[An fara bugawa Janairu 24/08. An sabunta Janairu 29/08.]
Shugaban Colombia Alvaro Uribe Velez, wanda ya zargi masu fafutukar zamantakewa da 'ta'addanci', ya ki ba su kariya daga masu kisan gilla, kuma ya aika da sojoji da 'yan sanda a kan masu zanga-zangar, ya yi kira da a yi maci a kan 'yan tawayen Colombia, FARC, a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Wannan Shirin da gwamnati ta shirya wani yunkuri ne na lalata kasar. Rashin shiga cikin tattakin dai ana zarginsa da goyon bayan garkuwa da mutane da ta'addanci. Wannan kuma shi ne abin da shugaban Colombian ke zargin shugaban Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, da shi, saboda Chavez ya taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin sako wasu 'yan Colombia uku da FARC ta yi garkuwa da su. A halin da ake ciki, siyasar yakin Uribe ta kawar da son kai, yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci da lalata tattalin arzikin Colombia, miliyoyin mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu, da ci gaba da kai hari kan ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
An samu wasu bayanai a Amurka game da tattaunawar ba da agajin jin kai na Colombia, wanda shugaban kasar Venezuela Hugo Chavez ya jagoranta, wanda kwanan nan aka saki uku daga cikin wadanda FARC ta yi garkuwa da su. A farkon watan Janairu, NYT ta ba da rahoton tuhume-tuhumen "tashi" na "kasa" na Chavez wajen cimma yarjejeniyar jin kai. Daga karshe dai an sako mutanen ukun da aka yi garkuwa da su, ko da yake jami'an Colombia, da Amurka, da kuma 'yan jaridu sun mayar da martani inda suka zargi Chavez da yin katsalandan a harkokin cikin gidan Colombia. Wannan labarin zai bayyana mahallin Colombian da abin da Chavez ya kasance, kuma yana iya ƙoƙarin cimmawa tare da yarjejeniyar jin kai. Sakin mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su ya kasance ci gaba mai kyau, saboda dalilan da za a tattauna a kasa.
Yakin Colombia ya kwashe shekaru da dama ana yi. Wasu sun yi nuni da hakan tun a shekarar 1964, lokacin da aka haifi FARC daga harin da gwamnati ta kai wa 'yan tawayen Liberal. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a kwanan wata daga 1948, lokacin da aka kashe ɗan siyasa na Liberal (Jorge Eliecer Gaitan) wanda ya fara tashin hankali na siyasa tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya daɗe na tsawon shekaru, ya kashe ɗaruruwan dubbai, da kuma raba miliyoyi (wanda ake kira "La Violencia") , wanda ya ƙare da samar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a 1958 wanda ke raba madafun iko tsakanin bangarorin biyu). Makiyaya sun kafa kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai don kare kansu da filayensu daga makada na masu gidaje da sojoji. Kungiyoyin manoma sun zama ’yan daba. Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje, waɗanda daga baya masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi suka haɗu, sun zama ’yan sanda, waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da sojoji tare da ci gaba da korar manoma, ƴan Afirka ta Kolombiya, da ’yan asalin ƙasarsu daga ƙasashensu tare da lalata ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago a cikin birane. Ƙauyen soja, tare da kashe-kashensa da ƙaura, ya amfana da kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa da masu mallakar filaye waɗanda suka ƙare da albarkatu da yankuna, da daidaita al'umma.
Tun da farko Amurka ta shiga ciki. Fr. Javier Giraldo, marubucin "Colombia: Dimokuradiyya na kisan kare dangi", yayi jayayya cewa dabarar da kanta ta fito daga Amurka tare da "Mission Yarborough", wanda ya fara da ziyarar Janar William Yarborough na Amurka zuwa Colombia a 1962 (1). A lokacin, Amurka ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da ta'addanci don yakar " gurguzu" a duk faɗin Latin Amurka, da horar da sojojin Latin Amurka da makamai don yin haka, kuma ta yi hakan da kanta, a wurare kamar Cuba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Amurka ta ba da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu, ta aika da "masu ba da shawara" na soja, kuma ba shakka kwanan nan an aika da 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu daga MPRI, Dyncorp, da sauran kamfanonin haya (2). A yau, Mataki na II na Shirin Kolombiya yana haɓakawa, tare da maƙasudin yanki iri ɗaya (Venezuela da Ecuador), hanyoyi iri ɗaya ("counternarcotics" da rashin tsaro) da kuma irin mummunan tasirin.
