Fiye da 3,000 'yan gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin Bolivia da na Peruvian sun yi maci kwanan nan a El Alto don tunawa da harin 13 ga Maris, 1781. La Paz, Bolivia 'Yan tawayen Tupac Katari da Bartolina Sisa suka kaddamar daga El Alto. Siege ya saba wa mulkin Spain da kuma 'yantar da 'yan asalin kasar a cikin Andes. A wani taro da aka yi da daddare gabanin taron tunawa da ranar tunawa da bikin kwanan nan, Eugene Rojas, magajin garin Achacachi, ya ce, “Mu ‘yan asalin kasar, mun shirya wani kawanya. La Paz a baya, kuma za mu sake yin hakan idan muna bukatar hakan.” Rojas ya yi ishara da batun kawar da mulkin mallaka da Katari da Sisa suka yi ta mafarki sama da ƙarni biyu da suka wuce.
Bayan da 'yan kishin kasa na kuri'ar raba gardama kan kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na ranar 25 ga watan Junairu, kuma balloon ruwa da suka fashe da kumfa na Carnival sun wanke kan tituna da ruwan sama, badakalar siyasa ta cika iskar Bolivia. Baya ga kalubalen amfani da sauye-sauye a sabon kundin tsarin mulkin, almundahana na baya-bayan nan na gwamnati, da dangantaka ta girgiza Washington sannan tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na nuni da cewa hanyar da za ta kai ga babban zaben da za a yi a watan Disamba zai kasance da tangal-tangal.
Badakalar Cin Hanci da Rashawa
A karshen watan Janairu, Santos Ramirez, babban masanin gine-gine kuma memba na jam'iyyar Movement Toward Socialism, (MAS, jam'iyyar siyasa ta shugaban 'yan asalin Evo Morales) kuma darektan YPFB - kamfanin man fetur da iskar gas na jihar - an kai shi gidan yari. zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa Ramirez ya nemi cin hanci don ba da kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 86 ga Kamfanin Catar Uniservice na Argentina da Bolivia na masana'antar iskar gas. Binciken ya fara ne lokacin da aka kashe wani manaja a Catler kuma aka sace dala 450,000 - kudaden da a bayyane yake zuwa ga mai taimaka wa Ramirez, a cewar Reuters. Ramirez yanzu yana cikin kurkukun San Pedro La PazInda a halin yanzu ake tsare da tsohon gwamnan Pando Leopoldo Fernandez bayan da aka yi masa kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa magoya bayan MAS a Pando a watan Satumban 2008.
Kamen Ramirez ya yiwa gwamnatin MAS da a kodayaushe alkawarin kawo karshen cin hanci da rashawa da kasar ta gada. Bambanci a wannan lokacin duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da abin da aka saba da shi a gwamnatocin baya, shi ne cewa Ramirez a zahiri an aika shi kurkuku; a karkashin gwamnatocin da suka gabata wasu daga cikin ‘yan siyasa masu cin hanci da rashawa sun kasance ‘yantattu.
Bayan fashewar abin kunya na Ramirez, Morales ya ce, "An tabbatar da cewa an shigar da jami'an kasashen waje, jami'an CIA, (a cikin YPFB) ...Amurka) dole ne daular ta kulla makirci a kan manufofin da muke gaba."
Alfredo Rada, Ministan Gwamnati. ya zargi Francisco Martinez, a US jami'in diflomasiyya, na kasancewa wakilin CIA kuma yana taimakawa kutsawa cikin YPFB. An zargi Morales Martinez na "daidaita tuntuɓar" tare da wani jami'in 'yan sandan Bolivia wanda gwamnati ta ce ya kutsa cikin YPFB, bin umarni daga CIA. Morales ya bayyana cewa, "bincike mai zurfi" ya tabbatar Martinez ya kuma kasance "yana hulda ta dindindin da kungiyoyin adawa" a ciki Bolivia. Sai shugaban Bolivia ya harba Martinez fita daga kasar. Korar da Martinez ya bi na baya US jakada a Bolivia Philip Goldberg a watan Satumba na 2008. An kuma zargi Goldberg da hada kai da 'yan adawa na dama don lalata gwamnatin Morales. (Duba Rage Bolivia don ƙarin.)
