Source: Cibiyar Yada Labarai Mai Zaman Kanta
Daga Phil Pasquini/Shutterstock.com
Ina rubuta wannan a 585,000 lokuta masu aiki a duniya, mutuwar 26,000, kuma tare da China da Koriya kawai da alama suna ƙarƙashin wani nau'in sarrafawa (ta amfani da kayan aikin awo na zamantakewa, Worldomet ne). Kunshin abubuwan kara kuzari da gwamnatin Amurka ta sanar ya kai dala tiriliyan 2, amma ba tare da kariyar aiki ba, daskarewar haya, ko tallafin samun kudin shiga mai ma'ana ga yawancin mutane. A ina zan isa ga kwatance don taimaka mana fahimtar lokacin? Rikicin AIDS? A 2008 rikicin tattalin arziki? SARS?
Kowane kwatanci na iya ɗaukar sashe na labarin. A ranar 23 ga Maris, Trump ya ba da shawarar komar da kowa bakin aiki a cikin makonni, yin watsi da shawarar masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a. Wannan ya nuna musun Jair Bolsonaro a Brazil da kuma farkon maganar Boris Johnson na neman "kariyar garken garken" ta hanyar "ɗaukar da shi a kan ƙwanƙwasa," wanda ministocinsa suka yi tafiya a baya bayan 'yan kwanaki. A kan wannan takamaiman batu, fifikon hasashen tattalin arziki kan na kimiyya, akwai kwatanci ɗaya bayyananne tare da babbar daula ta ƙarshe: Daular Biritaniya, tare da ra'ayinsa na musamman na yunwar miliyoyin mutane.
Yayin da Daular Biritaniya ta fadada a karni na 18, masu iliminta sun inganta ingantaccen tsarin ra'ayoyin daular: tattalin arziki na gargajiya. Adam Smith ta The Dũkiya of Nations an buga shi a shekara ta 1776, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa na kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da kuma farkon daular a Indiya. David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, da John Stuart Mill duk sun ba da gudummawarsu ga ka'idar gargajiya. Da zaran ’yan mulkin mallaka suka karfafa ikonsu, sai suka wargaza tsarin kananan hukumomi don hana yawan yunwa da yunwa a fadin Indiya. Shashi Tharoor ya jera su a cikin littafinsa. Daular daukaka: daga Bengal a 1770, kuma zuwa Madras, Delhi da Bombay har zuwa 1943. A cikin karni na 20 kadai, yunwar da Birtaniyya ta kashe a Indiya ta kashe mutane miliyan 35.
A cikin sunan wannan koyaswar, ’yan Burtaniya ma sun kashe ɗan Irish. Yunwar dankalin turawa na 1845-9 ta faɗi a wannan lokacin, kuma Irish sun kasance masu fama da wannan koyaswar. Edward O'Boyle a shekara ta 2006 ya danganta ilimin tattalin arziki na gargajiya da yunwar Irish kuma sun gano ka'idojin tattalin arziki na gargajiya kamar: 1. dokar son rai; 2. dokar gasa kyauta; 3. dokar yawan jama'a; 4. dokar bukata da wadata; 5. dokar ƙarfe na albashi; 6. dokar haya; da 7. koyaswar ciniki kyauta. A hade, waɗannan dokoki, kamar yadda mai suka Karl Polanyi rubuta na kasuwa mai daidaita kai, “ba zai iya wanzuwa na tsawon wani lokaci ba tare da halakar da sinadari na mutum da na al’umma ba; da ta halaka mutum ta jiki kuma ta mai da kewayensa ta zama jeji.”
A lokacin daya daga cikin yawancin yunwar Indiya (Kudancin Indiya, 1876-78), mataimakin Biritaniya Lord Lytton ya bayyana, "babu wani tsangwama ko wace iri daga bangaren gwamnati da manufar rage farashin abinci." Johann Hari ya ba da labari na wani jami'in Biritaniya, Sir Richard Temple, wanda, lokacin da ya shigo da abinci don ba wa masu fama da yunwa a wata yunwa, sai suka yi Allah wadai da shi. Economist mujallar don ba wa Indiyawa ra’ayi cewa “hakki ne na Gwamnati ta kiyaye su.”
A lokacin wannan daular, ka'idar tattalin arziki na gargajiya da yunwa sun haɗu ba tare da wata matsala ba tare da wariyar launin fata a cikin wani nau'i mai guba. O'Boyle ya nakalto 1875 reading Masanin tattalin arziki na gargajiya William Stanley Jevons ya ce: “Ana kallon yunwa a matsayin wani nau'in al'amuran halitta… yaki… yanayin al'ada ne, a cikin al'ummomin farko. Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka, alal misali, babban aikinsu kawai, nishaɗin nishaɗin su kawai, shine yaƙi… yadda Irish ke rayuwa, musamman, a wasu manyan garuruwanmu da kuma wasu sassan ƙasarsu, ya sa ya zama fifiko mai yiwuwa. mutu da sauri."
Birtaniya na da daular yunwa. Muna rayuwa a cikin daular takunkumi. Kamar yadda Iran, Venezuela, da Gaza ke fashe a karkashin barkewar cutar amai da gudawa, jami'an diflomasiyya sun roki Amurka da ta dakatar da aikin. takunkumi har rikicin da ake ciki ya wuce. Babu wani amfaniKisan kisa mai nisa ya yi tsayin daka sosai a tsarin manufofin Amurka da za a dakatar da shi kan wani abu mai karami a matsayin annoba ta duniya.
Yaya girman tattalin arziki ya kasance a cikin shekaru aru-aru? Yaya har ya zama tushen shaida? Yawancin wallafe-wallafen daga masana kawai a waje da tsarin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, "ba sosai ba." Komawa a cikin 2001, masanin tattalin arziki na heterodox James Galbraith ne ya rubuta wata kasida da ta jera wasu shawarwari guda biyar da aka yarda da su na sana'ar tattalin arziki a yau ("Farashin farashi shine… wani sabon abu ne na kuɗi"; "Cikakken aiki ba tare da hauhawar farashi ba zai yiwu ba"; "Haɓaka rashin daidaiton albashi ya samo asali ne daga canjin fasaha"; "Ƙarancin mafi ƙarancin albashi yana haifar da rashin aikin yi"; "Dorewa haɓaka ba zai iya wuce kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara ba”), yadda kowane ɗayansu ya ƙi amincewa da shaidar tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda ake ci gaba da riƙe su duk da shaidar. A wannan shekarar, masanin tattalin arzikin heterodox dan kasar Australia Steve Keen ya buga Debunking Economics: Sarkin Tsirara na Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, game da ka'idoji da kasawa na zahiri na al'ada na al'ada. Bayan shekaru goma, a cikin littafin ECONed, Yves Smith ya tattara litattafai na hanyoyin da zato a kan abin da aka gina tsarin tattalin arziki ba sa riƙe da bayanai (daga ma'auni na kasuwa zuwa yanayin buƙatar). Irin wannan ayyuka suna da yawa, kamar yadda hanyoyin da ke da ban sha'awa ga tattalin arziƙin gaske waɗanda manyan abubuwan tattalin arziki suka ƙi.
An ba da rahoton cewa an rufe babban al'ada zuwa madadin ra'ayoyin cewa a cikin jami'o'i, ana aika masana tattalin arziki na heterodox zuwa nau'ikan shirye-shirye daban-daban kamar tattalin arzikin siyasa a Stanford, ko tattalin arziki da nazarin siyasa a Notre Dame, wanda aka raba daga Sashen Tattalin Arziki a 2003. sannan kuma an rufe shi a cikin 2010. A Jami'ar Manitoba, rikici tsakanin orthodox and heterodox economics ya yi ban mamaki sosai cewa Ƙungiyar Malaman Jami'ar Kanada ta yi. bincike na sashen a 2015.
Kimiyya tana aiki daban. Kamar yadda Einstein ya ce, kimiyya ita ce gyaran tunanin yau da kullum. A gare ni, kimiyya shine da tsarin amfani da ingancin ɗan adam na son sani.
Akwai malamai da yawa waɗanda ke yin tunani a kimiyance-waɗanda suke amfani da zato na zahiri da tsari mai tsauri don tunani da yanke hukunci daga shaida-game da tattalin arziki. Amma waɗannan malaman an keɓe su daga sana'ar tattalin arziki, kuma ita ce sana'ar tattalin arziki - tare da zato maras kyau da kuma kyama ga hakikanin tattalin arziki - wanda ke gina tsarin da ke tsara manufofi a lokacin bala'i da annoba.
Sanarwar da Trump ya yi na cewa yana son sake bude harkokin kasuwanci nan da 'yan makwanni ya sanya tattaunawa kan ko za a saurari masana tattalin arziki ko kuma likitoci. Wannan ba jayayya ba ce tsakanin kimiyyar biyu - likitoci ne kawai ke yin kimiyya a nan.
Kwayoyin cuta na baya da rikice-rikice na baya suna iya ba mu alamu kawai. Mafi ma'anar bayanai da muke da su game da wannan rikicin sun fito ne daga ƙasashen da suka fi muni tun da wuri - China, Koriya, Italiya, Iran. Duk wani samfurin da za mu yi dole ne ya fara daga wannan bayanan, kuma duk wani kyakkyawan ra'ayi na yadda za mu iya shiga cikin wannan dole ne ya wuce ta nazarin waɗannan misalan.
Trump da haƙƙin duniya da ke biye da shi (Bolsonaro, Johnson, da dai sauransu) sun raina kimiyyar annoba kamar yadda suke raina kimiyyar yanayi da dalilai guda ɗaya: kimiyya game da ainihin abubuwan da suka ci karo da akidunsu kuma suna kawo cikas ga farfagandarsu. Kimiyya a fili ta ke cewa ceton rayuka zai ƙunshi wasu tsangwama a cikin jerin gwano na manyan attajirai zuwa lalata al'umma da muhalli. Menene marubucin almarar kimiyya Kim Stanley Robinson Inji shekaru goma da suka wuce game da kimiyyar yanayi gaskiya ne a wannan lokacin: “Abin da aka kafa kuma yake gudana yanzu shine babban yaƙin tarihi na duniya tsakanin kimiyya da jari-hujja. Kimiyya tana dagewa sosai kowace rana cewa wannan haɗari ne na gaske kuma na yanzu. Jari-jari yana cewa ba haka ba ne, domin idan da gaske ne hakan yana nufin karin ikon gwamnati kan harkokin tattalin arziki, da kyautata zamantakewa (a matsayin dabarar tabbatar da yanayi) da dai sauransu.”
Idan muka saurara, kimiyya za ta iya taimaka mana a wannan lokacin. Bin tsarin tattalin arziki, a daya bangaren, za a kashe mutane kamar yadda aka yi a karnin da ya gabata.
Wannan labarin ya samo ta Globetrotter, wani aiki na Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida mai zaman kanta.
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