Kowace shekara na yaƙi an sami ƙarin mutane da suka rasa muhallansu, ƙarin kashe-kashe da kisan kiyashi, da kuma ƙarin iko da gwamnati da tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda manyan illolin yaƙin suna fama da mutane, zaman lafiya, ta hanyar warware matsalar siyasa da ke magance rashin adalcin zamantakewar da ke haifar da yaƙin, sanannen ra'ayi ne a Colombia. A lokuta da dama a cikin dogon tarihin yakin, mutane sun yi gangami don neman zaman lafiya. Sha'awar zaman lafiya da jama'a ke damun rundunonin biyu a yakin basasa. Ka’idar yakin ‘yan daba ta nuna cewa jama’a su hada kai da ‘yan daba domin samun nasara. Gwamnati da ta'addancin Amurka na kokarin hada kan jama'a wajen fadakarwa, ware da kuma yaki da 'yan ta'adda.
Yawancin ya dogara ne akan nau'in zaman lafiya da abin da za'a iya samun nasara ta hanyar shawarwari. Don ruguzawa, ƴan ta'addar na buƙatar kawo ƙarshen ƴancin kai, da sake haɗa kansu, da kuma sauyin zamantakewa. Amma wannan yana buƙatar babban canji. Ƙoƙarin da ’yan daba a baya na yin shawarwari ko shiga harkar siyasa ya ƙare da kisan kiyashi na ’yan daba (Ƙungiyar Patriotica a cikin 1980s ita ce mafi ban mamaki, amma sauran ƙungiyoyi kamar M-19 sun sami irin wannan gogewa), don haka ’yan tawayen ba su da wani dalili na yin hakan. amince da kyakkyawar kafa ta bangaskiya. Kafuwar na iya cewa da gaske tana son zaman lafiya, amma tana neman zaman lafiya ta hanyar ruguza ’yan daba da duk wani dan adawa (yawan adawar jama’a ana yin tir da su a bainar jama’a da cewa suna da alaka da ‘yan daba, sannan kuma wasu ‘yan ta’adda ne ke kai wa mutane hari da kisan kai).
Duk da wadannan dalilai, sha'awar zaman lafiya da farin jini ya tilasta kafa tattaunawa da 'yan ta'adda sau da yawa. Tattaunawa na baya-bayan nan sun faru ne a ƙarshen 1990s. Wani bangare na wannan tattaunawa shi ne bayar da yankin da aka kakkabe sojoji a San Vicente de Caguan ga mayakan FARC. An saita shirin Colombia a cikin wannan mahallin, yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa kuma an kafa yankin da ba a kwance ba. An fara gabatar da shi a matsayin wani shiri na zaman lafiya, tare da kudaden taimakon da za a yi amfani da su zuwa shirye-shiryen noma da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi wajen tattalin arzikin muggan kwayoyi. An sake rubuta shi a hankali kuma an canza shi har sai ya zama shirin yakar 'yan tawaye. Shekaru biyu da dala biliyan da yawa daga baya, a cikin 2002, kafawar ta sami ƙarfi sosai don kawo ƙarshen tattaunawa da kai hari a yankin da aka lalata. Sun yi amfani da siyasa wajen amfani da dabarun da FARC ta fi so, kamar amfani da bama-bamai marasa inganci da ke kashe mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, sace-sacen jama’a da kuma ayyana ‘yan siyasa da shugabannin al’umma a matsayin hari na soja, suna masu cewa FARC ba ta da muhimmanci ga zaman lafiya. Cin zarafi na FARC da rashin biyan bukatun mutane ya taimaka wajen gajiyar da jama'a a tare da su.
Lokacin da, a cikin 2002, Alvaro Uribe Velez ya hau kan karagar mulki a Colombia, an rage fatan samun mafita ta shawarwarin. Tare da vendetta na sirri, asalin mallakar ƙasa, da kuma kujerar gwamnan ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da suka fi fama da tashin hankali a bayansa, Uribe ya ci gaba da zargin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa da ta'addanci tare da tura ta hanyar sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki da aka tsara don ba da ƙarin tattalin arzikin Colombia ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya qaddamar da ‘tsarin zaman lafiya’ tare da ’yan sanda, da gaske ya halasta sata da kashe-kashensu, kuma a shekarun baya-bayan nan da yawa daga cikin abokan aikinsa na siyasa sun kasance a gidan yari saboda yin aiki da masu kashe-kashe (3).
