Menene ke faruwa a Bolivia?
Wani gagarumin gangami na neman shugaban kasar, Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, da ministoci da dama, da suka hada da ministan tsaro da ya yi murabus. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba dubban daruruwan masu zanga-zangar ne suka cika babban filin da ke La Paz, babban birnin Bolivia. Fadar shugaban kasa, da tankokin yaki da ramuka, na kewaye da masu zanga-zanga.
Tattaunawar ta samo asali ne daga wani yunkuri na rashin tashin hankali da ya shafi manoma Aymara, wata kungiya ta ’yan asalin da ke da kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na al’ummar Bolivia, da ke El Alto, wani birni na Aymara mai kusan 700,000, amma yanzu ya fadada a cewar Forrest Hylton, wani masani mai bincike. a Bolivia, zuwa 'yankunan tudu na Upper Miraflores, Munaypata, Villa Victoria, Villa del Carmen, Villa Fatima da makabartar La Paz' .
(1)
A watan Satumba, motsi ya girma, a cikin kalmomin Hylton, ya ƙunshi 'malaman makaranta na karkara da na birni; daliban da ke karatu don zama malaman makaranta; iyayen ƴan sanda; masu hakar ma’adinai da suka yi ritaya; Shugabannin manoman Aymara; manyan motocin daukar kaya tsakanin larduna; daliban jami'a daga El Alto; Babban Ma'aikatan Bolivia (COB); duk suna yajin aiki, wasu na yajin yunwa. Baya ga buƙatun sassa, kowace ƙungiya ta yi kira ga shahararriyar ikon mallakar iskar gas ta Bolivia kuma ta ƙi FTAA; Mafi yawan sun bukaci murabus din Sanchez de Lozada da manyan ministocinsa, Yerko Kukoc, ministan gwamnati, da Carlos Sanchez de BerzaÃn, ministan tsaro, wadanda ke da alhakin kisan gillar da aka yi a Warisata a ranar 20 ga Satumba, wanda 'yan kabilar Aymara shida suka yi " ciki har da ‘yar shekara takwas Marlene Nancy Rojas Ramos’”an kashe su ne bayan da dakarun gwamnati suka kai dauki domin kwashe ‘yan yawon bude ido da dama da suka makale na tsawon kwanaki biyar a (garin) Sorata ta hanyar shingen hanya. Kisan kiyashin, bari mu lura, ya faru ne kwana guda bayan Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa ta tattara mutane 30,000 a (Birnin) Cochabamba da 50,000 a La Paz (babban birnin kasar). Domin mayar da martani ga ta'addancin gwamnati, wanda ya yi amfani da jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu, marasa muggan makamai amma mayakan sa-kai na al'ummar Aymara sun kori sojoji da 'yan sanda daga Warisata, Sorata da Achacachi.'(2)
Bukatun kungiyar, baya ga murabus din shugaban kasar, sun hada da kafa sabuwar majalisar mazabu da kuma soke dokar mayar da hannun jari da kasashen waje.
Harkar ta fuskanci mugun danniya. An yi kisan kiyashi a karshen watan Satumba, kuma an kashe wasu da dama da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro suka yi a makon da ya gabata. Kimanin mutane 60 ne aka kashe a cikin watan da ya gabata, tare da jikkata wasu daruruwa, kusan dukkaninsu sakamakon harbin da jami’an tsaro suka samu. (3, 4)
Menene tushen rikicin yanzu?
Ana kiran rikicin ‘Yakin Gas’. An fara ne da shirin gwamnati na aikin bututun iskar gas na dala biliyan 5.2, wanda hadin gwiwar kamfanonin makamashi na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Repsol/YPF SA, British Gas (Birtaniya), Pan American Energy, BP PLC (UK), da Bridas Corporation (Birtaniya) ke sarrafawa ( Argentina). Wannan aikin shine don fitar da iskar gas ta Bolivia zuwa Amurka, ta hanyar Chile.
