajiyar da kansu kuma duk wata yarjejeniya za a iya yin watsi da ita yayin da adadin ke raguwa, gwamnati na fuskantar yiwuwar yin watsi da wasu bukatu na tsuke bakin aljihu. A halin da ake ciki, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai suna fuskantar barazanar masu shiga tsakani, da kuma wani babban kabari na waɗanda aka kashe a matsayin "ƙirar ƙarya" na soja. an gano shi. Uribismo ya shiga cikin kowane tsarin jihar: canji na gaske zai kasance mai zurfi. Ta hanyar rashin yin kasa a gwiwa cikin sauki, masu zanga-zangar sun nuna hanya. Wadannan zanga-zangar na iya zama fashewa a cikin ganuwar farkisanci da alama sun taso a ko'ina cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.
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Justin Podur marubuci ne na Toronto kuma ɗan'uwan rubutu a Globetrotter, aikin Cibiyar Yaɗa Labarai Mai Zaman Kanta. Kuna iya samun shi a gidan yanar gizon sa a podur.org kuma akan Twitter @justinpodur. Yana koyarwa a Jami'ar York a Faculty of Environmental Studies. Shine marubucin novel Siegebreakers.
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