"Akwai alaka a fili a cikin ayyukan da tsohon jakadan Philip Goldberg, USAID, DEA da kuma yanzu Martinez sun yi a nan in Bolivia" wani jami'in da ba a san sunansa ba BoliviaMa’aikatar Gwamnati ta ce Josh Partlow na Washington Post. "Wadannan ayyuka ne da ake tuhuma wadanda ba su da alaka da diflomasiyya ko taimakon kasashen waje. … Wannan hali na tsoma baki, kuma ba za a iya kiransa da wani abu ba, ba a yarda da shi a nan ba."
"Mun yi watsi da zargin," da US Ma'aikatar jihar ta ce a cikin wata sanarwa game da abubuwan da suka faru. "Ba za mu iya fahimtar yadda shugaban zai iya tabbatar mana da cewa yana son kyautata dangantaka da Amurka kuma a lokaci guda ya ci gaba da yin zargin karya." in ji Denise Urs, mai magana da yawun ofishin jakadancin Amurka.
a cikin wata taron manema labarai Maris 13, Tom Shannon, da US Mataimakin sakatare mai kula da harkokin yankin Latin Amurka, ya yi tsokaci kan korar da aka yi US diflomasiyya daga Bolivia. "Muna buƙatar cikakkiyar tattaunawa ta diflomasiyya da tattaunawa mai inganci… Kuma abin baƙin ciki, har zuwa wannan lokacin, yayin da muke ƙoƙarin shiga Bolivia game da batutuwan da suka tayar da nasu ayyukan, har yanzu ba mu sami abin da za mu yi la'akari da shi ba. zama amsa mai daidaituwa ko daidaito."
A halin yanzu, shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta Santos Ramirez nisa daga rufe. A ranar 13 ga Maris, Ramirez ya bukaci a fitar da shi daga gidan yari saboda ya ce ba a samar da wata shaida da ta tabbatar da cewa ya cutar da gwamnatin Bolivia da ayyukansa ba, saboda har yanzu ba a soke kwangilar da ake zargin Catler ba.
Gidan Cárdenas ya mamaye
A ranar 7 ga Maris, mutane 350 suka mamaye kuma suka mamaye gidan kasar Victor Hugo Cárdenas. Cárdenas ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa a gwamnatin Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada na 1993-1997 kuma mai sukar lamirin. Bolivia‘ sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Gungun mutanen yankin da suka fusata sun tilasta wa matar Cárdenas da ’ya’yanta uku barin gidan, yayin da aka ce sun lakada musu duka.
Mario Huaypa, wakilin kungiyar da suka mamaye gidan, ya shaida wa gidan Agencia Bolivian de Información cewa an yi babban taro a cikin al’umma inda aka yanke shawarar cewa a kwace gidan saboda filin da aka gina da shi Cárdenas ya mallaka ba bisa ka’ida ba. Kungiyar ta ce za ta ci gaba da mamayar har sai hukumar shari'a ta Bolivia ta duba lamarin. Mutanen da suka mamaye gidan sun gabatar da abin da ake tsammani masu halal guda takwas na ƙasar, wanda ya ce a karɓe filin da gidan kuma a mayar da shi gidan ritaya na tsofaffin yankin.
Cárdenas, wani hazikin Aymara, wanda ya yi mulki a cikin 1990s tare da Sanchez de Lozada yana magana a madadin al'ummar 'yan asalin kasar da hakkokinsu, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma ya tura ta hanyar danniya da manufofin neman sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da cin zarafi na jihohi a kan 'yan asalin. Har wala yau, bayyanar jama'a ta Cárdenas a kai a kai ana fuskantar zanga-zanga. Mutanen yankin da suka mamaye gidansa kuma suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa Cárdenas ya yi kamfen na adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Ana rade-radin cewa Cárdenas zai tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban zaben da za a yi a watan Disamba.
An yi Allah wadai da mamayar gidan Cárdenas Bolivia, yayin da dokar ke kara tabarbarewa a cikin kasar tare da kawar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ake bukata tsakanin bangarorin siyasa masu adawa da juna. Abin baƙin cikin shine, ƙungiyar dama ta Bolivia ta fi amfani da tashin hankali tun lokacin da Morales ya hau kan mulki a 2006. Ƙungiyar matasa ta dama a cikin Santa Cruz ya kai hari kan ’yan asalin garin a wannan birni (duba Gefen Duhun Half Moon na Bolivia.) A cikin 2007 kadai, an kai harin bam na siyasa kusan takwas a ciki Bolivia, galibinsu sun sabawa ƙungiyoyin hagu ko jami'an jam'iyyar MAS (duba Rikicin Harin Bama-bamai Yana Hana Yunwa Ga Gaskiya.) A cikin 2008, 'yan daba na dama sun lalata ofisoshin gwamnati da na kare hakkin bil'adama daban-daban a duk fadin kasar, tare da kashe wasu manoma masu goyon bayan MAS 20 a Pando, tare da raunata wasu da dama. Bindigan Mashin da Teburin Taro). Yayin da ya kamata a yi Allah wadai da tashin hankalin da ake yi wa dangin Cárdenas da kuma zaman gidan, haka nan ya kamata a ce tashin hankalin da ya haifar da shi. Boliviareshen dama a kan ƴan asali da masu goyon bayan MAS.
Bata labari da lalata
A wani labarin kuma, kwanan nan ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoton kare hakkin dan Adam on Bolivia wanda bai ma ambaci Kungiyar Matasa ta Santa Cruz ba da kuma kungiyoyin dama na dama, ko kuma danniya da suka bari. Boliviayawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Rahoton ya ambaci tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa tsohon shugaban kasar Bolivia Sanchez de Lozada, sai dai bai ambaci cewa kasar da a halin yanzu wannan mai laifin ke samun mafaka ita ce ta fitar da rahoton kare hakkin dan Adam ba. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba, ofishin babban mai shigar da kara na kasa ya gurfanar da tsohon shugaban kasar Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada da tsohon ministan tsaro Sanchez Berzain a gaban kuliya bisa zarginsu da laifin kashe mutane 60 a watan Oktoban 2003. bukatar a tasa keyar Sanchez de Lozada daga kasar da ya gudu." (Don ƙarin a kan irony na US fitar da irin wadannan rahotannin hakkin dan adam, duba labarin kwanan nan, Wacece America zata yanke hukunci?)
A bangaren kafafen yada labarai, Bolivia kwanan nan ya shaida duk wani son zuciya da rashin fahimta daga daban-daban US latsa kantuna. A yanki na baya-bayan nan a cikin The Atlantic Monthly Eliza Barclay ya kasance mai ban mamaki musamman. Taken kanta - "Mugabe na Andes?" - yana yin nuni ga shawarwarin labarin wanda galibin tashin hankalin siyasa a ciki Bolivia ya fito ne daga Morales da magoya bayansa - ba bangaren dama na wariyar launin fata ba. A cikin labarin, Barclay ya kasa faɗin mai goyon bayan MAS guda ɗaya, ko kuma duk wanda ke ba da ra'ayi mara kyau game da yanayin siyasar ƙasar. Ta mayar da hankali ne kan yadda Morales "lalata da ke tattare da kalaman kabilanci da nufin adawa da shi" ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a kasar, sannan ta ci gaba da ambaton tashin hankalin da aka yi a Pando a watan Satumbar 2008 ba tare da cewa gwamnan na hannun daman Leopoldo Fernandez, ba Morales ba ne ya biyo baya. kisan kiyashi. Ta ambaci hakan US An kori jakada Goldberg, amma bai bayyana dalilinsa ba. Barclay ya kuma rubuta cewa "yankunan tuddai na Bolivia sun kasance makale a cikin tarkon talauci wanda Morales ya nuna kadan game da budewa" amma ya kasa ambaton hakan, kamar yadda gidan yanar gizon. Yana zaune a Bolivia Ya kara da cewa, gwamnatin Bolivia cegudu da ragi da kuma m fadada kasafin kudinta da kashe kayan more rayuwa."
Ko da yake MAS ya yi kurakurai da yawa kuma Morales ya yi nisa da cikakken shugaban kasa, labarin Barclay ya jagoranci mai karatu ya yarda cewa ƙasar tana cike da mutanen da suka ƙi gwamnatin MAS. Gaskiyar ita ce, Morales, a zabensa na 2005, Agusta 2008 tunawa da zaben raba gardama da kuri'ar tsarin mulki na baya-bayan nan, ya sami goyon baya sosai daga yawan jama'a fiye da Barack Obama a 2008. US zabe. An yi sa'a, mai daukar hoto Evan Abramson ya ba da cikakken cikakken ra'ayi na Bolivia in wannan kyakkyawar maƙalar hoto mai inganci, wanda aka buga akan Atlanticgidan yanar gizon don raka labarin. (Don ƙarin nazarin kafofin watsa labarai kan ɗaukar hoto na Bolivia gani Borev.net da kuma Yana zaune a Bolivia.)
Misali daya na kyawawan manufofin gwamnatin MAS an nuna shi a ranar 14 ga Maris, lokacin An sake rarraba Morales kimanin eka 94,000 a gabashin kasar ga kananan manoma. The ƙasar of Makiyayin Amurka Ron Larsen yana cikin kadada da aka sake rarrabawa. BoliviaSabon kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda ya kayyade sabon siyan filaye a kadada 12,400, ya ba da damar tsare-tsaren gwamnatin MAS na sake fasalin kasa. "A koyaushe za a mutunta kadarorin masu zaman kansu amma muna son mutanen da ba su da sha'awar daidaito su canza tunaninsu kuma su mai da hankali kan kasa fiye da kudin waje." Morales ya ce, bayan sake rarraba ƙasar a hukumance. Da yawa daga cikin manoman Guarani da ke yankin da suka samu filin, ciki har da iri-iri iyalai a gonar Larsen, ya kasance yana rayuwa cikin yanayin bauta. Morales ya bayyana cewa, "Mallakar kasa shine samun 'yanci, kuma idan akwai kasa da 'yanci, akwai adalci."
Yayin da watan Atlantic ya yaudari masu karatun su, a ranar 14 ga Maris, jaridar NY Times ta buga wani Op-Ed ta Evo Morales kan bukatar sa na yanke hukuncin kisa. ganye yadu amfani a ko'ina cikin Andes domin magani da dalilai na al'adu. A wani taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na baya-bayan nan a Vienna, Morales ya yi kira da a halatta ganyen koko, har ma ya rika tauna coca a wurin taron. Kimanin shekaru 48 da suka gabata Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware ganyen coca a matsayin narcotic. A cikin nasa NY Times yanki, Morales ya rubuta, "Me ya sa Bolivia don haka damu da ganyen coca? Domin alama ce mai mahimmanci ta tarihi da asalin al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar Andes."
Lallai, alamar alama, tarihi da ainihi sun ɗauki matakin tsakiya a yau Bolivia. Kwanan nan aka sanar da cewa wani mutum-mutumi na Che Guevara da ke kofar shiga birnin El Alto za, bayan kuka da zanga-zangar daga mazauna da yawa, a maimakon su maye gurbinsu da mutum-mutumi na Tupac Katari da Bartolina Sisa, saboda waɗannan jarumai biyu sun fi dacewa da gadon birnin na adawa da mulkin mallaka, tawaye na ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kamar yadda Bolivia na ci gaba a kan turbar da ta taso zuwa babban zaɓen watan Disamba, tsarin raba mulkin mallaka, wanda jami'an gwamnatin MAS ke yabawa, yana ɗaukar salo da dama a wannan ƙasa a cikin sauye-sauyen tarihi.
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Benjamin Dangl a halin yanzu yana tushen a Bolivia, kuma littafinsa na Mutanen Espanya "Farashin Wuta: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Albarkatu da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a a Bolivia, "ciki har da sabon labari kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, za a buga ba da daɗewa ba Bolivia by Plural Editores. Dangl kuma shine editan UpsideDownWorld.org, gidan yanar gizo kan gwagwarmaya da siyasa a Latin Amurka, da TowardFreedom.com, hangen nesa mai ci gaba kan abubuwan duniya. Email: Bendangl (at) gmail (dot) com.
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