URichard Seymour Abashokobezi baseMelika igqamisa umlando ocebile wobushoshovu obumelene nama impiriyali ngaphakathi kwe-United States, isici esibalulekile somlando wase-US esishiywe kakhulu ezincwadini zomlando ezijwayelekile. Le ncwadi ihlanganisa izindaba ezikhuthazayo zesibindi sokuziphatha nesethi yezifundo ezibalulekile zemizamo yanamuhla yokuhlela.
USeymour uphonsela inselelo imibono evamile yezinhlangano ezimelene nempi kanye nama impiriyali ezicini ezintathu: 1) Iqembu leDemocratic Party alikaze libonise umthetho wokulwa nama-imperialism, futhi, kude nokuhola izinhlangano ezimelene nempi, ngokomlando belilokhu lifana neRiphabhulikhi Party; 2) imizwa emelene nama impiriyali ivamise ukuba namandla phakathi kwemikhakha ecindezelwe kakhulu emphakathini wase-US, hhayi phakathi kwentsha emhlophe esezingeni eliphakathi; futhi 3) iningi lezinhlangano ezimelene nama-imperialist bekufana nokuthi โukuzihlukanisa,โ namaqembu amaningi ahlakulela izixhumanisi zobumbano nezisulu zaphesheya kwezilwandle zenqubomgomo yase-US.
Ngayinye yalezi zimpikiswano ezintathu iphakamisa isifundo esibalulekile ekuhleleni kwanamuhla: 1) ukuthembela kuDemocratic Party kuyisu elibi kakhulu lezinhlangano ezimelene nama impiriyali, futhi akufanele neze kuthathe indawo yomsebenzi ozimele waphansi; 2) amandla ezishoshovu asetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo kakhulu ekuhleleni isigaba sabasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi yemibala; kanye 3) nokuhlakulela ukuxhumana nabantu abacindezelwe phesheya kwezilwandle kungaqinisa kakhulu umnyakazo, kwenze imizamo yokufinyelela/yokubhikisha e-United States iphumelele kakhudlwana futhi kucebise umbono wabahleli baseMelikaโnjengoba uSeymour esho, โyilapho abantu baseMelika bebethanda kakhulu amazwe ngamazwe ukuthi ukulwa ne-imperialism bekulokhu kuvumelana kakhulu, ukulwa, futhi kusebenza ngempumeleloโ (ikhasi 10).
I-Bipartisan Consensus kanye Nezivumelwano Eziyingozi
Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu ze-imperialism yase-US, kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe kuze kube manje, kube yisimo sayo esingaguquguquki. Njengoba uSeymour ephawula, "inhlanganisela ye-pragmatic social reform kanye ne-imperialism kwaba isisekelo lapho inkululeko ye-Cold War yakhiwe khona" (ikhasi 31). Eqinisweni, njengoba izazi-mlando eziningi ziye zabonisa, futhi njengoba uSeymour eqinisekisa, le nhlanganisela yabuye yabonisa ukucabanga kwabantu abakhululekile ngaphambi kuka-1945. Kuyo yonke ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwaba nokuvumelana okubonakalayo phakathi kwezikhulu zezombangazwe ukuthi i-United States kufanele inwebele ngasentshonalanga, ithathe umhlaba wendabuko futhi ibhubhise. , ukuboshwa, noma (ekugcineni okukhululekile) ukuhlanganisa abantu bomdabu. Izimbangi zezombangazwe phakathi kwabaholi abafana noJohn Quincy Adams kanye no-Andrew Jackson zisithe isivumelwano esibalulekile samalungelo kahulumeni wase-US maqondana namaNdiya aseMelika. USeymour ugomela ngokuthi โumehluko phakathi kuka-Adams noJackson ungabonakala njengomehluko phakathi kukashevu nesibhamuโ (ikhasi 35). Ukwanda phesheya kwezilwandle okwaqala ngobuqotho ngeminyaka yawo-1890โkusukela eHawaii, Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, kanye neGuamโ nakho kwajabulela ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezinhlangothi ezimbili [1]. Uma osopolitiki bevame ukuhluka ngezindlela ezifanele zokwandisa, bambalwa ababengavumelani nokucabangela okuyisisekelo kokuthi i-United States kufanele ikhulise ukulawula kwayo emazweni angaphandle nabantu. Abakhululekile nabaguquli bezenhlalakahle abafana noWilliam Jennings Bryan noWoodrow Wilson babebalulekile kule nqubomgomo [2]. Umnikelo wenkululeko ku-imperialism yenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi awungabazi nakancane: labo ababehlonishwa kakhulu kwabakhululi beMpi Yomshoshaphansi, uJohn noRobert Kennedy, baqala ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokungemthetho eNingizimu yeVietnam, bakhulisa kakhulu isabelomali samasosha ase-US, futhi bafuna ukuketula iCuban Revolution. ngokudedela โukwesabeka komhlabaโ kubantu baseCuba (phakathi kokunye okufeziwe) [3]. Ukuzibophezela kwe-bipartisan ekubuseni komhlaba wonke kwe-US kusalokhu kuqinile kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nakuba amaqhinga akhethwayo ehluka.