Tsarin mulkin Colombia da Uribe sun isa su kashe ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na warware rikicin siyasa. Wannan sakamakon ya amfanar da muradun Amurka a yankin ta hanyoyi da dama. A cikin Kolombiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, yakin yana ba da hujja don kai hari ga duk wani motsi na zamantakewa da tsayin daka, da kuma fakewa don korar manoma daga yankuna masu wadata da albarkatu waɗanda suka ƙare a hannun 'yan ƙasa da masu mallakar ƙasa. Fiye da wannan, duk da haka, yakin Colombia da dangantaka ta kut da kut tsakanin Amurka da sojojin Colombia sun samar wa Amurka sansanin da za ta sa ido, da kuma kai hari, Venezuela, babbar mai samar da man fetur tare da aikin siyasa mai zaman kansa.
Mulkin Chavez a Venezuela ya zo daidai da tashin hankali da faɗuwar shirin zaman lafiya na ƙarshe a Colombia. Ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1998, a wannan shekarar ne aka ayyana yankin da aka kawar da sojoji a Colombia. Shi ne shugaban kasar Venezuela ta hanyar ayyana Plan Colombia a shekara ta 2000 da aiwatar da shi, sannan a cikin shekarun mulkin Uribe a Colombia. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, manazarta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗayan ainihin makasudin Shirin Kolombiya shine ainihin Venezuela, man fetur, da tsarin juyin juya hali (4).
Kuma hakika, abubuwan da suka faru a kan iyaka da matsaloli a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, da kuma tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Chavez da Uribe, sun nuna cewa Colombia ta kasance sansanin hare-hare a kan Venezuela. A cikin Maris 2003, 'yan Colombian' 'ba bisa ka'ida ba' sun kai hari a kan iyakar Venezuelan kuma an amsa su ta hanyar bam daga sojojin saman Venezuelan (5). Kimanin shekara guda bayan haka (Mayu 2004), an kama ɗimbin ma'aikatan agaji na Colombia a wani wurin kiwon dabbobi kusa da Caracas a kan wani shirin ta'addanci (6). Wasu daga baya sun amsa kuma aka tuhume su, yayin da wasu kuma aka mayar da su Colombia. A daidai lokacin da 'yan bindigar ke kutsawa cikin Venezuela (Maris 2004), Colombia ta ba da sanarwar babbar sanarwa cewa za ta sayi tankokin yaki guda goma sha biyu, daga Spain, don aikawa a kan iyakar Venezuelan (7). An kulla yarjejeniyar a karkashin Firayim Ministan Spain Jose Maria Aznar, duk da haka. Firayim Ministan gurguzu wanda ya maye gurbinsa, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, ba makiyi ba ne ga tsarin Bolivaria na Venezuela kuma ya soke yarjejeniyar a karkashin matsin lamba na Venezuela. Chavez da Uribe sun hadu jim kadan bayan soke yarjejeniyar, an dauki hotonsu suna murmushi kuma suna rungume da juna, kuma suka yi barkwanci game da tankunan (Uribe ya ce: “Don Allah Hugo, ka ba ni aron tankuna?”) Amma sai a watan Disamba 2004, dan Colombian. Gwamnati ta yi garkuwa da wani shugaban FARC, Rodrigo Granda, daga Venezuela tare da mayar da shi Colombia. Venezuela ba za ta iya ƙyale wannan cin zarafi ba kuma Chavez ya nemi gafara daga Uribe. Venezuela ta dakatar da tura wutar lantarki zuwa garuruwan Colombia, ta rufe kan iyaka, ta kuma bayyana cewa daga yanzu 'yan Colombia za su bukaci biza don ziyartar Venezuela. Wannan rikicin ya kwanta a ƙarshen Janairu 2005, amma kwanakin wasan sada zumunci a gaban kyamarori tsakanin Chavez da Uribe sun ƙare.
