Isibuyekezo sika-Anthony DiMaggio, Ukuphakama Kweqembu Letiye: Ukunganeliseki Kwezombusazwe kanye Nemidiya Yebhizinisi Enkathini Ka-Obama (I-New York: I-Monthly Review Press, 2011)
Ukusakazwa kwabezindaba base-US kuvame ukwenza Iphathi Yetiye njengophawu lwangempela lwentukuthelo ethandwayo kubantu bangaphakathi e-Washington. Incwadi entsha ka-Anthony DiMaggio ibhidliza lezi zinganekwane, ekhombisa ukuthi Iphathi Yetiye ayikaze ibe umbutho wangempela wezenhlalo noma ongaphandle kwezombusazwe kodwa kunalokho iqembu elibuswa abantu abakhethekile elalixhumene kakhulu nokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Umgomo we-Tea Party bekuwukusiza i-Republican Party edonsa kanzima emizamweni yayo yokuqhubeka nokuhlehlisa inetha lokuphepha komphakathi futhi iqhubekisele phambili ingcebo namandla engeziwe asuka kubasebenzi aye kwabacebile. Ukuhambisana kwencwadi kudlulela ngale kwephathi yetiye kuphela, noma kunjalo. I-DiMaggio isebenzisa leli qembu njengesibonelo sokuhlola izindaba ezibanzi zokuchema kwezinkampani zemidiya, ukushintshwa okufanele kwezombusazwe zase-US emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kanye nemiphumela yezinto ezibonakalayo nezingezona ezibonakalayo ekubumbeni izimo zengqondo zabantu. Ucwaningo luyizincwadi ezimbili ngempela kweyodwa: ukuhlolwa okugunyaziwe kwesenzakalo se-Tea Party kanye "nombono omkhulu wombono womphakathi kanye namandla amakhulu omphakathi athonya" (ikhasi 29).
Izahluko ezimbili zokuqala zihlaziya ngokujulile ukuvela nokukhula kwe-Tea Party ngo-2009-10, ezibonisa ukuthi inhlangano ayikaze ibe inhlangano ezimele noma esekelwe ngobuningi. I-DiMaggio iyakuphikisa ukuvezwa okuvamile kweqembu njengabagqugquzeli be-maverick ababangela ubuhlungu bekhanda kumaDemocrats namaRiphabhulikhi ngokufanayo: kusukela ekuqaleni Iphathi Yetiye kanye namaqembu ayo axhumene nayo babenobudlelwane obuseduze besikhungo ne-Republican Party kanye nabaxhasi be-Republican abangamabhiliyoni njengabafowabo baka-Koch. Izimangalo ezivamile mayelana nomthelela we-Tea Party kuma-Congressional Republican nazo ziyadukisa. Ukugudluka kweqembu leRiphabhulikhi kubheke ezikhundleni eziyingozi kakhulu akunakubalelwa kumthelela weqembu le-Tea Party (futhi ngokuqinisekile akunjalo, njengoba abanye besho, kunoma yikuphi ukushintsha kwemibono yomphakathi). Njengoba u-DiMaggio ebona, ukuguquguquka okungakwesokudla kwe-Republican Party sekungamashumi eminyaka kuqhubeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesivumelwano esinamandla phakathi kwe-Tea Party kanye namaRiphabhulikhi “amaphakathi” kuCongress mayelana neningi lemibuzo yenqubomgomo, okuyizimpawu ezingelona iqiniso zama-Tea Partiers njengabaphikisi inselelo ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-Tea Party kube "ukuqamba kabusha" I-Republican Party njengamandla omphakathi kanye namavoti eziteshi kumakhandidethi e-Republican esikhathini lapho abavoti bebuka I-Republican Party (ngaphezu kwe-Democratic Party) ngokukhulu ukuklolodelwa.