Ngakho-ke, u-Seymour uthi, ukuthembela kosopolitiki abakhululekile kube ugibe oluqhubekayo lwezinhlangano ezimelene nama impiriyali. Okhethweni lukamongameli lwango-1900, i-Anti-Imperialist League yanquma ukweseka iDemocrat kanye nowayengenele ukhetho lwezinguquko kwezenhlalo uWilliam Jennings Bryan, owake wamukela iSivumelwano saseParis sango-1898 esinikeza uhulumeni wase-US ukulawula iCuba, iPhilippines, nezinye izindawo ezaziyiSpain. . UBryan uzobamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zama-impiriyali kamuva eHaiti, eNicaragua, naseDominican Republic njengoNobhala Wezwe ngaphansi kukaWoodrow Wilson. I-Wilson's own social reformism emnene kanye nomkhankaso womkhankaso we-1916 wethembisa ukugcina izwe lingangeni eMpini Yezwe I yaphinde yakhetha iningi lezisebenzi ezihleliwe kanye nesobunxele, okwathi ukuphikiswa kwempi kwaphazamiseka kancane ngenxa yalokho (yize kwakusenokumelana okukhulu kwesokunxele impi, okwenza kudingeke lokho uWilson akubiza ngokuthi โisandla esiqinile sokucindezelwa okuqinileโ) [4]. Ukukholwa komongameli abalandelayo beDemokhrasi nakho kuzobonakala kungalungile: AmaDemocrat ahola i-United States eMpini Yezwe II, eMpini YaseKorea, naseMpini YaseVietnam, futhi avumela ngokuqondile ukucindezelwa okunonya eNicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Greece, Haiti, Indonesia, Guatemala, Palestine, South Korea, Philippines, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Colombia, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi. USeymour ugomela ngokuthi enye yezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zeminyaka yawo-1980, inhlangano ye-anuclear, yabhekana โnokuphelelwa amandla okukhuluโ โnjengomphumela wokuncika kwiDemocratic Party ukuthi isebenzise izinqubomgomo ze-anuclearโ (ikhasi 159). Ngokuvamile, ubudlelwano neDemocratic Party โbube nemiphumela edabukisayo kakhulu emizameni yokulwa nezimpiโ (ikhasi 62). Lokhu kuqaphela akufanele kuvimbe abashisekeli ukuthi bazame ukusebenzisana namandla amancane aqinile ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izinhloso ezifanayo, futhi akusho ukuthi amaDemocrat namaRiphabhulikhi mabi ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinkinga. Kepha uSeymour wenza icala eligculisayo lokuthi izinhlangano ezimelene nama impiriyali kufanele zilondoloze ukuzimela okuqinile kuzo zombili izinhlangano ezinkulu futhi zigweme noma iyiphi inkohliso yokuthi osopolitiki bazoletha ushintsho lwangempela lwenqubomgomo.
