Durban — A shekara ta 2007, tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya Nick Stern ya kira sauyin yanayi a matsayin mafi munin 'rashin kasuwa' a tarihi - tun da ba a cajin wadanda ke gurbata iskar gas, kuma tun da suna barazana ga al'ummomi masu zuwa da kuma yawan rayuwar halitta - kuma a haka. A lokaci guda, har ma da 1991 ravings na wani tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin, Larry Summers, ya yi ma'ana.
"Ina tsammanin dabarun tattalin arziki da ke bayan zubar da kaya mai guba a cikin mafi ƙarancin albashi ba shi da kyau kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan," in ji wata sanarwa tare da sa hannun Summers (http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/summers.html), ko da yake a zahiri Summers ƙwararren masanin tattalin arziki na Harvard Lant Pritchett ne kawai, masu binciken sun yi zargin.
Yana da ma'ana idan kun yi la'akari da kowane bangare na rayuwa ya zama kayayyaki, kuma idan kun yi imani da kasuwancin carbon shine hanyar da ta dace don magance sauyin yanayi, ta hanyar sarrafa iskar da aka daidaita ta kasuwannin kudi (kamar yadda Stern da Summers). Lallai 'Biyan Kuɗi don Sabis ɗin Muhalli' shine mantra na masu ba da shawara na 'Green Tattalin Arziki' masu sassaucin ra'ayi a babban taron Rio+20 na Duniya a watan Yuni.
Ba da shawara ga gyara kasuwa mai haɗari ga babbar gazawar kasuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na narkewar kasuwa, shine sabon sigar gazawar jihar. Idan kamar yadda aka zata, Barack Obama ya zabi Summers don karbar mukamin daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke rike da shugabancin bankin duniya, Robert Zoellick (http://www.counterpunch.org/2010/03/19/what-will-robert-zoellick-break-next/), to yana iya yin ɗaya daga cikin gazawar jihohi mafi muni a duniya.
Kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin da firaministan Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy ya nada a matsayin darektan asusun lamuni na duniya Christine Lagarde a watan Mayun da ya gabata - lokacin da ake bincikenta a birnin Paris, inda a matsayinta na ministar kudi ta baiwa wata abokiyar kawancen jam'iyyarta ta Conservative ta baiwa masu biyan haraji kudaden haraji. toshe a kasan ganga shugabanci na duniya.
Tare da barin Zoellick, yanzu ana ci gaba da neman shugabancin bankin Dominique Strauss-Kahn - tsohon Manajan Darakta na IMF ya nutse a cikin karar farar hula na New York don fyade da binciken zoben karuwanci na Lille - da Paul Wolfowitz, tsohon Shugaban bankin ya kori a shekara ta 2007 saboda son zuciya, kodayake ba don kasancewarsa shi ne gine-ginen mamayewar Washington na man fetur na 2003 na Iraki ba.
Kasar Afirka ta Kudu tana da dan takararta mai cike da shakku, tsohon ministan kudi Trevor Manuel (http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/the-myth-of-manuel-s-wizardry-1.1072429), wanda a kan asusun wani ɗan Irish (http://www.paddypower.com/bet/novelty-betting/current-affairs/world-bank?ev_oc_grp_ids=609714) yana da rashin daidaito na 20-1, a matsayi na shida, sabanin 4-11 don Summerrunner na gaba.
Duk da haka, duk wannan ba gaskiya bane, siyasa ce kawai. Zurfafa zurfafa kuma kuna jin babban tanadin nauyi matsayi wannan tarihi tarawa da samuwar aji.
Irin wannan runduna ta nauyi ta yi wa siyasar Afirka ta Kudu nauyi, don haka lokacin da shugaba Jacob Zuma da ministan kudi na yanzu Pravin Gordhan suka yi jawabi a majalisar dokokin kasar a farkon wannan watan, sun kwatanta gazawar manyan kasashen duniya wajen karkatar da albarkatun daga kamfanoni masu lalata zuwa ga mutanen da abin ya fi shafa.
Maimakon haka, Zuma da Gordhan sun ba da dala biliyan 40 ga masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya daga 2012-29 (tare da Gordhan ya yi watsi da ambaton wannan caca mai matukar hatsari a cikin jawabinsa), kuma aƙalla ninki biyu na adadin a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa don samar da wutar lantarki na kwal. don ababen more rayuwa da ke ɗauke da fitar da gawayi da sauri, da kuma kasuwancin tituna a yankin Johannesburg (godiya ga sanannen tawaye ga e-tolling, wannan ba za a iya cimma kan mai amfani-biya).