Isahluko sesi-2, esibhalwe ngokubambisana nabahlanganyeli be-DiMaggio u-Paul Street, sinikeza ukubheka okuphansi kwemikhankaso ye-Tea Party endaweni enkulu yase-Chicago, evame ukubhekwa njengesizinda se-Tea Party. Laba ababili babuke imihlangano nemicimbi yendawo ye-Tea Party phakathi kuka-2009 no-2010. Isihloko sesahluko esivusa inkanuko—“Iphathi Yetiye Ayitholakali”—siveza amaphuzu amabili abalulekile: ukuthi Iphathi Yetiye inobukhona obuncane bendawo nokuthi ayikaze ibe ukuzimela. iqembu kodwa kunalokho “ukusebenza okucashile kweRiphabhulikhi” (ikhasi 92). Ucwaningo luka-DiMaggio no-Street luthole ukuthi izici eziningi ezijwayelekile zenhlangano yezenhlalo yangempela zazintula. Zimbalwa izahluko ebezisebenza ezingeni lendawo, zimbalwa ebezibamba imihlangano evulelekile njalo, futhi bekukuncane ukuzibophezela phakathi kwabaholi bezahluko ekwakhiweni komnyakazo nasekufukuleni amalungu. Imihlangano eyenzeka yayiqhutshwa ngendlela enegunya elikhulu ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezivulekile. Abaholi bezahluko bazibandakanye ekufinyeleleni ikakhulukazi ukuze bathole ithuba lokuvela emicimbini yezikhathi ezithile esebenze njengemibuthano yomkhankaso embozwe kancane yabangenele ukhetho lweRiphabhulikhi. Iningi lezahluko zemisebenzi “yayibuswa yizimfuno eziyingxenye yokhetho” (ikhasi 89). (Kulezi zindikimba bheka futhi isifundo sika-Street kanye ne-DiMaggio Ukuphahlazeka Iphathi Yetiye [I-Paradigm, 2011], ehambisana nencwadi yamanje.)
Abezindaba base-US babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekudaleni inkohliso yokuvukela kweQembu Letiye elikhulu, njengoba u-DiMaggio ebonisa eSahlukweni 3. Maphakathi no-2011 omunye umholi we-Tea Party wavuma ukuthi “bengeke ibe khona Iphathi Yetiye ngaphandle kukaFox” (ocashuniwe. ekhasini 224). Izitolo ezingakwesokudla njenge-Fox News bezibalulekile ekukhuthazeni imicimbi ye-Tea Party ukuze kwandiswe inani labantu abaphumayo kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokusakazwa okuqhubekayo kokutholakala okuhle. Kodwa abezindaba abaphakathi nendawo nabakhululekile babelana ngecala. Ngisho noma iveza ukugxekwa kwayo, bebelokhu beyibiza kabi ngokuthi iyiqiniso. ukunyakaza futhi ukuvuka, ngaleyo ndlela egunyaza, kuyilapho eshaya indiva amaqiniso ethulwe eSahlukweni 1 no-2. Ukuhlaziywa kobuningi kuka-DiMaggio kokusakazwa kwabezindaba kubonisa futhi ukuthi abezindaba baye bavuna i-Tea Party ngokuhlelekile phezu kwemibhikisho emelene nempi, emelene nezinkampani, kanye namalungelo abesifazane, emele ngokungafani neqembu letiye. ukunyakaza kwangempela kwaphansi. Le phethini yokusakazwa iqinisekisa izibikezelo "zemodeli yenkulumo-ze" ka-Edward Herman noNoam Chomsky mayelana nokuphathwa kwabezindaba kwababhikishi "abafanele" uma kuqhathaniswa nababhikishi "abangafaneleki".
Esinye isahluko esimayelana nokusakazwa kwabezindaba sigxile ekuthathekeni kweQembu Letiye ngo-2009 nasekuqaleni kuka-2010, inkulumo-mpikiswano yokushintshwa kokunakekelwa kwezempilo. I-DiMaggio ithola ukuthi imibiko yabezindaba mayelana nalolu daba igcizelele kakhulu izingqikithi ze-propaganda yesokudla-igxile ezindlekweni ezisolwayo, izikweletu, nokushoda kwesabelomali okungaba umphumela weziphakamiso zokuguqulwa kweDemocratic Alliance - ngenkathi ihluleka ukuvuma izizathu zangempela zokuphikiswa kwe-right-wing. Isiphakamiso sezinguquko esilinganiselwe "senketho yomphakathi" sithole ukunakwa kwabezindaba okuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuthi iCongressional Democrats iyekile ukusikhuthaza. Ingxoxo yokhokha oyedwa noma ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibingekho ekusakazweni kwezindaba.