Yayin da ake yin abubuwa da yawa a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na al'ada game da jin daɗin jin daɗin Chile (Bolivia ta rasa hanyarta zuwa teku a cikin yakin 1880 da Chile) da kuma yiwuwar amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Chile don fitar da iskar gas, manufar motsi na iya samun ƙarin zuwa. yi da son kai fiye da irin wannan kishin kasa. A cikin kalaman mai sharhi Tom Kruse:
'Bolivia tana da tarin iskar gas mai yawa. Koyaya, yadda za a yi amfani da iskar gas, da kuma waɗanne fa'idodin za su samu, batutuwan siyasa ne masu zafi a Bolivia. Akwai dalili mai kyau na muhawara mai zafi: Bolivia ta wuce ta manyan zagayowar 3 na kayan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba: azurfa zuwa karni na 19, guano da roba daga baya wannan karni, tin a karni na 20. Wadannan zagayowar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje ba su taba kafa tushen ci gaban al'umma mai wadata, wadata da adalci ba. Akasin haka, Bolivia na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomi marasa wadata da rashin adalci a Latin Amurka. Tambayar da 'yan Bolivia ke yi daidai ita ce, 'ta yaya za a mayar da wannan zagaye na gaba na fitar da kayayyaki da ba za a iya sabunta su ba zuwa ci gaba na gaske?''(5)
Kamar yadda Kruse ya lura, iskar gas yanzu shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun Bolivia. Amma saboda sayar da hannun jari da kuma dokokin da ke kula da saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, ƙasar ba ta samun fa'ida kaɗan daga albarkatun. Fitar da dala biliyan 1.2 na iskar gas zuwa Brazil ya kawo wa gwamnatin Bolivia kudaden shiga dala miliyan 90. Siyar da iskar gas ga Amurka zai kara amfanar Bolivia kadan.
Shugaban kasar, Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada (wanda aka fi sani da 'Goni'), ya dakatar da aikin iskar gas tare da bayyana cewa zai amince da zaben raba gardama kan batun. Sai dai bayan kisan kiyashin, kungiyar ta ki tsayawa tsayin daka kan murabus din nasa. Mataimakin shugaban kasar, Carlos Mesa ya nisanta kansa da Goni.
Menene tushen tarihi?
Rikicin na yanzu shine ci gaba da taron jama'a wanda ya faru a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu na 2003. A wancan lokacin, motsi na campesinos ya bukaci dakatar da kawar da coca, watsi da yankin ciniki na 'yanci na Amurka, da sake zama kasa kuma karshen sayar da kamfanoni. Jami’an tsaro sun kusa rarrabuwa (kamar yadda ta iya yi), amma a karshe ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da gwamnati tare da murkushe harkar, inda aka kashe sama da 20 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. (Dubi rahotannin Sebastian Hacher, da sauransu, akan Watch Bolivia.) (6, 7)
Zaɓen na watan Yunin 2002 ya sa Bolivia kan turbar rikicin da ake ciki yanzu. A cikin wadannan zabukan, wata sabuwar jam'iyyar Movimiento Al Socialismo (MAS) karkashin jagorancin Evo Morales, wakilin masu noman Coca na yankin Chapare, ta zo kusa da lashe zaben. MAS gamayyar ƙungiyoyin jama'a ne, gami da ƙauye da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran matsaya akan sa hannun jari da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni. Tare da kuri'u 625 000 (22.46% na masu jefa kuri'a), Movimiento Nacional Revolucionaria na Goni (MNR) ya sami damar kafa gwamnatin tsiraru tare da wasu jam'iyyu. MAS ta lashe kuri'u 580 000 (20.94%), bayan gargadi mai tsanani daga ofishin jakadancin Amurka cewa za a yi ramuwar gayya ga MAS ta Morales don lashe zaben. Duk da tsananin goyon bayansa da gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru, Goni ya ɗauki zaɓensa da goyon bayansa na Amurka a matsayin wa'adi na ra'ayin neoliberalism da kuma yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ganin cewa kungiyar jama'a ta MAS, ta samu nasara a kan kanta, ta kasance cikin kyakkyawan yanayi na hada kai don nuna adawa da shirin Goni.