A cikin 2007 Chavez ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin yin sulhu tsakanin gwamnati da FARC. Gwamnatin Colombia ta sake Rodrigo Granda kuma yana taimakawa wajen kokarin sasanta yarjejeniyar. Tare da amincewa daga manyan matakan gwamnatin Colombia da kuma tuntuɓar masu sassaucin ra'ayi (mai adawa da Uribe) Sanata Piedad Cordoba, yunƙurin Chavez shine ƙoƙarin sake samun tattaunawa. Matakan ƙarfafa na farko shine sakin mutane 45 na FARC da aka yi garkuwa da su. Kungiyar ta FARC ta bukaci a dawo da yankin da aka kakkabe sojoji a shiyyoyin Pradera da Florida da kuma sakin fursunonin FARC 500 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin gwamnati. Yarjejeniyar jin kai ba ta da nisa daga mafita ta siyasa, amma tabbas ya kasance wani abin da ake bukata. A farkon Nuwamba 2007 FARC ta yi alkawarin 'tabbacin rayuwa' ga fursunonin da aka sace, ciki har da wanda ya fi shahara, Ingrid Betancourt, 'yar takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar 2002 mai launin fata mai Faransanci da dan kasar Colombia wanda aka sace a yankin da aka lalata.
A ƙarshen Nuwamba 2007, Uribe ba zato ba tsammani ya fito fili yana adawa da yarjejeniyar jin kai. Ya tafi a talabijin ya ce "Muna buƙatar masu shiga tsakani a kan ta'addanci, ba don tabbatar da ta'addanci ba." Ma'anar ita ce Chavez yana ba da hujjar ta'addanci. Chavez ya amsa cewa Colombia ta cancanci shugaban kasa mafi kyau kuma Uribe yana "karya, a bayyane kuma ta hanya mara kyau". Wataƙila wannan shine ƙarshen labarin, tare da dangantakar Colombia-Venezuela "a cikin injin daskarewa" (kalmomin Chavez), amma ba haka ba. Maimakon haka, duk da wannan koma baya da kuma shan kaye a zaben raba gardama a watan Disamba 2007 (8), an ci gaba da tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar jin kai da FARC. An ba da rahoton "rashin" yarjejeniyar a cikin New York Times a matsayin shan kashi ga Chavez. Daga bisani Consuelo Gonzalez ya ce dalilin da ya sa ba a sako mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su ba tun da farko, a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, saboda sojojin Colombia sun gudanar da wani samame a kusa da inda aka sako su, tare da hana sakin su faruwa. Piedad Cordoba ya ba da shawarar cewa "Uribe ya ba da umarnin aikin soja a yankin saboda abubuwa suna tafiya daidai."
A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2008, Chavez ya ba da sanarwar cewa an sako wasu mata biyu Clara Rojas da Consuelo Gonzalez, wadanda FARC ta yi garkuwa da su a 2002. Clara Rojas ta kasance 'yar takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa da ta yi takara tare da Ingrid Betancourt (wanda FARC ke rike da shi) a zaben 2002. Consuelo Gonzalez ya kasance dan majalisar dattawan Colombia. Clara Rojas ta haifi ɗa namiji (wanda ake kira Emmanuel a cikin jarida) a zaman bauta, ɗan ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da ita. An bar yaron a gaban ofishin kula da zamantakewar jama'a na Colombia (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar) sama da mako guda da ya wuce, kuma daga baya ta hanyar gwajin DNA ya bayyana dan Clara Rojas. An yi maraba da sakin wadannan mutane a Colombia kuma a siyasance mai kyau ga Chavez. Jaridun Uribe da Colombia sun tunatar da 'yan Colombia cewa har yanzu daruruwan mutane na hannun kungiyar FARC. An kuma fitar da bidiyon Ingrid Betancourt da kanta, wanda daga ciki aka fitar da wani hoto mai ban tausayi. Yayin da sakin ya yi kyau, gaba dayan shirin ya tunatar da 'yan Colombia game da ayyukan satar mutane na FARC. Clara Rojas ya ba da sako daga Spain: idan FARC ta daina aikata laifuka kuma ta daina yin garkuwa da su, ya kamata gwamnati ta dauke su a matsayin 'yan tawaye da kuma neman hanyar sasantawa. Raba kungiyar ta FARC da gwamnati ta yi a matsayin "'yan ta'adda" ya kasance babban cikas ga zaman lafiya kamar yadda yake yi a wasu yanayi. Amma haka kuma al'adun FARC na yin garkuwa da fararen hula da ayyana mutane a matsayin harin soji. Dole ne a bi da wannan batu a hankali don a sami mafita ta tattaunawa: an san rashin hukunci a matsayin gudummawa ga laifuka na gaba. Ana ganin 'tsarin zaman lafiya' na yanzu tare da 'yan ta'adda a matsayin shirme domin yana ba wa 'yan sanda hukunci. Idan har ana ganin Chavez yana kokarin sasantawa da kungiyar ta FARC, matakin zai zama abin da ba a so ba.
