Bond / Johannesburg
Daya
daga cikin cututtukan da aka fi sani da cutar kwalara da aka sani ga bil'adama, na ci gaba
don yaduwa a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke shafar daruruwan mutane a rana. Fiye da 80,000
mutane sun kamu da cutar a cikin watanni takwas da suka gabata, kuma kusan 180 sun kamu da cutar
sun rasa rayukansu, akasari a lardin KwaZulu-Natal da ke arewacin Durban – inda
Za a gudanar da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan wariyar launin fata a watan Agusta. Sauran mutane hudu
ya mutu ne sakamakon kamuwa da cutar kwalara kwanaki kadan da suka gabata a garin Alexandra – ‘yan kilomita kadan daga yankin
Shafin Sandton na Satumba 2002 Taron Duniya akan Ci gaban Al'umma.
As
Bankin Duniya da IMF sun yi taron shekara-shekara na bazara a Washington a
karshen watan, lokaci ne mai kyau don yin la'akari da yatsa a wurin
na wannan laifi. Makonni shida da suka gabata, wani babban taron bita a Kampala na kasar Uganda ya kira
Bankin da kawayen Afirka sun fito karara sun bayyana ajandar biyu, wato kara habaka
ba da lamuni don tsarin ruwa (a lokaci ɗaya rancen Afirka gabaɗaya da
Ƙarfin kashewa ya ragu sosai), kuma don siyar da ruwa ta hanyar
Shirye-shiryen "Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a-Private" (PPP).
A cewar sanarwar Kampala na taron bitar, “Saboda ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi
albarkatun a mafi yawan kasashen Afirka, ya kamata a samar da kudaden waje
rufe gibin aiki da ya biyo baya a tsakanin ingantattun sabis
da karuwar kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun farko na PPP. Ingantattun dawo da farashi,
don tabbatar da dorewa da inganta sabis, dole ne ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan
gyara fannin ruwa da tsafta."
Yana da ma'ana, eh? Amma shaidan yana cikin cikakkun bayanai, kamar yadda za mu gani.
The
gagarumar zanga-zangar birnin Quebec na adawa da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta Amurka
yana nufin cewa masu fafutuka na Washington waɗanda suka shirya mafi girma na Afrilun da ya gabata
zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan tarurrukan suna ci gaba da kasancewa har sai babban WB/IMF
tarurruka na shekara-shekara a ƙarshen Satumba (zama a can!). Duk da haka, a ƙarshen Afrilu
Za a dauki nauyin taron karawa juna sani da shekaru 50 ya isa, kalubalen duniya
Ƙaddamarwa da sauransu, don mai da hankali kan daidaita tsarin Bankin/IMF
shirye-shirye, musamman kan dabarun ruwa na Bankin/IMF. Alakar dake tsakanin
biyun suna da mahimmanci musamman, ganin cewa samun raguwar bashi sau da yawa
yana buƙatar mallakar sirri (http://www.challengeglobalization.org).
South
Matsalar Afirka ta fi girma a gida, wanda ya haifar da rashin isasshen ruwan sha
zuwa zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata wanda aka tilasta wa miliyoyin mutane a ciki
rashin ruwa "kasashen gida"). Amma gwamnatin Congress National Congress ta "neoliberal"
Manufar (madaidaicin kasuwa) ta ta'azzara al'amura tun bayan samun 'yanci a 1994.
Musamman, an yanke shawarar yanke kayan abinci ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba
su, da ƙin tallafin da ya isa don ba da damar shigar da famfo da
tsaftar muhalli a duk gidaje masu karamin karfi.
The
yanayin yanayin tattalin arziki mai faɗi shima yana da mahimmanci. A cikin 1996, Afirka ta Kudu ta karɓi
wani shirin austerity na neoliberal: wanda ba a san shi ba "Growth, Employment and
Dabarun sake rarrabawa, wanda a zahiri ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki, taro
rashin aikin yi da polarisation. Tawagar mutane 15 ne suka shirya shirin
masana tattalin arziki, ciki har da biyu daga Bankin Duniya, ta amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki da aka zana
a wani bangare daga bankin duniya. Ya yi kasa a gwiwa sosai a cikin dukkan hari sai dai
yanke gibin kasafin kudi da hauhawar farashi.
amma
wace rawa Bankin Duniya ya taka a cikin manyan shawarwarin manufofin ruwa guda biyu cewa
ya haifar da barkewar cutar kwalara-wato inganta yanke ruwa da kuma karaya
zuba jari a isassun famfo da bandaki ga masu karamin karfi na Afirka ta Kudu?
The
labarin ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1990. Amma da sauri-gaba na ɗan lokaci zuwa Agusta 2000,
lokacin da cutar kwalara ta barke a Ngwelezane, arewacin Durban. Abin mamaki, a
Shirin 1983 na tsohuwar gwamnatin KwaZulu ta samar da ruwa kyauta
zuwa yankin biyo bayan fari. Shugaban zartarwa na yankin Uthungulu
Majalisar, B B Biyela, ya tabbatar da cewa, “A karshe an lura da shi, kuma aka yanke shawara
don kashe kayan aiki. An yi wa mutanen isasshiyar gargadi da kuma
An katse kayan aiki a farkon watan Agusta." Kudin haɗin R51 ($ 6) ya kasance
marasa araha ga dubban mutane, waɗanda aka tilasta musu komawa cikin ƙazantattun koguna da
rafukan da suka kamu da cutar kisa.
Abin da
shine tushen yanke mafi talauci na Afirka ta Kudu, mafi yawan dogaro?
Shiga Bankin Duniya.
South
Ma'aikatan Bankin sun sanar da manufofin Afirka da ayyukan tun daga lokacin
"Ayyukan bincike" na Washington sun fara ziyartar Johannesburg 'yan shekaru
kafin a ci mulkin dimokuradiyya. Wani babban jami'in bankin (Piers Cross) ma ya dauki izinin zuwa
yi aiki a matsayin shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Mvula Trust, wacce ta fara rashin ingancin ruwa
bayarwa kafin zaben dimokradiyya na 1994. Falsafar bayarwa ya kasance
gina ƙananan kayan more rayuwa waɗanda ke iyakance kayayyaki zuwa lita 25 a kowace
mutum kowace rana, matsakaicin, a cikin famfo na gama gari marasa tsafta waɗanda galibi suna yaɗuwa
cuta fiye da yadda ta rage, cajin masu amfani da cikakken farashi-dawo don kulawa
da kuma ayyuka. (ANC ta yi yakin neman zabe a shekarar 1994 bisa alƙawarin matsakaicin wa'adi
mafi ƙarancin lita 50 ga mutum a kowace rana.)
By
Nuwamba 1994, ma'aikatan Bankin karkashin jagorancin mataimakin wakilin mazaunin, Junaid
Ahmed, ya tsara manyan sassan "Zan Jari na Gine-gine na Birane
Tsarin," kuma Bankin ya fitar da wani daftarin karshe bayan watanni hudu a karkashin dokar
a karkashin ma'aikatar sake ginawa da raya kasa a ofishin
Shugaba Mandela. Tsarin ya tanadar don famfunan ruwa na gama gari da kuma don
ramin bayan gida inda gidaje ke samun kasa da R800 ($ 100) kudin shiga na wata-wata.
To
tabbatar da irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙa'idodi, zaɓi na ƙetare tallafin daga tsakiya
gwamnati zuwa kananan hukumomi an yi watsi da su karara. The muhalli da
Ba a yi la'akari da farashin lafiyar jama'a na ɗakunan ramuka ba, haka ma fa'idodi
("tabbatattun abubuwan waje") waɗanda zasu gudana daga mafi girman matakan ruwa: misali,
daidaiton jinsi, raguwar tattalin arziƙin daga mafi girman matakan samar da ababen more rayuwa (microenterprises,
mafi girma yawan aiki, da dai sauransu), da kuma ƙasƙantar da ƙasa.
In
Oktoba 1995, babban kwararre kan ruwa na Bankin da ke aiki a Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho,
John Roome, ya shawarci Ministan Ruwa na lokacin Kader Asmal da dama
manufofin canje-canje. Yakamata Asmal tayi taka tsantsan akan barin kananan manoman baki
sami sabon damar yin ban ruwa, Roome ya dage. Kuma dole ne ya aiwatar da "aminci
barazanar yanke sabis" ga masu amfani da marasa biyan kuɗi.
Kananan hukumomi sun fara katse ruwan sha ga wadanda ba su iya biya.
har ma – ba bisa ka’ida ba – ga daukacin unguwanni a cikin talakawa
ƙauyuka (ciki har da waɗanda suka biya kuɗi) ta hanyar yanke hanyar shiga
hanyoyin ruwa.