Bolivia ta kasance wurin da ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu juriya da ƙarfi suka yi, waɗanda suka yi nasarar dakatar da sayar da ruwa a Cochabamba a cikin 1999-2000. (8)
Har ila yau, mahimmanci shine 'bude' neoliberal na kasar kanta a cikin 1985. Shugaba Victor Paz Estenssoro ya zartar da dokar (yanzu sanannen, mai lamba 21060) don dakatar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Ta yi nasarar dakatar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ta hanyar jefa kasar cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma fara lokacin daidaita tsarin. Ana sayar da ma'adinan kwano, babban hanyar samun kudaden shiga na kasa a lokacin, ga kamfanoni na kasa da kasa a farashi mai rahusa ba tare da wani amfani ga jama'a ba. An mayar da masana’antun jihar, wadanda suka kasance ginshikin tattalin arzikin kasa da shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama’a. (9)
Paz Estenssoro ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabanni a lokacin juyin juya hali na 1952-1964, lokacin da aka mayar da ma'adinan kasa kasa, an kirkiro kungiyar ta kasa ta tsakiya, kuma aka zartar da zaben duniya. Wani abin mamaki shi ne ya jagoranci wargaza shirye-shiryen ci gaban al’umma da gwamnatinsa ta yi shekaru da dama da suka gabata.
Tsakanin 1964-1982, tare da taƙaitaccen saɓani na mulkin farar hula, Bolivia ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya na soja. An dakushe burin mafi yawan manoma na ƴan asalin ƙasar, kamar yadda aka tsara tsarin aiki da rashin amincewa gabaɗaya, duk da cewa ba a taɓa halaka waɗannan sassa masu ƙarfi na zamantakewa ba. Haɓaka tsammanin su, musamman na ƴan asalin waɗanda a yau suka ƙi a ware su kamar yadda tarihi ya keɓe su, muhimmin tushe ne na fahimtar Bolivia.
Wanene manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo? Menene bukatunsu da bukatunsu?
A gefe guda kuma akwai ƙungiyoyin jama'a, waɗanda aka bayyana abubuwan da suka haɗa da bukatunsu a sama. Ba wai kawai suna da gagarumin goyon baya daga MAS a majalisar kanta ba, hatta mataimakin shugaban kasa ya yi watsi da tashe-tashen hankulan gwamnati.
Goni hamshakin attajiri ne da ke da bukatu daban-daban na hakar ma'adinai da kasuwanci da kuma dogon tarihi a siyasar Bolivia (shugaban kasa tsakanin 1993-1997, alal misali, shugabantar wasu kamfanoni). Ya shahara da magana da Mutanen Espanya tare da kaurin harshen Amurka kuma an san shi da 'gringo'.
Dangane da ita kanta gwamnatin Goni, goyon bayanta sune manyan kafafen yada labarai, Amurka, da kuma na’urorin danniya na jihar. A cewar Forrest Hylton, hatta masu matsakaicin ra'ayi sun fara sauya sheka, suna masu watsi da tashin hankalin da gwamnatin ke yi: 'Fitowar adawar masu matsakaicin ra'ayi wani sabon ci gaba ne kuma abin maraba da zai iya ba da daidaito ga rukunin ma'aikata na Aymara da manoma. jigon rikici. '
Hylton yana ganin hanyoyi guda biyu masu yuwuwar fita daga cikin wannan kutse. Na farko yana da ban tsoro don yin la'akari: 'Sanchez de Lozada yana tattaunawa da Manfred Reyes Villa, shugaban NFR (Nueva Fuerza Republicana, jam'iyyar 'yancin da ta zo na uku a zaben 2002 kuma yana cikin haɗin gwiwar Goni) kuma da zarar ya kasance. yana da goyon bayan Reyes Villa, Sanchez de Lozada zai fi dacewa ya ayyana Jihar Siege. Shugaban kasa da na kusa da shi sun yi kiyasin cewa ta hanyar kashe shugabanin adawa, ’yan boko da dalibai dari uku zuwa hudu, tare da tsare tsakanin dubu daya zuwa dari biyu, za su iya ‘zama lafiya’ kasar. Ko da yake jami'an sojan Amurka hudu ne ke jagorantar ayyukan a kasa; ko da yake an kwashe dubban dakaru daga tsaunukan gabashin Beni, Santa Cruz da Pando; kuma ko da yake babban kwamandan