Har ila yau jihar za ta biya kudi mai yawa don yawan lalata ruwa na lardunan Limpopo da Mpumalanga da ke gabashin Joburg, sakamakon rikicin 'Acid Mine Drainage' wanda Eskom da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na kasa da kasa suka haifar.
Yaya wannan dandali tare da karbar bakuncin taron kolin sauyin yanayi na Durban COP17 a watan Disambar da ya gabata, a nan garin Gordhan, wanda kuma shine tushen wutar lantarki na Zuma?
Ba da kyau ba, duk da haka ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun matakai na ɓarna a cikin zamantakewa-muhalli-tattalin arziki neo-apartheid. A farkon wannan watan, masu bincike na jami'ar Yale da Colombia sun tantance Afirka ta Kudu a matsayi na biyar mafi muni a cikin 'kasashe 132 da suka yi nazari. Rukuni guda uku da muke da nisa su ne asarar gandun daji, iskar sulfur dioxide da hayakin carbon.
Laifi na Pretoria na kudi, makamashi da jami'an ma'adinai; Shugabannin Eskom na Johannesburg; da gidajen hakar ma'adinai da karafa da ke da hedkwatar Melbourne da London. Waɗannan mazaje (mafi yawa) sun yarda kan dumbin wutar lantarki don narkewar ƙarfe-ƙarfa, duk da cewa yana haifar da mafi ƙarancin aiki / ƙimar kWh a duniya da mafi ƙarancin hayaƙi mai gurɓataccen iska a kowace raka'a na yawan kuɗin tattalin arzikin kowane mutum.
Irin wannan hauka na muhalli da na kuɗi yana ci gaba saboda ma'adinan jari-hujja Ma'adinai-Energy Complex ya kasance cikakke. Abin baƙin ciki shine, ƙarfin da ya fi ƙarfin ƙirƙira tsarin aikin bakin haure na wariyar launin fata bai yi rauni ba bayan 1994, duk da cewa fannin hakar ma'adinai ya ƙara ba da gudummawar da ba za ta samu ba ga GDPn ƙasar a lokacin bunƙasar ma'adinan 2002-08.
Ɗaya daga cikin dalili shi ne gudummawar ma'adinai ga jirgin sama na kamfanoni, wanda a cikin 2007 - a mafi girma - ya kai kashi 20 cikin dari na GDP na Afirka ta Kudu, a cewar amintattun masana tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Wits.
Ga waccan sharar gida da fitar da albarkatun dole ne a kara cin hanci da rashawa, wanda Chancellor House (wani bangaren tattara kudade na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) da yarjejeniyar Hitachi ta dala biliyan 5 ga masu tukunyar jirgi na Eskom wanda a bayyane ba za a isar da su kan lokaci ba, don haka ana fuskantar wani zagaye na fitar da ruwa.
Bayan wannan yarjejeniya, mai kare jama'a na SA Lawrence Mushwana ya samu a cikin 2009, shine shugabar Eskom Valli Moosa, wanda ya 'yi rashin adalci' saboda ya bayar da kwangilar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rashin fahimtar juna, domin a lokaci guda ya yi aiki a kwamitin kudi na ANC.
Wannan gaskiyar ba ta damu da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan teburin ciniki na canjin yanayi ba, wanda a taron Bonn ya ba Moosa shugaban kwamitin 'High-Level Panel on the Clean Development Mechanism Policy Tattaunawa'. tabbatar da cinikin carbon, da mai da iskar gas, duk da yawaitar iskar gas-kasuwar Turai na zamba da cin hanci da rashawa, ba tare da ma maganar faduwar farashin kaya ba.
Moosa kuma yana zaune a kan allo na otal ɗin Sun International, Anglo Platinum, Sanlam inshora da sufuri da yawon shakatawa na Imperial Holdings - duk manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Lokacin da yake matsayin ministan muhalli na SA a cikin 2002, ya shirya taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg, ba tare da ambaton yanayin ba, baya ga shawarwarin cinikin carbon. Don ma'auni mai kyau, Moosa kuma yana shugabantar Asusun Duniya (WWF) don Babin Nature na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke haɓaka kasuwancin carbon.
A wani bangare na godiya ga tasirin WWF, Afirka ta Kudu kwanan nan ta sha fama da matsalar gazawar ƙungiyoyin jama'a. An sake nuna baje kolin a makon da ya gabata lokacin da masu fafutukar kare sauyin yanayi 100 suka taru a wani otal na birnin Durban don baiwa juna rahotannin gawarwakin gawarwaki daga taron kolin yanayi na COP17 a watan Disambar da ya gabata. Wadanda suka fi kaskantar da kai (ni kaina sun hada da, a sakamakon wuce gona da iri da ake yi kafin taron kolin game da al'adun mu na zanga-zangar) sun damu da cewa kungiyar tabbatar da adalci ta kasar ta kasa neman a yi musu hisabi daga 1% na masu tattaunawa a cikin cibiyar taron wadanda su ne, a kimiyance. , makircin kisan kiyashi da kisan gilla.
Mafi tsananin zargi na rashin ƙarfi na muhalli ya fito ne daga ƙwararrun haziƙan Ashwin Desai, marubucin littafin. Mu ne Talakawa (Bita na Wata-wata, 2002). Desai ya kai hari kan 'babban suna masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu' wadanda suka mamaye babbar zanga-zangar adawa da COP17 a ranar 3 ga Disamban da ya gabata: 'Kungiyoyin gida na gida sun zama 'yan kallo, kuma an ba su izinin fitowa ne kawai na lokaci-lokaci tare da yawanci layi daya; "Amandla!" [Ikon!]'
Wannan tattakin zuwa cibiyar taron Durban, Desai ya koka da cewa, ‘ya kai ministan hulda da kasa da kasa, da shugaban COP17 Maita Nkoana-Mashabane ga talakawan da suka taru a kasa. Ta yi amfani da wannan dama ta bayyana irin muhimmancin da kungiyoyin farar hula ke da shi, sannan ta yi alkawarin yin nazari a kan wata takarda. Ta kasance mai kyauta da kyauta. Ina iya ganin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da ke kan motar suna ɗaukar kansu cikin hasken wannan amincewa kuma wataƙila sun ƙara kuɗi.'
Sai dai Desai za ta kasance ta farko da ta bayyana yadda wasu 'yan gwagwarmayar al'ummar Durban suka yi kokarin danganta yanayi da matsalolin da suke damun su na gaggawa, ciki har da tsadar wutar lantarki sakamakon gina tashar wutar lantarki da ake yi da kwal; guguwa mai tsanani (wanda ya haddasa aƙalla asarar rayuka takwas a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba); da fashe-fashe na yau da kullun na masana'antar man petro-sunadarai, kamar gobarar matatar mai ta Engen a ranar 10 ga Oktoban da ya gabata wanda ya kwantar da yara 100 a asibiti a makarantar Settlers Primary School da ke Kudancin Durban.
Ga Desai, wanda ya taimaka tare da tattara kai tsaye daga baya, 'Akwai gwajin litmus. A shekara ta 2001 [a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da wariyar launin fata] an yi wani gagarumin maci a nan, tare da wasu mutane 10,000 a kan tituna, wani maci na daban: 'yan bindiga, masu zagin masu mulki na yankin, tare da zagi a allunansa. Sanarwar Durban ya kasance wani zargi na visceral na tsarin mulkin mu a matsayin wakili na babban birnin duniya da manufofin tattalin arziki wanda ke kara yawan rashin daidaito da karuwar talauci.'
Abin baƙin ciki shine, a cikin wurin da aka fi samun tsattsauran ra'ayi na zanga-zangar adawa da kamfanoni, duk yadda shugabannin Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Durban ta Kudu suka yi ƙoƙarin yin gangami a makonnin da suka gabata COP17 (kuma ni ma ɗan ƙasa ne kuma mazaunin gida), haƙƙin masana'antu na Afirka ba zai iya ba. akai-akai isar da masu zanga-zanga fiye da ɗari kaɗan daga mutane 300,000 da abin ya shafa a yankin.
Shin yanayi wani lamari ne na rashin bege don zaburar da talakawa? Daga Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani da Ci gaba ta Cape Town, Thembeka Majali ta sake cewa, 'Mutane sun san menene sauyin yanayi yayin da suke da alaƙa da hakan a kan gwagwarmayar su ta yau da kullun kuma sun san yadda za su dace da sauyin yanayi - fari, ambaliya da ke raba mutanen [waɗanda] ƙaura. zuwa sauran sassan nahiyar, filayen noma da kamun kifi, da dai sauransu – amma sun fahimci cewa a baya-bayan nan abin ya yi yawa kuma suna bukatar taimakon gwamnati don rayuwarsu, kuma yanzu sun fahimci cewa wannan barazana ce ga rayuwar bil’adama.