Ugibe ohlukile ukuthembela kubalingani bombhede abangakwesokudla. Ngaphezu kokubeka ukholo kuBryan kanye namaDemocrats, i-Anti-Imperialist League iphinde yamukela abantu abakhethekile baseSouthern segregationist, abaningi babo ababephikisana nemizamo ethile yombuso ngenxa yokudelela abantu bangaphandle ngokobuhlanga noma ukuvikela izintshisekelo zabo zezolimo. I-League yazama kanzima ukwakha umfelandawonye obanzi omelene nama-imperialist oweqa ukuhlukana kwezigaba nezombusazwe, kodwa ngokwenza lokho yehlisa ezinye izimiso futhi yahlukanisa ingxenye enkulu yesokunxele. USeymour ugomela ngokuthi iNhlangano igweme ngokuqaphela โubudlelwane obunamandla amakhuluโ njengamasocialists kanye nama-anarchists, esikhundleni salokho ifuna โukusekelwa kwabaholi bobandlululo baseningizimu ukuze balwe izimpi zezombusazwe ngaphakathi kwesishayamthethoโ (ikhasi 71). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbimbi nabacwasi bobuhlanga baseningizimu azuza lutho olutheni mayelana nezinzuzo zomthetho. Le ndaba ibonakala inikeza isifundo kwanamuhla kwesokunxele, esilwela impendulo efanele ku-Ron Paul kanye namabutho mbumbulu-libertarian kwesokudla agxeka impiriyali yezempi yase-US kuyilapho amukela ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ubulili, amandla enkampani, ukungalingani, nobunye ububi. Njengoba u-Seymour ephawula, ukulwa ne-imperialism yangakwesokudla kunomlando omude e-United States, futhi uRon Paul uwukubonakaliswa kwakamuva nje. Okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kusikisela ukuthi abathuthukayo bangcono ekuhleleni abacindezelwe futhi baqinise kwesokunxele kunokuba bahlangane namaqembu angathandeki (nakuba ngokubona kwami โโabantu besigaba sabasebenzi edonselekayo kulawo mandla ophiko lwesokudla akufanele axoshwe kwesokunxele, ngoba anezikhalo ezisemthethweni zezomnotho nezepolitiki).
Amaqhinga Athela Kakhulu
Enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko zikaSeymour ukuthi imizwa emelene nama-impiriyali izwakale kakhulu emikhakheni ecindezelwe kakhulu yomphakathi wase-US, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabamnyama kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi. Ukuqaphela lo mlando kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha inhlangano enamandla emelene nama impiriyali, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi lapho imigoqo yesigaba, uhlanga, namasiko iqhubeka nokuhlukanisa izishoshovu eziningi ezimhlophe ezisezingeni eliphakathi kwabamhlophe besigaba sabasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi yemibala.
Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika banomlando ocebile wokuphikisa impiriyali yase-US. USeymour uchaza ukuphikiswa okunamandla kwabamnyama emisebenzini yaseCuba nasePhilippines, okuhlanganisa nenani elikhulu lamasosha amnyama ashintsha izinhlangothi emsebenzini wasePhilippines. Phakathi neMpi YaseKorea, eyayijabulela ukwesekwa okubanzi kubaholi bezabasebenzi base-US ngisho neQembu LamaSocialist, abashisekeli abansundu abafana no-W.E.B. UDuBois โbabephakathi kwabathanda ukuphikisa impi emphakathiniโ (ikhasi 121). Impi yaseVietnam yahlangabezana nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwabantu abamnyama, okuwumkhuba obonakala ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezinkulungwane zamasosha amnyama ashiya noma angayilaleli imiyalo ensimini. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu abamnyama njenge IKomidi Lokuxhumanisa Elingenalo Udlame Lwabafundi (SNCC) zaziphakathi kwamazwi okuqala okuphikisana nempi. Enye yezingcaphuno eziningi ezikhuthazayo ezivela kuyo yonke le ncwadi isitatimende sika-Muhammad Ali sakudala sokwenqaba okusalungiswa, okufanele sicashunwe kabanzi:
Kungani kufanele bangicele ukuba ngigqoke umfaniswano futhi ngihambe amakhilomitha angu-10,000 ukusuka ekhaya futhi ngiphonsa amabhomu nezinhlamvu kubantu baseBrown eVietnam kuyilapho labo ababizwa ngokuthi amaNegro eLouisville baphathwa njengezinja futhi benqatshelwa amalungelo abantu alula? Cha, angihambi amamayela ayi-10,000 ukusuka ekhaya ukusiza ukubulala nokushisa esinye isizwe esimpofu ukuze nje ngiqhubeke nokubusa kwabaphathi bezigqila ezimhlophe zabantu abamnyama emhlabeni jikelele. Lolu wusuku lapho ububi obunjalo kufanele buphele khona. Ngiye ngaxwayiswa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo esinjalo kungangidla izigidi zamaRandi. Kodwa sengishilo kanye futhi ngizophinda futhi. Isitha sangempela bakithi sesifikile. Ngeke ngiphoxe inkolo yami, abantu bami noma mina ngokwami โโngokuba ithuluzi lokugqilaza labo abalwela ubulungisa, inkululeko nokulingana kwabo. Uma bengicabanga ukuthi impi izoletha inkululeko nokulingana kubantu bami abayizigidi ezingama-22 bekungeke kudingeke ukuthi bangibhalele, ngizojoyina kusasa. Akukho engingalahlekelwa ngakho ngokumelela izinkolelo zami. Ngakho ngizoya ejele, pho? Sesihlale ejele iminyaka engu-400. (ikhasi 136)
Izisebenzi zase-US zazo zonke izinhlanga zazingase ziphikisane neMpi YaseVietnam kunabantu bezinga eliphakathi noma eliphezulu, njengoba kwaboniswa amavoti ngaleso sikhathi [5]. Izinganekwane ezivamile nakuba kunjalo, โukuphikisana nempi kwakungagxili phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi abacebileโ (ikhasi 141). Abafundi besigaba esisebenzayo babambe iqhaza elibalulekile emzabalazweni wokulwa nempi, nokho, futhi bajoyinwa ezinye izingxenye zesigaba sabasebenzi base-US. Amasosha, ayegcwele kakhulu imvelaphi yesigaba sabasebenzi, ngokungangabazeki ayewumthombo onamandla kakhulu wokumelana nempi ngaphandle kwamaVietnam uqobo. Amashumi ezinkulungwane ahileleka emazingeni ahlukene okumelana ngokwenqaba ukuthunyelwa, ukungalaleli imiyalo ensimini, ukushiya, ngisho nokuhlasela izikhulu zawo ezilawulayo, ngaphezu kokudlala indima evelele ekuhleleni ukulwa nempi emuva ekhaya. Kuphinde kube nomlando omude nokhuthazayo wokumelana nesigaba sabasebenzi kwezinye izimpi, ezikhathini eziningi kuzo zonke izinhlanga kanye nasezindaweni ezingalindelekile. Ngo-1917 Ukuhlubuka Kommbila Oluhlaza e-Oklahoma, amakhulu abamhlophe, abansundu, namaNdiya bacindezelwa ngobudlova ngenxa yokuphikisa ngokuhlanganyela lokho ababekubiza ngokuthi โimpi yesicebi, impi yabampofuโ [6].
U-Seymour ubonakala ephakamisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa okuphumelelayo kokulwa nama impiriyali kumele futhi kwamukele imizabalazo yasekhaya e-United States, kukhanyise ukuxhumana phakathi kwengcindezelo yasekhaya kanye ne-imperialism phesheya. Kwesinye isikhathi uhlangothi lwesobunxele luyihlanganise kahle le mikhakha yomzabalazo. Ngawo-1930s, โimizabalazo yokulwa nokucwasa ngokwesokunxele yayingase ihlukane ngokuphindaphindiwe ibe isiyaluyalu sokulwa nama impiriyali azungeze [umsebenzi wase-US] eHaitiโ (ikhasi 94). I-US Civil Rights Movement yathatha ugqozi emizameni yokulwa nobukoloni eMhlabeni Wesithathu, futhi yabeka isisekelo esikhulu senhlangano emelene nempi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, nezinhlangano eziningi nezishoshovu ezazibamba iqhaza kuzo zombili lezi zinhlangano. Isidingo sokuvala imizabalazo yasekhaya kanye nemizamo yokulwa nama-imperialist nayo iyadingeka ngokwecebo njengoba ingxenye encane kangaka yabantu base-US manje isebenza empini. (ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa kule minyaka eyishumi edlule), okusho ukuthi imindeni engeyona eyezempi ngokuvamile ayiboni izimpi zaphesheya njengenkinga ecindezela kakhulu.
USeymour ubuye aphikisane ngokuthi ukuhlela okuphumelelayo okulwa nama impiriyali kudinga izixhumanisi eziqinile zobumbano โnalabo abasendleleni yokubalekela udlame lwase-USโ phesheya kwezilwandle (ikhasi 207). Ukhomba umsebenzi wobumbano we-US esele, ikakhulukazi i-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), nabasebenzi baseMexico ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseMexico yango-1910-1917, kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe obakhiwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka yomzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo lwaseNingizimu Afrika. . Mhlawumbe isibonelo esingavamile kakhulu salokhu kuvumelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwakuyinhlangano emelene nokungenelela kwe-US eMelika Ephakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, eyayihilela phakathi kwabantu abayi-100,000 kanye nama-200,000 abenza izenzo ezinesibindi zokudelela usizo lwe-US emibusweni enonya e-El Salvador naseGuatemala kanye nobudlova base-US ngokumelene neNicaragua. . Izinkulungwane zezakhamizi zaseMelika zaze zaya eNicaragua ukuze zizibeke โendleleni yendizaโ yokuhlasela okungenzeka kwe-US. Amandla amaningi okunyakaza avela ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu okuthuthukiswe ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabahlanganyeli nababaleki baseSalvador naseGuatemala e-United States kanye nokusebenzisana kwabahambi nabantu baseMelika Ephakathi. Izithunywa zevangeli namavolontiya ayehlala eMelika Ephakathi ayebaluleke kakhulu ekuvaleni ukuhlukana kwamazwe ngamazwe, uSeymour aphawula ukuthi kuyiphethini evamile emlandweni we-US anti-imperialism [7].
Iminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule nayo ibone izinyathelo ezibalulekile mayelana nalokhu. Kusukela ngo-1995, iqembu elizinze e-US iVoices in the Wilderness laletha ukudla nemithi kubantu base-Iraqis abahluphekayo ngaphansi kombuso onesihluku wase-US/UN, okwakwenzelwa wona. okuhlosiwe futhi wahlawuliswa ngoMnyango Wezezimali wase-US. Umlandeli wayo, Amazwi we-Creative Nonviolence, uqhubeka ngalowo moya. US Work Against the War kwakhiwa ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-March 2003 futhi yakhe izixhumanisi eziqondile nenhlangano yezabasebenzi yase-Iraqi; imikhankaso yayo yezemfundo ifune ukubeka amazwi abasebenzi base-Iraq enkabeni yenkulumo-mpikiswano ngeMpi yase-Iraq, futhi inhlangano ikhulise ukugxila kwayo eminyakeni yamuva nakwezinye izingosi zokungenelela kwezempi yase-US. I I-Afghan Women's Mission, eyasungulwa ngo-2000, ihlela ukwesekwa kobuntu nezombusazwe kwabesifazane base-Afghan, futhi isebenza eduze neqembu lezwe lase-Afghan labesifazane kanye neqembu eliphikisana nezempi iRevolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (I-RAWA). Amaqembu amaningana e-anti-war ase-US nawo waqala ukusebenza nge Ama-Afghans for Peace kanye nesanda kwakhiwa Amavolontiya e-Afghan Youth Peace (bona izithombe). I I-International Solidarity Movement iqoqa amavolontiya avela emhlabeni wonke ukuze ahlanganyele ekuphikiseni okungenabudlova kokuhlala kwePalestine. Amaqembu ase-US athanda IFCO/Pastor for Peace futhi Fakaza Ngokuthula bebelokhu bephula inqubomgomo yase-US maqondana neCuba nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America amashumi eminyaka ngokuhlakulela izibopho eziqondile zobumbano nezisulu.
ngenhla: USuraia Sahar we-Afghans for Peace ukhuluma nesixuku embhikishweni wokulwa ne-NATO eChicago ngoMeyi 20, 2012. Eduze kwaseSahar kukhona uSaba noSamira, amalungu amabili e-Afghans for Peace, noMary Kirkland, unina wesosha lase-US. ozibulele. Lezi zinkulumo zalandelwa ngu-a umkhosi lapho omakadebona base-US abangama-45 bajikijela izindondo zabo zempi bebheke engqungqutheleni ye-NATO ehlangane namabhulokhi ambalwa.
ngenhla: Lowo owayengumakadebona weMpi Yasolwandle ne-Iraq uVincent Emanuele waseChesterton, e-Indiana, uphonsa izindondo zakhe zempi endaweni yomhlangano we-NATO eChicago ngoMeyi 20, njengoba amalungu e-Afghans for Peace ebuka.
Lezi zinhlangano zithola ukunakwa okuncane ngokumangazayo engxoxweni kaSeymour yakamuva. Esinye isizathu, mhlawumbe, ukuthi uSeymour ucabanga ukuthi ukumelana emazweni afana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ngokuyinhloko ehlomile ukumelana. Uphikisa ngokuthi amabutho e-anti-war ase-US "ayikaze ayithole indlela yokuhlobana ne-anti-US insurgency e-Iraq" (ikhasi 217), futhi kubonakala sengathi iphakamisa (ilandela u-Alexander Cockburn) ukuthi izishoshovu kufanele ngabe zahlakulela ubumbano olukhulu nokumelana nezikhali e-Iraq. . Lapho Isibumbu wenze le mpikiswano ngo-2007 wagxekwa yilabo abaveza ukuthi ukuvukela umbuso kwase-Iraq kwakuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamaqembu, iningi lawo elalingakholelwa kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwabesifazane nangokweqile, kanti abanye babo babesebenzisa amaqhinga amaphekula [8]. Nokho kokubili ukuphikisana nokugxeka kwakho kuye kwathanda ukunganaki iqiniso lokuthi ukumelana ne-Iraq bekulokhu kuhlanganisa okungaphezu nje kwamavukela-mbuso ahlomile; iye yahlanganisa nezinyunyana zabasebenzi ezingenalo ubudlova, amaqembu abesifazane bezwe, abantu benkolo abangagxilile, abefundisi, amakhomanisi, nabanye abaningi. Ama-Iraqi amaningi ulahlwe ukusebenza kwe-US ngenkathi futhi igxeka inhlamba, inkolo yenkolo, kanye nokuhlukana kwamaqembu amaningi ahlomile. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane ku Iran futhi Afghanistan bathathe izikhundla ezifanayo [9].
Ngokubona kwami โโimizamo yamaqembu afana neVoices in the Wilderness, US Labor Against the War, kanye ne-Afghan Womenโs Mission inikeza isu elithembisa kakhulu, elihlakulela ubumbano nemikhakha ecindezelwe kakhulu e-Iraq, Afghanistan, nakwezinye izindawo. Indlela enjalo ayidingi ukugxeka konke ukumelana nezikhali emsebenzini (futhi akufanele, ngoba asinalo ilungelo elingokomthetho noma lesimilo lokwenza kanjalo), kodwa ibeka phambili amazwi alabo โabacindezelwe kakhuluโ ikakhulukazi abesifazane, abasebenzi, kanye nezinhlanga ezincane [10]. Abalingisi abahlomile abangaqondi izakhamuzi bangase bafaneleke ngempela ukusekelwa kwethu ezimweni ezithile, kodwa esikhathini samanje amaqhawe anamandla kakhulu futhi ancomekayo (futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu?) ngokuvamile amavukela-mbuso angenalo udlame. Ukushicilela imibono yala maqembu yobulungiswa kunezinzuzo eziningi. Kuyasiza ukwenza abantu babe ngabantu abangaphansi kwe-imperialism yase-US futhi kukhombisa ukuthi imiphakathi "emuva" efana ne-Iraq, Afghanistan, ne-Iran empeleni igcwele abantu abakhulumayo nabacabangayo abanamandla amakhulu okuzinqumela ikusasa labo, futhi abaphikisana kakhulu nokungenelela kwe-US. .
Enye ingxabano encane ngale ncwadi ukuthi kunokunaka okuncane okunikelwe kwabaphikisana nempi ngaphakathi kwezempi yaseMelika, okuyinto kimi eyinkinga ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, kunomlando okhuthazayo wokuphikisa kwamasosha okufanele ukunakwa ngokwawo ngezibonelo ezingavamile zesibindi sokuziphatha esikunikezayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba yokusebenzisana kwabaphikisana ne-GI kanye nezishoshovu zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam kodwa nakwezinye izindlela zokungenelela (okuhlanganisa i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan), iphikisana nenganekwane evamile yokuthi ubudlelwano bebutho nesosha babukhona, futhi bungobunye bobutha [ 11]. Okwesibili, ukuphikisa kwamasosha nakho kubalulekile emizabalazweni yamanje yokulwa nokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US. Ngenxa yezikhundla zawo ezibalulekile ohlakeni lwamasosha ase-US, amasosha aphethe uhlobo oluhlangene lokuzuza olunamandla kakhulu kunokusebenzisa izakhamizi ezijwayelekile. Ngenxa yengqikithi engavamile yesiko lezepolitiki lase-US, omakadebona ababuyayo nabo bajabulela izinga elithile lokwethembeka phakathi komphakathi omningi labo ababhikishi abangakwenzi. Osopolitiki nabaphathi bezempi kudala belibona leli qiniso, futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezingajwayelekile ukugcina ukulalela ezinhlwini kanye nokuthulisa noma ukudelela omakadebona bempi. Ukunakwa okwengeziwe kokuthi amasosha kanye nabasekeli bawo abangabahlali bahlele kanjani ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezimpi ezedlule bekuzothuthukisa lokho okusewukuhlaziya okunamandla.
Abashokobezi baseMelika iwukuhlanganisa okumangalisayo komlando ocebile kodwa ovame ukunganakwa. Inikeza izindaba ezikhuthazayo zama-anti-imperialists ase-US adlule kanye nezeluleko ezibalulekile kubahleli banamuhla. Esikhathini lapho uhulumeni wase-US kanye nesigaba esibusayo behlala bezibophezele ekubuseni umhlaba wonke futhi bedelela ngokunamandla umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemibono, le ncwadi idinga ukunakwa kakhulu kubafundi abahlala esiswini sesilo sobukhosi.
amanothi:
[1] Phesheya kwezilwandle i-imperialism yase-US ayizange isiqalo ngawo-1890s: isibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US wathatha izintambo zokulawula i-Alaska ngo-1867 futhi wabulala izikhali eziyi-103 phesheya kwezilwandle phakathi kuka-1798 no-1895; phakathi kuka-1869 no-1897 uhulumeni wase-US wathumela imikhumbi yempi emanzini aseLatin America 5,980 izikhathi. Kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-1890s kwaphawula ukuzibophezela okuthe xaxa ekwandeni phesheya kwezilwandle, okuhlanganisa nokutholwa kwamakoloni amaningana asemthethweni. Amanani acashunwe ku-Howard Zinn, Umlando Wabantu Wase-United States, 1492-Okwamanje, umfundisi. ed. (ENew York: HarperPerennial, 1995 [1980]), 290-91; UWilliam Appleman Williams, Umbuso Njengendlela Yokuphila (Brooklyn, NY: Ig Publishing, 2007 [1980]), 117.
[2] UWilliam Appleman Williams, Inhlekelele ye-American Diplomacy (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1959); Williams, Umbuso Njengendlela Yokuphila.
[3] Ingcaphuno evela kumlobi wezomlando kaRobert F. Kennedy, u-Arthur Schlesinger, Omncane, echaza isu likaKennedy alifunayo elibhekise eCuba. Bheka uSclesinger, URobert Kennedy kanye ne-Times Yakhe (Boston: Mariner, 2002 [1978]), 480. Lesi sisho sivame ukucashunwa nguNoam Chomsky. Mayelana nokuphatha kukaKennedy bheka futhi uChomsky, I-Camelot Ecabanga Kabusha: I-JFK, Impi YaseVietnam, kanye Nesiko Lezepolitiki lase-US (Boston: South End Press, 1993).
[4] UWilson ucashunwe kuThomas J. Knock, Ukuqeda Zonke Izimpi: UWoodrow Wilson kanye Nokufuna I-New World Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 133. Enkathini yokucindezelwa kweWWI bheka noWilliam Preston, Omnci., Abafokazi kanye Nabaphikisi: Ukucindezelwa Kwenhlangano Kwama-Radicals, 1903-1933 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963); Zin, Umlando Wabantu, I-355-67.
[5] Bheka uJames W. Loewen, Amanga Uthisha Wami Wangitshela: Yonke Incwadi Yakho Yomlando WaseMelika Ayilungile (ENew York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 302-09.
[6] USeymour akakhulumi ngokuvukela Kommbila Oluhlaza, kodwa usekela impikiswano yakhe. Bheka u-Adam Hochschild, "Indaba Yempi Engaziwa-Ngaleso sikhathi Namanje: Ukudlula Inganekwane Yomfana Nehhashi Lakhe," TomDispatch, February 26, 2012; UJohn Womack, Jr., noRoxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, โAmaphupho Enguquko: Oklahoma, 1917,โ Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 62, nxa. 6 (2010): 42-56; UWilliam Cunningham, Ukuvukela Kommbila Oluhlaza (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010 [1935]).
[7] Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe kakhulu lwenhlangano, oluhlinzeka ngokusekela lamaphuzu, nguChristian Smith, I-Resisting Reagan: I-US Central America Peace Movement (EChicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
[8] UCockburn, "Usekela Amasosha Awo?" Se-Creptpunch.org, July 14-16, 2007; ukuze uthole ukugxekwa bheka u-Katha Pollitt, โ2,4,6,8! Lokhu Kunqunywa Ikhanda Kuhle Impela!โI-TheNation.com, Julayi 13, 2007 (i-critique okuthi, naphezu kokufaneleka kwayo, ishaye indiva ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhloso namaqhinga ngaphakathi kohlaka oluhlomile futhi inganaki ukumelana okungenabudlova ngokuphelele). Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okuwusizo kokwehlukahlukana phakathi kwezihlubuki ezihlomile kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2006-ikakhulukazi umehluko obalulekile wamaqhinga phakathi kwamavukela-mbuso ahlasela izikhali kanye nalabo abasebenzisa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula-bheka uMichael Schwartz, "Ukungqubuzana Kwe-Iraqi Resistance: Impi YamaGuerrilla vs. Ubuphekula," Ngokumelene Nesimanje 120 (Januwari-February 2006).
[9] E-Iraq i-Organisation of Womenโs Freedom e-Iraq cishe iyiqembu eligqame kakhulu elimelene nomsebenzi wabesifazane; bona labo iwebhusayithi futhi yakamuva interview nomongameli wabo, u-Yanar Mohammed: "Isishoshovu Sabesifazane Base-Iraq Siphika Izimangalo ZaseMelika Ze-Iraq Ekhululekile: 'Leli Akulona Izwe Lentando Yeningi,'" Intando yeningi Manje! December 16, 2011. Bheka futhi yakamuva interview nomholi wesifazane wase-Iraqi wabasebenzi ka-Ali Issa, "Emhlabathini e-Basra: Ingxoxo noHashmeya Muhsin al-Saadawi," Jadaliyya, May 2, 2012. Ukuze uthole imiyalelo yeqembu le-Iranian feminist yobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe bheka i-Raha Iranian Feminist Collective, โUbumbano Nokunganeliseki Kwakho,โ Jadaliyya, February 19, 2012. E-Afghanistan bona I-RAWA Iwebhusayithi.
[10] Yebo, ukunquma ukuthi ubani โocindezelwe kakhuluโ kuwumsebenzi olula futhi oyingozi. Kepha kwizishoshovu zobumbano akukho ukugwema le nkinga: isikhathi esiningi kumele sikhethe ukuthi amazwi kabani esizowabeka eqhulwini.
[11] Le nganekwane ihlakulelwe yizikhukhula zenkulumo-ze, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Bona uJerry Lembcke, Isithombe Sokuphalaza: Inganekwane, Inkumbulo, kanye Nefa laseVietnam (ENew York: I-NYU Press, 1998). Izinsolo ezibhekiswe kubabhikishi abamelene nempi "ngokungasekeli amasosha" ngokusobala zisukela emuva ekuthathweni kwe-US ePhilippines (Seymour, p. 63). Ekuphikisaneni kwe-GI ngesikhathi saseVietnam bheka uDavid Cortright, Amasosha Avukelayo: I-GI Resistance phakathi neMpi YeVietnam (Chicago: Haymarket, 2005 [1975]). E-Iraq/Afghanistan bona, phakathi kweminye imithombo eminingi, i-Iraq Veterans Against the War kanye no-Aaron Glantz, Isosha Lasebusika i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan: Ama-Akhawunti Ofakazi Abazibonela Emisebenzi (Chicago: Haymarket, 2008); Dahr Jamail, Intshisekelo Yokumelana: Amasosha Angenqaba Ukulwa E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan (Chicago: Haymarket, 2009); Buff Whitman-Bradley, Sarah Lazare, and Cynthia Whitman-Bradley, ed., Mayelana Nobuso: Abaphikisi Bezempi Bavukela Impi (Oakland: PM Press, 2011).
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