A lokacin da
da aka yi tambaya game da bala'in kwalara a cikin Janairu 2001, babban darektan
Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Gandun daji, Mike Muller, a ƙarshe ya yarda da hakan
SA Broadcasting Corporation, "Wataƙila mu ma mun kasance kadan
kasuwa-daidaitacce." Duk da haka, ko da bayan wannan matsanancin rashin fahimta, rahotanni
ci gaba da katsewar ruwan sha na birni saboda rashin iya biyan mabukaci, tare da
Muller da sabon ministan ruwa, Ronnie Kasrils suna tsaye a wurin.
The
Garin Hermanus na Western Cape mai samun kyauta, wanda ya taɓa shahara da ruwa
shiga da kiyayewa, an fara korar da kuma makala gidajen talakawa
don biyan bashin ruwa a watan Fabrairu. Wata mai zuwa, Johannesburg
jami'ai sun fara yanke ayyukan ruwa saboda bashin asusu na wutar lantarki. The
Tasirin tunanin Banki a kan ma'aikatan ofishin ya kasance mai dorewa sosai.
Tabbas, Dabarun Taimakon Ƙasa na Bankin na 1999 ya fito fili ya nuna hakan
Gabatarwa Roome ta 1995 "Power-point" ga Asmal "kayan aiki ne a ciki
sauƙaƙe bita mai tsauri a cikin tsarin Afirka ta Kudu na yawan ruwa
management."
In
Maris 2000, Babban Bankin Duniya na "Littafin Tushen Ci Gaban Korar Al'umma a cikin
Yankin Afirka - Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan Al'umma," wanda ya ambaci Roome a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa,
ya sake magance matsalar araha. A cewar littafin tushe, "aiki
har yanzu ana buƙatar shugabannin siyasa a wasu gwamnatocin ƙasa don ƙaura
daga manufar ruwa kyauta ga kowa."
wannan
hukuncin ya bayyana wata daya bayan Kasrils ya fara bayyana aniyarsa
samar da ruwa kyauta, a watan Fabrairun 2000.
In
Bugu da kari, littafin ya ci gaba da cewa, kamata ya yi gwamnatocin Afirka su bi
tsarin neoliberal don samar da kuɗaɗen ruwa: "Haɓaka haɓaka haɓaka ƙimar babban jari
daga masu amfani. Gudunmawar tsabar kuɗi ta gaba bisa yarda-da-bayar da suke yi ita ce
da ake buƙata daga masu amfani don nuna buƙata da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma zuwa
gudanar da kudade da jadawalin kuɗin fito. Tabbatar 100% dawo da aiki da kulawa
kudin."
A lokacin da
Manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu kamar Mvula Trust sun yi kokarin dawo da farashi 100% a lokacin
tsakiyar 1990s, sun gano cewa ya haifar da rushewar ayyukan da aka tsara.
Ayyukan ruwan al'umma na Pretoria sun sami kusan kashi 1% na dawo da farashi,
kuma galibin famfunan da Kader Asmal ta fito daga 1995-99 sun bushe.
The
matsin lamba don dawo da 100% na farashin aiki da kulawa ya zo cikin babban sashi
daga turawa zuwa mai zaman kansa. Kamar yadda Muller ya bayyana, “an yanke shawara a 1997
cewa amfani da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don samar da sabis na ruwa ya zama
wanda aka tsara a cikin tsarin da aka tsara, wanda aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa duk Kudu
'Yan Afirka na da damar samun ayyukan ruwa."
amma
Karancin kuɗin fito ga matalauta zai hana sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Roome ya, a cikin Oktoba 1995, ya soki ANC ta "Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba
Shirin" alƙawarin samar da hanyar rayuwa kyauta (ƙananan amfani) na samar da ruwa da ake buƙata
ta talakawa, don a biya ta mafi tsada farashin ga masu amfani da yawa.
Irin wannan "tashi block tariff" bai kamata ba, Roome ya shaidawa Asmal, domin
kwangilar mallakar kamfani "zai yi wahala a kafa" idan matalauta masu amfani
yana da tsammanin samun wani abu a banza. (Wannan daidai ne, idan
rashin mutuntaka, layi na tunani.)
A
Binciken na baya-bayan nan ya tabbatar da cewa tun lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta samu 'yanci a cikin 1994, yawancinsu
Biranen da aka yi nazari a kansu sun yi ta daidaita harajin haraji, ta hanyar yin caji kadan
mafi girma rates ga ƙananan-amfani tubalan, kuma in mun gwada da m rates for
masu amfani da hedonistic. Ministocin ruwa ba su yi wani abu ba don hana irin wannan
dabarar farashin-Robin-Hood, har sai sanarwar Kasrils na kyauta
toshe rayuwa.
In
A halin yanzu, a cikin watan Mayu 1997, zuba jari mai zaman kansa na Bankin Duniya
reshen, International Finance Corporation (IFC), ya sanar da zai dauka
hannun jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 25 a bankin Standard "Asusun samar da ababen more rayuwa na Afirka ta Kudu."
Wannan asusun yana tsammanin samun riba kan zuba jari fiye da 30% - a Amurka
sharuddan dala (ƙari a cikin kuɗin gida) - a cikin 90% na ayyukanta. Musamman ma, IFC
Ba a yi ƙoƙarin saka hannun jari ba ta hanyar da ko dai ta tabbatar da ababen more rayuwa
samun dama ta hanyar rayuwa, ko kuma hakan zai faɗaɗa ikon mallakar kai tsaye zuwa ga
baki rinjaye.
Duk da yake
IFC tana neman saka hannun jari na kamfanoni, Bankin Duniya na fuskantar tuhuma
na rikice-rikice-ban sha'awa ta hanyar ci gaba da inganta harkokin kasuwanci a matsayin manufofin jama'a.
A wani babban birni, Port Elizabeth, Ahmed ya shafe mako guda a 1996 yana gina ruwa
Samfuran farashin da suka haɗa da zaɓi na cibiyoyi guda ɗaya kawai: siyar da kayan
aikin ruwa na birni. Daban-daban da'awar game da yuwuwar haɓaka ingantaccen aiki sun kasance
da aka yi, wasu daga cikinsu-kamar yiwuwar rage ma'aikata daga 6.5 zuwa 3.5 per
Masu amfani da ruwa 1,000, da fa'idar 1.2% riba akan abin da ya shafi babban birnin kasar
rance ga kamfani mai zaman kansa sabanin gundumomi – aka dogara da su
sosai dubious zato.
Shaida na shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya a cikin bala'o'in ruwa da yawa na Afirka ta Kudu
a fili yake. Ajandar ta bayyana a sarari: * mayar da ruwan Afirka ta Kudu mai zaman kanta; *
canza jadawalin kuɗin fito don rage farashin zuwa mawadata kuma a ɗaga shi don ƙaramin girma
masu amfani; * hana mutane masu karamin karfi damar shiga saboda ba za su iya biya cikakke ba
aiki da kulawa; da * kula da ƙananan ƙa'idodi na
ababen more rayuwa (famfo na jama'a da latrine) ko da a cikin manyan birane.
(Wannan
lissafin bai ma haɗa da haɓakar da Bankin ke da shi ba na manyan madatsun ruwa, irin su
kamar yadda wadanda suka yi barna mai yawa a Lesotho, sun biya
da yawa daga mazaunan Johannesburg masu karamin karfi wadanda ruwansu
ayyuka ba su inganta ba tun lokacin wariyar launin fata.)
Yana da
kawai haɗuwa da abubuwa da yawa a cikin 2000, ciki har da cutar kwalara,
wanda zai iya rikitar da shawarar Bankin Duniya - amma shekaru shida sun makara ga mutane da yawa
ya mutu ko ya sha fama da cutar da za a iya hana shi saboda manufofin ruwa na Neoliberal da
aiki.
A
shekaru goma da suka gabata, gabanin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da raya kasa a Rio
de Janeiro, babban masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin Duniya Lawrence Summers (yanzu shugaban Harvard)
ya sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta cikin gida da mujallar The Economist ta buga a ciki
Fabrairu 2002-wanda ya haɗa da mafi shahararren jumla a tarihin ci gaba: "I
tunanin dabarun tattalin arziki na zubar da kaya mai guba a cikin mafi ƙarancin albashi
kasar nan babu makawa kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan."
The
Bankin Duniya ya dauki wani bangare, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, don zubar da kaya
manufofin ruwa na Neoliberal mai guba a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana lalata ruwan duniya har yanzu
wani dalili na rufe waccan cibiyar nan da nan. (http://www.worldbankboycott.org)
(Patrick Bond yana nan