Ita kanta kungiyar masu fafutuka ta canza tun lokacin da shirin Kolombiya ya fara, inda ta zama keɓancewa daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ramuwar gayya. Da yawa waɗanda suka yarda cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da su sune jahohi, ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa, da manufofin Amurka kuma suna adawa da waɗannan har yanzu sun koshi da FARC. Idan ana ganin Chavez yana da kusanci da FARC, zai iya yin rashin nasara a siyasance. Shahararriyar yarjejeniyar jin kai da sasantawa ta samo asali ne daga son zaman lafiya da jama'a ke yi, ba daga goyon bayan da jama'a ke ba FARC ba, wanda abin da ya yi kan batun yaron da aka yi garkuwa da shi, Emmanuel, ya sa Chavez ya zama wauta: lokacin da suka sako yaron, sun yi. bai gaya wa Chavez suna da ba.
Shigar da rikicin Colombia a kan wannan ya kasance mai haɗari ga Venezuela, amma kuma yana da matukar hankali da diflomasiyya mai tsari. Venezuela za ta iya mayar da martani ga tsokanar Amurka da Colombia ta hanyar soja, ta shiga cikin tseren makami da soja, karkatar da albarkatu da babban birnin siyasa daga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da canjin zamantakewa zuwa shirye-shiryen yaki da militarism, watakila tallafawa FARC soja. Ko kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga nuna ƙarfi. Maimakon haka, gwamnatin Chavez ta mayar da martani a siyasance, ta yin amfani da damar da ake so na zaman lafiya a Colombia da kuma dukan Latin Amurka. Duk da cewa Uribe ya lissafta wasu masu kada kuri'a miliyan 5-6 wadanda suka yi imani da siyasarsa na kin jinin baki, Colombia na da mutane miliyan 44 kuma mafi yawansu suna son zaman lafiya duk da Plan Colombia, duk da kasancewar Uribe a matsayin shugaban kasa, kuma duk da kokarin Amurka. Idan Uribe da Amurka suka yi nasara, za su yi wa Venezuela fenti a matsayin mai goyon bayan laifukan ta'addanci da kuma cimma abin da suke nema, da nufin kai wa Venezuela hari, da lalata aikin Bolivaria, da kuma karfafa ikon yankin. Zaman lafiya zai ba wa tsarin Venezuela lokaci don haɓakawa da ɗakin motsi na Colombia don numfashi. Rikicin ya yi yawa ga duk wanda abin ya shafa.
Justin Podur marubuci ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya na tushen Toronto. Ana iya samun sa a [email kariya].
Notes
1. Na yi hira da Giraldo akan wannan a 2004: http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5156
2. Don wasu kyawawan rahotanni kan kamfanonin haya, duba littafin Jeremy Scahill "Blackwater" da Naomi Klein's "The Shock Doctrine".
3. Duba hirara da Sanatan Colombia Jorge Robledo daga 2007: http://www.en-camino.org/node/67
4. Hector Mondragon yayi gardama akan haka a 2001: http://www.zmag.org/crisescurevts/colombia/hemon.htm
5. Dubi na "Menene Sojojin Colombian suke kaiwa Venezuela?": http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3389
6. Dubi "An Rushe Makircin Ta'addancina!": http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5499
7. Duba "Amsar Ƙarshe Ta Tankuna Za Su Ba da Amsa": http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5742
8. Duba na: "Kur'ar raba gardama ta Venezuela ta gaza - a yanzu" https://znetwork.org/zspace/commentaries/3277
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