I-DiMaggio idlula izifundo eziningi zokufakwa kwemidiya ngokulinganisa imiphumela yenkulumo-ze namanye amandla ezimo zengqondo zomphakathi. Ezahlukweni 4 no-6 usebenzisa imiphumela yenhlolovo ukuze ahlaziye ukubaluleka kwezici eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlukene, kokubili okubonakalayo “nokungaphatheki,” ekulolongeni izimo zengqondo zabantu ngabanye ngeQembu Letiye kanye nezinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo phakathi nenkathi yocwaningo. Izinto ezibonakalayo njengobuhlanga nemali engenayo zidlala indima ebalulekile, lapho abamhlophe kanye nabacebe kakhulu bengase basekele Iphathi Yetiye futhi baphikise izinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Nokho u-DiMaggio uphetha ngokuthi amandla angaphatheki afana nokuchayeka kwabezindaba zezinkampani kanye nokuhlangana kweqembu ekugcineni kubaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni imibono yabantu. Abavoti baseRiphabhulikhi, labo ababukele i-Fox News, kanye nalabo abalandela imibiko yezindaba ehlobene ne-Washington eduze kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi basekele i-Tea Party futhi baphikisane nezinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Omunye wemibuzo ecindezela kakhulu mayelana nesenzakalo se-Tea Party ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi besigaba sabasebenzi bezwakalise ukuseseka. Ngonyaka wezi-2010 leli qembu lakhula ngokuduma emikhakheni eminingi yabantu, hhayi nje kwabacebile. Kusukela ngo-August 2010 ingxenye yomphakathi wase-US uzwakalise “ukuzwelana” nephathi Yetiye. U-DiMaggio uyaqaphela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezisusa zobuholi obuphezulu be-Tea Party kanye nalabo abavamile abasebenzayo abaye bakhangwa. Iphathi Yetiye ingase ibe “ibutho lamanga lamanga,” kodwa “iqembu belingeke liphumelele ukube bekungengenxa yezikhalazo ezisemthethweni kanye nentukuthelo yomphakathi jikelele” (ikhasi 31). Ukwehla kwamaholo angempela, ukungalingani okukhuphukayo, kanye nohulumeni ongaphenduli konke kuye kwabhebhethekisa ukuthandwa kwe-Tea Party, ngisho noma izixazululo zayo ezingamanga zingabhebhethekisa izinkinga ezinjalo ngamabomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi abazwakalise ukusekela Iphathi Yetiye empeleni baphethe amanani aqhubekayo. Incazelo eyodwa uDiMaggio ayinikezayo ngalesi sixakaxaka ukuthi ukungazi okuyiqiniso (okudalwe kakhulu yizindaba ezisakazwa yimithombo yezindaba) kubangela ukuhlukana phakathi kwezindinganiso zabantu kanye nesimo sengqondo ngezinqubomgomo ezithile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nemibono yabo yosopolitiki, izikhungo, nemibono engaqondakali efana "nokuguqulwa kwezempilo, ” ngakolunye. Isibonelo, abantu ngabanye bangase basekele kakhulu izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezifana ne-Medicare noma Social Security-njengoba iningi lomphakathi lenza-kodwa baphikisane "nenhlalakahle" ngenxa yenkulumo-ze yobandlululo ne-classist ebekwe ngokumelene nombono kusukela ngawo-1970s.
Iphethini efanayo ibonakala isebenza emibonweni yomphakathi ezindabeni eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Iningi lomphakathi ucabanga abasebenzi kufanele babe nemali eyengeziwe namandla, kodwa kungaphezulu okungaqondakali emcabangweni wezinyunyana. Umphakathi izisekelo isivumelwano esibophezelayo sokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ngaphezulu kwesigamu yabavoti bakaBush ngo-2004 babenombono oyiphutha wokuthi uBush wayesekela i-Kyoto Protocol. Ukuthatha isibonelo sakamuva, umphakathi ngokukhulu ukuvuma ngezinjongo zenhlangano ye-Occupy Wall Street yokunciphisa ukungalingani, ukukhokhisa abacebile intela ukuze baxhase izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, kanye nokuqeda ukubuswa kwezinkampani kuhulumeni, kodwa ukusekelwa okushiwoyo kwenhlangano ye-Occupy ngokwayo kuphansi (yize kusekukhulu). Ingxabano ka-DiMaggio mayelana nokuthi abahlonishwayo kanye nokusakazwa kwabezindaba "bakhiqiza kanjani ukuphikisa" ngokumelene nezinqubomgomo ezingase zijabulele ukwesekwa okusabalele kusiza ukuchaza lezi zindida, nakuba ucwaningo olwengeziwe-ikakhulukazi ezingeni le-ethnographic-luzodingeka ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele izizathu zokusekelwa kwesigaba sabasebenzi. okweQembu Letiye namanye amandla aphiko lwesokudla (ukucwasa ngokwesigaba sabasebenzi, ukucwasa ngokobulili, nobuzwe kubalulekile lapha).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-DiMaggio uphinde axwayise ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa noma "ukuqonda okungamanga" kwabasebenzi nabampofu akusakazeki njengabahlaziyi abanjengoThomas Frank (umbhali we Yini inkinga ngeKansas?) zisho. Ukusekelwa kwamaRiphabhulikhi phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi abamhlophe akuqhelelene nendawo yonke, futhi abantu abavamile bavamise ukubona ngenkulumo-ze ephakeme. Nokho inselele engxoxweni kaFrank iyingxenye kuphela: U-DiMaggio uyaqaphela “ukuthi abampofu bavame ukusetshenziswa ekusekeleni imigomo ephikisana ngokuqondile nezinto abazithandayo” (ikhasi 179). Ukukhohlisa okuphumelelayo akuvamile njengoba abanye abashisekeli benkululeko bephakamisa.
Ukugxeka kwami le ncwadi kumbalwa futhi kuncane. Yize lingelona iphutha lombhali, le ncwadi yabhalwa kusenesikhathi kakhulu (November 2010) ukuze kubhekwe intuthuko yakamuva ethokozisayo njengokuncipha kokuduma kwe-Tea Party ngo-2011 noma ukuvela kabusha kwenhlangano eqhubekayo e-United States njengoba iqukethwe imibhikisho yasekwindla ye-Occupy. (isiphetho sencwadi, esibhalwe ngo-Agasti 2011, sikhuluma ngemibhikisho yezinyunyana yangoFebhuwari eWisconsin).
Mhlawumbe ukugxeka okubaluleke kakhulu kuhilela ukunganaki okulinganiselwe endimeni yamaDemocrats ekubhebhezeleni ukunganeliseki kwezombusazwe i-Tea Party esebenzise yona. Ngokwesibonelo, ngicabanga ukuthi isitatimende esithi “amaRiphabhulikhi ngempumelelo athatha ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke kanye nenketho yomphakathi ngaphandle kwe-ajenda” (ikhasi 192) sibonisa amandla amaningi kwesokudla; Amademokhrasi asezingeni eliphezulu nawo awenqabile umbono wokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke futhi ayengabameli abanhliziyo maphakathi benketho yomphakathi eqinile. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela konyaka wezi-2009, lapho iziphakamiso zeDemokhrasi zisahlanganisa ukukhetha komphakathi, kwakungacaci nakancane ukuthi izici eziqhubekayo zomthetho zizodlula lezo ezingezinhle. Ukuphikiswa komphakathi kwezinguquko zokunakekelwa kwempilo yeDemokhrasi kubukeka sengathi akusuki nje kunkulumo-ze ephiko lwesokudla kodwa futhi nasendleleni evumelana nenkampani yeziphakamiso zezinguquko. Ezindabeni zikaJanuwari 2010 ze-CBS i-poll, amaphesenti angu-43 abaphendula athi “izinguquko azenzi okwanele” ukuze kunqandwe izinkampani zomshwalense ezizimele (amaphesenti angu-27 kuphela athi “ziya kude”). I-DiMaggio iyaqaphela ukuthi iziphakamiso zeDemocratic Alliance zinikeze izipho ezinkulu ezinkampanini zomshwalense nokuthi izinqubomgomo ze-Democrats zophiko lwesokudla “zibe negalelo ekudumeni kwe-Tea Party” ngokuhlukanisa umphakathi (ikhasi 126), kodwa ukunaka okwengeziwe kulokhu kuguquguquka kungase kube nokunye. kwacebisa ukuhlaziya. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo lungasiza ekukhanyiseni inqubo lapho abalandeli be-populists abaphiko lwesokudla benxenxa abasebenzi abadumele ngokungafuni noma ukungakwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezinengqondo zamaDemocrats.
Ukuvuka Kwephathi Yetiye isifundo esinokuqonda okukhulu kwesihloko kuze kube manje (kanye ne-Street kanye ne-DiMaggio's Ukuphahlazeka Iphathi Yetiye), futhi ibeka ngendlela efanele umcimbi we-Tea Party phakathi nokuhlaziywa okubanzi kombono womphakathi, abezindaba bezinkampani, kanye nesistimu yezepolitiki yase-US. Kubalulekile ukufunda kunoma ngubani ofisa ukuqonda umlando wakamuva wezepolitiki wase-US kanye namandla amakhulu okubusa nobugovu e-United States.
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