Amma irin waɗannan buƙatun koyaushe suna faɗowa kan kunnuwa. Madadin haka, don Desai, shiryawa da COP17 yana da wannan sakamako mai ban takaici: 'Ƙungiyoyin jama'a kamar yadda ake sarrafa su sosai, suna rage mutane zuwa ƙwararrun masu fara'a, suna aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa ga iko.'
Masu fafutuka waɗanda suka goyi bayan haɗin kan haɗin gwiwar 'C17' na ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna da kowane irin uzuri don nuna rashin ƙarfi, gami da masu ba da kuɗi marasa tsari (ko da yaushe gaskiya, misali a Amurka: http://www.alternet.org/story/154290/why_the_environmental_movement_is_not_winningHatta manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (WWF da Greenpeace) a bayyane suke ba da gudummawar lokacin ma'aikata kawai amma ba wasu albarkatu ba. Waɗannan da sauran ƙungiyoyin da suka yi wa kwamitin C17 hidima, kamar al'ummomin bangaskiya da wasu ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, sun gudanar da taron gasa zuwa ga C17's 'Sararin Jama'a', a wurare a cikin gari, suna cin nasara kan manufar haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
David le Page na babbar hanyar sadarwa ta addini-adalci, ya yi dariya, ‘Ina tsammanin Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Ƙasa ba ta ma damu da hayar masu tayar da hankali ba! Ina iya ganin abin rahoton: "Na gode wa rikice-rikice a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a wannan shekara, ba a buƙatar wakilai don kutsawa da rushewa."'
Duk da haka rikice-rikicen ya kasance, watakila, ma'ana, don sau da yawa yana jin kamar sarrafa-freakery da intrinsic NGO conservatism ya mamaye dabarun C17 (wani abu da na gani da idonsa lokacin ƙoƙarin samar da sarari ga Majalisar Matan Karkara). Wani mai fafutukar al'adu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Stephen Murphy, ya koka game da ci gaba da aika saƙon imel da ke ba da taimako wanda ba a amsa ba, don haka, "Na daina ko da ƙoƙarin samun ko da mafi ƙanƙanta ayyuka wakilai, kuma na juya ƙoƙarina zuwa OccupyCOP17 da durbanclimatejustice.net - rukunin yanar gizo wanda, ta hanyar, ba tare da kasafin kuɗi ko umarni ba ya sarrafa fiye da hits dubu fiye da gidan yanar gizon C17, kuma idan kun haɗa da taronofpolluters.com da kuma occupycop17.org wanda ni ma ina gudu, fiye da ninki biyu. Me yasa? Domin mun samar da sarari don matsayi na siyasa da sharhi, ko da ba mu kanmu muke yin waɗannan maganganun ba.'
An raba sukar Murphy na C17 a siyasance, idan aka yi la'akari da gazawar kawancen na daukar matakin adalci kan sauyin yanayi. A babban taronsa na tsakiyar 2011 a Durban, an gabatar da jerin bukatu 26 don samar da cikakken bayanin siyasa - duk da haka masu gudanarwa na C17 ko ta yaya sun yarda cewa kowane memba na taron zai iya yin watsi da duk wata bukata guda, wanda ya rage saura hudu a matsayin mafi kankanta. - na kowa-maida.
Tabbatacce, da yawa bisa gaskiya sun yaba wa manyan membobin kwamitin C17 don aiki tukuru (ko da yake wasu 11 sun kasance AWOL). Har yanzu ƙananan tasirin C17 - wanda aka nuna ba wai kawai a cikin gazawar masu sasantawa don yanke hayaki ba amma a cikin gazawarmu don samar da ci gaba don daidaita yanayin yanayi - ba ta da kyau don haɗin kai a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba don ceton yanayi da tattalin arzikin SA daga ma'adanai- Makamashi Complex da ministocin kudi.
A taƙaice, ƙididdige ƙididdiga na babban taron koli na yanayi dole ne ya ba da binciken gawarwakin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da kuma fatan, ma, ko dai a gano cutar ta farfaɗo da wannan gawar ko kuma a maimakon haka don ƙin yarda da 'haɗin kai' mai cin karo da juna. ’yan kasuwan carbon da ƙwararrun zamantakewa… a lokacin da gaske, sun fi dacewa su tsunduma cikin rikici mai ma’ana.
Patrick Bond ya jagoranci Cibiyar Kula da Jama'a ta UKZN, http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za.