sojojin ya ba da sanarwar a ranar 13 ga Oktoba don nuna goyon baya ga Sanchez de Lozada, kisan gillar da aka yi wa la Pinochet na iya zama ba a cikin tambaya ba, saboda muhimmin halin yanzu a cikin babban kwamandan ya fahimci yanayin dimokiradiyya na buƙatun mashahurai Ina son ganin Ministan Tsaro, Carlos Sanchez BerzaÃn, ya mutu. Jihar Siege da ke tattare da kashe-kashen jama'a da tsare mutane cikin sauki na iya raba kan sojoji cikin sauki, a lokacin kukan yaki na Alteños' ''yanzu tabbas yakin basasa'' zai iya faruwa.' A madadin shi ne 'wannan tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin 'yan adawa, kuma kafin lokaci ya kure don dakatar da zubar da jini, mataimakin shugaban kasa Carlos Mesa ya kira wani zama na musamman na majalisar don neman murabus din Sanchez de Lozada, da soke dokokin da ke kula da harkokin kasuwanci da na kasa da kasa. zuba jari, da kuma kafa Majalisar Mazabu. Shekaru XNUMX bayan juyin juya halin kasa na farko, wanda ya kawo MNR kan karagar mulki, Bolivia a shirye take don wani '' wanda zai binne MNR har abada.'(10)
Menene matsayin Amurka?
Amurka tana goyon bayan Goni, wanda ya amince da manufofin yakin Amurka na yaki da ta'addanci da kuma takardun tattalin arzikin IMF da zuciya daya. Mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka Richard Boucher ya ce Amurka ba za ta amince da duk wani katse tsarin mulkin kasar ba, kuma ba za ta goyi bayan duk wani tsarin mulkin da ya samo asali daga hanyar demokradiyya ba.
Wannan wani kuka ne mai nisa daga halin Amurka a watan Afrilun 2002, lokacin da ta amince da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa shugaban Venezuela Chavez. A lokacin, 'yan adawar Venezuela sun harbe magoya bayan Chavez da yawa kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa Chavez ne ke da alhakin [duba asusun shaidar gani da ido na Wilpert da kayan tun lokacin (11)], da'awar cewa Chavez ya yi murabus saboda alhakinsa a cikin mutuwar. Amurka ta sake nanata da'awar 'yan adawar Venezuela na cewa Chavez ya yi murabus saboda wadannan mutuwar, kuma da gaske sun halatta juyin mulkin soja. Amma lokacin da gwamnatin Goni babu shakka ta aikata laifin abin da ake zargin gwamnatin Chavez da shi ba tare da irin wannan kwararan hujjoji ba, Amurka ta dage cewa "ba za ta goyi bayan duk wani tsarin mulkin da ya samo asali daga hanyar demokradiyya ba." A halin yanzu, kamar yadda Hylton ya lura, jami'an Amurka suna taimakawa wajen jagorantar danniya a kasa.
Manufofin yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Amurka sun taimaka wajen kawo Bolivia wani wuri mai zafi. Ganyen Coca ya kasance babban amfanin gona a Bolivia da ko'ina cikin yankin Andean shekaru aru-aru, saboda darajar sinadiran sa. A cikin ƙarnuka na haƙar ma'adinai, tauna ganyen coca yana da mahimmanci don rayuwar ma'aikata a tudu. Bayan bude neoliberal, coca ya zama amfanin gona daya tilo da ya baiwa campesinos damar samun abin rayuwa' sauran amfanin gona ba su kawo farashin tattalin arziki a kasuwa ba kuma ba a samun tallafin farashin. Wani bita da aka yi a Foreign Policy in Focus ya ce, manufar Amurka na kawar da noman Coca, baya ga lalata tattalin arzikin kasar, ba tare da samar da wasu hanyoyi ba, hakan ya haifar da karuwar yawan sojoji a yankin Chapare da ke noman Coca da kuma cin zarafi da azabtarwa. har ma da kashe ’yan asalinta.’(12)
Danniya da masu noman coca ya kasance 'nasara' a Bolivia: ya raba yawancin noman coca daga Bolivia zuwa Colombia. Yanzu, yakin muggan kwayoyi na Amurka ya kona manoman Colombia, yayin da aka bar manoman Bolivia ba su da abin dogaro da kai sai dai a yi taro, kuma babu wani tasiri da ya dace kan sha ko cin zarafi a Amurka.
Har ila yau, a tarihi, {asar Amirka ta horar da wasu daga cikin masu mulkin kama-karya a tarihin Bolivia, a Makarantar {asar Amirka, daga cikinsu akwai Hugo Banzer, wanda gagarumin aikinsa da dogon tarihinsa da {asar Amirka, aka yi dalla-dalla a cikin wani labari na Jerry Meldon.13)
Shisshigin Amurka a yankin, mai tushe a Kolombiya da Ecuador, yana karuwa, yana kaiwa ga gungun jama'a irin na Bolivia da gwamnatoci irin na Venezuela.
Menene matsayin IMF?
Rikicin shine, a ainihinsa, game da 'sarkin duniya' na kamfani na nau'in da IMF ta tsara. Shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin IMF, da neman rage ayyukan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da manufofin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ke fitar da mutane daga aiki, sun kasance masu mahimmanci wajen kawo kasar cikin mawuyacin hali. Neoliberalism yana da alhakin kashi 70% na talauci a Bolivia. Shi kansa aikin fitar da iskar gas ya kasance wanda IMF ta karfafa shi.
Gwagwarmayar mashahuran motsi na Bolivia shine don ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwazon kai game da ikon waje na cibiyoyi kamar Amurka, ƙasashen duniya, da IMF.
Menene kayan shafa na Bolivia?
Bolivia tana da kusan mutane miliyan 8.5. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun fi yawa a Bolivia, tare da Aymara kusan kashi 23% da Quechua 27% (ƙididdigar da aka ambata a cikin 'Takaitaccen Tarihin Bolivia' na Herbert Klein, 2003). Duk da arzikin da take da shi, ta dade tana daya daga cikin kasashen Latin Amurka mafi talauci da wasu daga cikin mafi karancin alamun ci gaban dan Adam. Neoliberalism bai taimaka ba a cikin wannan, lalata mahimman sassan jihohi, rage ayyukan yi a cikin ƙasa mai fama da rashin aikin yi da rashin aikin yi, da rage kariya ga zamantakewa.
Me mutanen waje za su iya yi?
Idan ba a sami mafita ba, wannan rikicin zai iya kawo karshe cikin mummunan danniya. Da alama Amurka ta lashi takobin marawa Goni baya har zuwa karshe, amma ba shi da farin jini matuka. Wannan lamari ne da kulawar kasa da kasa da hadin kai zai iya kawo sauyi. Kadan daga cikin mutanen Amurka sun shirya wasiƙar sa hannu ga gwamnatin Amurka. (14)
Masu fafutuka na asali a Colombia da ƙungiyoyin sauran wurare a yankin suna aiki kan ayyuka don haɗin kai da ƙungiyoyin Bolivia. Hasashen, kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun sun kasance ba su kula da waɗannan muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ba. Katse wannan shiru da kuma sadar da abin da ke faruwa yana da mahimmanci a yanzu, kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yaƙin ruwa' na 1999-2000.
A ina zan iya kara sani?
ZNet's Bolivia Watch yana gabatar da nazarin da za mu iya samu a Turanci. Sauran rukunin yanar gizon suna buga sharhi daga marubuta kamar Forrest Hylton, Ben Dangl, Kathyrn Ledebur, da sauransu. Ana samun fassarori a Indymedia Bolivia
links
1. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4360
2. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4299
3. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4342
4. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4245
5. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4359
6. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=20&ItemID=3044
7. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=20&ItemID=2971
8. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/South_America/Bolivia_WaterWarVictory.html
9. http://www.essential.org/monitor/mm2000/00june/interview.html
10. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4360
11. http://www.zmag.org/content/LatinAmerica/wilpertcoup.cfm
12. http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol5/v5n38bolivia.html
13. http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story40.html
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi