A tsakiyar maraba da ta game da mania na biofuel, sharhin ZNet na Vandana Shiva a watan da ya gabata (Disamba 13, 2007) ita ma ta yi wannan batu: 'Ka'idar Kyoto ta kauce wa ƙalubalen kayan aiki na dakatar da ayyukan da ke haifar da haɓakar hayaki da ƙalubalen siyasa na ƙa'ida. masu gurbata muhalli da kuma sanya masu gurbata muhalli su biya bisa ka'idojin da aka amince da su a taron koli na duniya a Rio. A maimakon haka, Kyoto ta samar da tsarin cinikin hayaki wanda a sakamakon haka ya ba wa masu gurɓata lada ta hanyar ba su haƙƙoƙin yanayi da cinikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin gurbatawa.'
Lalle ne a cikin 1997 a Kyoto, Al Gore bamboozled masu sasantawa don ɗaukar cinikin carbon a matsayin dabarun yanayi na tsakiya don musanya goyon bayan Washington - wanda bai taɓa faruwa ba.
Hakazalika taron jam'iyyu na Kyoto na watan da ya gabata a Bali ya ba da damar muhawarar 'kowa da Amurka' ta tona asirin matsaloli masu dorewa. Hatta masu fafutukar kare muhalli da ’yan kasa da yawa suna tunanin cewa gina Kyoto ita ce dabarar da ta dace don tattaunawar bayan Bali.
Waɗannan sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ayyukan Aiki na Yanayi na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu samun tallafi na kamfanoni ciki har da IUCN, Saliyo Club, Ƙungiyar Dabbobi ta Duniya da Asusun Kare Muhalli. Sanatoci Sanders, Kerry, Lieberman, McCain, Leahy, Feinstein, Bingaman, Snow, Specter, Alexander da Carper sun gabatar da dokoki a cikin 2007 masu nuna cinikin hayaki.
'Gyar da matsalar kasuwa (gurbata) tare da maganin kasuwa' har yanzu mantra ne ga wasu haske-kore, duk da shekara guda na rahotannin abin kunya daga masu aiki da manema labarai.
Shekara guda da ta wuce, Peter Atherton na Citigroup ya yi ikirari a cikin wani yanayi mai karfi cewa tsarin ciniki na Emissions na Tarayyar Turai (ETS) bai yi wani abu don hana hayaki ba kuma ya zama "haraji mai saurin raguwa da ke fadowa galibi a kan talakawa." A kan ko an cimma manufofin manufofin, ya yarda: 'Farashi ya tashi, hayaki ya tashi, riba ya tashi… don haka, ba da gaske ba. Wanene ya ci nasara kuma ya yi rashin nasara? Duk kayan aiki na tushen tsara - masu nasara. Kwal da masu samar da makamashin nukiliya - manyan masu nasara. Kudaden shinge da 'yan kasuwar makamashi - har ma da manyan masu nasara. Masu hasara… ahem… Masu amfani!'
Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta tabbatar a watan Maris din da ya gabata cewa cinikin hayaki 'zai sami kudi ga wasu manyan kamfanoni, amma kada ku yi imani na tsawon minti daya cewa wannan bala'in zai yi matukar tasiri game da dumamar yanayi.' Takardar ta kira cinikin carbon 'neman hayar tsohon-tsare… samun kuɗi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo tsarin.'
Da yake magana da labarai na Channel Four a watan Maris da ya gabata, Kwamishinan Makamashi na Turai ya ba da wannan hukunci akan ETS: 'Rashin gazawa'. Yvo de Boer, shugaban kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, ya yi gargadin 'yiwuwar kasuwar ka iya rugujewa gaba daya.' A watan Afrilun 2006, farashin carbon a kasuwannin Turai ya faɗi da rabin dare saboda rashin gudanar da hukumomi na ETS.
Amma ba kawai a Turai ba. A cewar binciken da mujallar Newsweek ta yi na cinikin carbon na duniya na uku (ta hanyar Tsabtace Tsabtace Injiniyanci) a watan Maris da ya gabata, 'Ba ya aiki… [kuma yana wakiltar] babbar hanyar da ba ta da inganci ta yanke hayaki a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.' Mujallar ta kira cinikin 'Wasan harsashi' wanda ya tura 'dalar Amurka biliyan 3 zuwa wasu mafi munin gurbataccen iska a duniya masu tasowa'.
Bayan cikakken jerin matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da cinikin carbon da kashe kuɗi, Financial Times ta ƙarasa da cewa 'carbon' ''screen'' ne kawai.
A cikin watan Yuni, jaridar The Guardian ta ba da labarin bincikenta tare da wulakanci daidai: 'Gaskiya game da Kyoto: Babban riba, ƙaramin carbon da aka ajiye… Cin zarafi da rashin iyawa a cikin yaƙi da ɗumamar yanayi… Gaskiyar da ba ta dace ba game da masana'antar sarrafa carbon.'
A halin yanzu ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin Big Green da sanin ya kamata - ko kuma mai sauƙi (tunda manyan ma'aikatan CAN yanzu suna aiki a masana'antar) - sun sa su zama marasa amfani a matsayin masu sa ido kan cinikin carbon.
To to wa zamu koma?
Taron na Bali ya ƙunshi wani zaɓi na ginin motsi a waje: Adalci na Yanayi Yanzu! kawancen da ya kunshi Watch Trade Watch (Cibiyar Jumhuriyar Jumhuriyar Jumhuriyar Nijar); Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli; Mai da hankali kan Kudancin Duniya; 'Yanci daga Ƙungiyoyin Bashi, Philippines; Abokan Duniya na Duniya; Mata don Adalci na Yanayi da Ƙungiyar Gandun Daji ta Duniya; Shirin Muhalli na Adalci na Duniya; Taron kasa da kasa kan dunkulewar duniya; Cibiyar sadarwa ta Kalikasan-People don Muhalli; La Vía Campesina; Kungiyar Durban don Adalci na Yanayi; Agogon mai; Haɗin gwiwar Muhalli na Yan asalin Pacific; Dorewa Makamashi da Tattalin Arziki Network (Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa); Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli ta Yan Asalin; Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya ta Uku; Zauren Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Indonesiya akan Adalci na Yanayi; da Kungiyar Dajin Ruwa ta Duniya.
Haɗin gwiwar sun soki kasuwancin carbon kuma sun yi kira da a samar da mafita na gaskiya: 'Rage amfani; babban kuɗin da aka ba da kuɗi daga Arewa zuwa Kudu bisa alhakin tarihi da bashi na muhalli don daidaitawa da rage farashin da aka biya ta hanyar sauya kasafin kuɗin soja, sabbin haraji da kuma soke bashi; barin burbushin mai a cikin ƙasa da saka hannun jari don dacewa da ingantaccen makamashi da aminci, tsabta da makamashin da za'a iya sabuntawa na al'umma; kiyaye albarkatu na tushen haƙƙoƙin da ke aiwatar da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar da kuma haɓaka ikon jama'a akan makamashi, dazuzzuka, ƙasa da ruwa; da noman iyali mai ɗorewa da ikon mallakar abinci na mutane.'
A cikin Oktoba 2004, an kafa Durban Group don magance matsalolin da ke cikin kasuwancin carbon, yana mai gargadin duk haɗarin da ke sama, musamman ma'anar Shiva cewa canja wurin 'yancin gurɓata shine kyautar dala tiriliyan daloli ga mutanen da suka haifar da yawancin matsalolin yanayi.
Amma alkaluman kafa za su ci gaba da dagula al'amura. A taron Bali, babban jagoran duniya na uku shi ne ministan muhalli na Afirka ta Kudu Marthinus van Schalkwyk - magajin FW de Klerk a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party bayan ya yi wa 'yan sandan wariyar launin fata aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri ga 'yan uwansa dalibai (daga baya ya narke NP a cikin hukunci). African National Congress kuma an ba shi lada da yi-kadan ma'aikatar). Dabarunsa na kawo Amurka cikin rukunin ya zo ne a kan farashin fitar da duk wata manufa ta hayaki da kuma hanyar da za a bi da bi a cikin sanarwar hukuma, da kuma karfafa kasuwancin carbon.
Jagorancin Van Schalkwyk ya zama abin kunya, domin bai ce komai ba game da dalar Amurka biliyan 20 na Afirka ta Kudu na sabbin jari - wani bangare na Amurka ta AES - na samar da wutar lantarki mai rahusa saboda manyan kamfanoni; ya amince da fadada makamashin nukiliya. SA ya riga ya sami fitar da hayaki ga kowane mutum a kowace naúrar GDP sau ashirin mafi muni fiye da Amurka, kuma manufofin kasuwancin carbon na van Schalkwyk na yin jayayya cewa da farko shine 'damar kasuwanci.'
Wannan gaskiya ne kawai idan akwai juriya; a Durban, Sajida Khan ta yi yaƙi da cinikin carbon kafin mutuwarta sakamakon ciwon daji da ya haifar da ɓarna a zamanin wariyar launin fata a kusa da gida - Matukin Ci gaban Tsabtace Tsabtace na SA don haɓakar methane.
Ya bambanta da cinikin carbon, abin da ke tashe-tashen hankula a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, gwagwarmayar gawayi da shinge a sassa da dama na duniya wata dabara ce da bukatar masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a: bar mai a cikin kasa, albarkatun kasa.
An fara yin wannan kiran a matsayin dabarun yanayi a cikin 1997 a Kyoto ta ƙungiyar OilWatch lokacin da ta kasance a Quito, Ecuador. Jaruman masu fafutuka daga Accion Ecologia sun yi gwagwarmayar dakatar da hako man fetur a wani bangare na dajin Yasuni. Wannan ya sa Shugaba Rafael Correa ya bayyana a tsakiyar 2007 cewa Arewa ta biya Ecuador kusan dala biliyan 5 a matsayin diyya saboda alƙawarin da ta yi na yin watsi da cin zarafin Yasuni na dindindin (duk da damuwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar game da hakar mai kusa da kusa musamman ta kamfanin Petrobas na Brazil). .
Shekara daya da ta gabata a taron Duniya na Social Forum da aka yi a Nairobi, wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun fahimci wannan yunkuri saboda hazikan masu fafutuka daga yankin Neja Delta, ciki har da kungiyar kare hakkin muhalli ta Fatakwal. Misali, mata masu fafutuka na al'umma a kai a kai suna kawo cikas wajen hako man a wuraren da ake hako mai tare da zaman dirshan, inda suka nuna rashin mutunta ma'aikatan man fetur din, suka cire tufafinsu.
A unguwar da nake, wanda ya hada da manyan matatun mai a Afirka guda biyu, kungiyar al'ummar Durban ta Kudu da hadin gwiwar Muhalli na gudanar da ayyukan yaki da laifukan muhalli na kamfanoni da na kananan hukumomi, wadanda suka hada da manyan fashe-fashe da gobara guda uku tun watan Satumba da wani katon kifin da ya kashe a lokacin kirsimeti sakamakon zubar da guba. Harbour ta Durban, mafi yawan zirga-zirga a Afirka.
Amma abin da ya gada na ƙin cin zarafi na man fetur ya koma baya sosai, kuma ya haɗa da Alaska da masu kare muhalli na California waɗanda suka dakatar da hakowa har ma da bincike. A Norway, kungiyar adalci ta duniya ATTAC ta dauki irin wannan damuwar a wani taro a watan Oktoban da ya gabata, kuma ta fara aiki tukuru na shawo kan manajojin asusun mai na Norway cewa su yi amfani da dimbin kudaden da suka samu daga gadon da suka mallaka a Tekun Arewa, wajen biyan ‘yan Ecuador wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. bashi bashi.
Watakila babban mai sharhi kan sauyin yanayi a Arewa shi ne George Monbiot, don haka ya bayyana cewa a watan da ya gabata, maimakon zuwa Bali, ya zauna a gida a Biritaniya kuma ya haifar da wata matsala, yana mai ba da rahoto a shafinsa na Guardian:
'Yan uwa ina da amsa! Abin mamaki kamar yadda ake iya gani, na yi tuntuɓe a kan fasahar guda ɗaya wacce za ta cece mu daga canjin yanayi na gudu! Daga cikin kyawun zuciyata na ba ku kyauta. Babu haƙƙin mallaka, ba ƙaramin bugu ba, babu ɓoyayyiyar magana. Tuni wannan fasaha, sabon nau'in kamawa da adana carbon, yana haifar da rudani tsakanin masana kimiyya. Yana da arha, yana da inganci kuma ana iya tura shi kai tsaye. Ana kiransa… barin burbushin mai a cikin ƙasa.
"A wata rana mai ƙazanta a makon da ya gabata, yayin da gwamnatoci suka taru a Bali don yin la'akari da sauyin yanayi, ƙungiyarmu ta yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da wannan manufar. Mun shiga cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen ma'adinin gawayi da ake haƙa a Ffos-y-fran a Kudancin Wales kuma muka mamaye ma'aikatan, tare da rufe ayyukan na ranar. Wani abin da masu hikimar Bali suka yi watsi da su ko ta yaya ne ya motsa mu: idan aka hako mai, za a yi amfani da su.'
Kanada wani yanki ne na Arewa inda masu fafutuka ke aiki don barin mai a cikin ƙasa. A wani taron Edmonton da aka yi a watan Nuwambar da ya gabata, Cibiyar Parkland ta Jami’ar Alberta da abokanta sun yi jayayya da cewa ba za a ci gaba da samar da yashin kwalta ba (wanda ke buƙatar kona lita guda na mai don kowane uku don hakowa, wanda ke lalata ruwa na gida, kamun kifi da kuma kamun kifi). ingancin iska).
Darektan cibiyar Gordon Laxer ya fitar da hujjoji na tsanaki don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun amfani da ruwa da hayaƙin iskar gas a cikin hakar yashi; tsare-tsaren dawo da ƙasa na gaskiya da ajiyar kuɗi; babu ƙarin tallafi don samar da makamashi mai datti; tanade-tanade don tsaron makamashi ga mutanen Kanada (tun da yawancin yashin kwalta ana fitar da su zuwa Amurka); da kuma hayar tattalin arziki mafi girma akan makamashi mai datti don tallafawa masana'antar makamashi mai tsabta (a halin yanzu Alberta tana da ƙarancin sarauta).
Na ambaci wannan buƙatar a cikin shafuka da yawa a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, tare da yin sharhi game da kyawawan dabi'u, siyasa, tattalin arziki da muhalli na barin man fetur a cikin ƙasa. Abin baƙin cikin shine, ban da furta ƙanƙantar ƙanƙantar da kai game da burbushin mai da jiragen sama suka kona waɗanda suka ɗauke ni a kan wannan nema, dole ne in ba da rahoto a kan kawai wurin da saƙon ya faɗo kamar balloon gubar: tare da abokai masu ƙauna a cikin ɗan gurguzu na Venezuela.
Kada ku damu, akwai misalai da yawa da yawa inda al'ummomi masu jaruntaka da masana muhalli suka yi nasarar ci gaba da adana albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (ba kawai burbushin man fetur ba) a cikin ƙasa, don kare muhalli, kwanciyar hankali na al'umma, lalata cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa da lafiya da aminci na ma'aikata.
Abubuwan da suka fi girma a nan a Afirka ta Kudu a halin yanzu sune manyan filayen platinum na lardin Limpopo da titanium da sauran ma'adanai a cikin dunes Coast Coast (inda, abin mamaki, an harbe fim din Blood Diamond). Al'ummomi masu tsauri suna adawa da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, amma za su bukaci hadin kai mai karfi, saboda hakar wadannan albarkatu na da matukar tsada ta fuskar amfani da filaye na gida, kauracewa manoma, hakar ruwa, amfani da makamashi da fasadi na siyasa, kuma yana bukatar sa ido akai-akai da hadin kan al'umma.
Har yanzu, sanin cewa masu fafutuka na cikin gida suna haifar da waɗannan kamfen yana sa mu duka mu fahimci yadda dabarun bogi kamar cinikin carbon za su iya zama, sabanin aikin gaske na canza duniya.
(Patrick shi ne babban editan littafin kan canjin yanayi wanda za a kaddamar da shi a shafuka da dama a Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka a watan Fabrairu-Maris; za a buga cikakken bayani a http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs)