Amandla amakhulu ezinkampani ezizimele angenye yezimpawu ezimaphakathi zomphakathi wase-US. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi lezo zinkampani, amaqembu anentshisekelo ahleleke kakhulu futhi acebe kakhulu emphakathini wethu, anesikhathi eside exhaswa ngezimali osomnotho, osopolitiki kanye nosopolitiki abakhuthaza izimfundiso zezomnotho ezizofeza izintshisekelo zabo. Ama-demagogue axhaswe ngezimali ezinhle abengamele izimpikiswano zamanje mayelana nokushoda kwesabelomali kanye nesikweletu sikazwelonke bawukubonakaliswa kwakamuva kwaleli thonya, futhi baye basiza ekungeniseni lokho isazi sezomnotho esiwine uMklomelo kaNobel uPaul Krugman. izingcingo "Inkathi Yobumnyama ye-macroeconomics" lapho amaqiniso amaningi ayisisekelo ezomnotho aye acwiliswa yizinganekwane ezihlekisayo kodwa eziwusizo. Okwezwe abezindaba banikeze ukwethembeka kulezi zinganekwane. Isibonelo, ekupheleni okukhululekile kakhulu kwe-spectrum yemidiya, New York Times Ukuhlanganisa kusho ukuthi ukwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile kungenzeka, noma kungenzeka kakhulu, ukudala imisebenzi njengendlela ehlukile yokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi-isimangalo esiqashelwa njengamanga osomnotho abaningi abazimele [1].
Lokhu okulandelayo kuhloswe ngakho njengesiqalo esifushane sokubhekana nenganekwane evelele kakhulu mayelana nokushoda kwesabelomali kanye nenqubomgomo yezomnotho esabalaliswa njengamanje kwabezindaba nasemahholo kahulumeni. Iningi labantu abasebenzayo emhlabeni wonke linokuqonda okunembile kokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal kanye ne-fiscal austerity kubalimaze kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi e-United StatesโamaDemocrats namaRiphabhulikhi ngokufanayoโbamelene ngokuqinile nanoma yikuphi ukusikeka kwe-Medicare noma Social Security, futhi akukho nkulumo-ze exhaswe yinkampani okungenzeka iguqule izingqondo zabo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Kodwa ukuqonda okucacile kwamaphutha ezomnotho wenkulumo-mpikiswano yokushoda kuyimfuneko ekubaleni labo abangeke baneliseke kuze kube yilapho i-United States iguqulwa ibe i-Dickensian dystopia [2].
Inganekwane 1:
Ukushoda kwesabelomali kwamanje kuwumphumela wokusetshenziswa kwemali eningi kukahulumeni kwezemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, inhlalakahle, Ukuvikeleka Komphakathi, kanye nezinzuzo zezinyunyana zezinkampani zikahulumeni.
Umuntu akakwazi ukuvula i-TV kulezi zinsuku ngaphandle kokuzwa osopolitiki nabahlaziyi bememeza โngokusebenzisa imali ngendlela engalawuleki.โ Inhloso eyinhloko yobuthi babo ukusebenzisa imali kukahulumeni ezinhlelweni zomphakathi ezifana ne-Medicaid, izikole zomphakathi, izindlu zomphakathi, inhlalakahle, nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi, kanye "namalungelo" afana ne-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare. Okushiwo ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zokusebenzisa imali zidla ingxenye enkulu yesabelomali sikahulumeni (nokuthi futhi zizuzisa kakhulu abantu abambalwa abavilaphayo nabangafanelekiโisb, isithombe esingokomfanekiso sokucwasa ngokwebala, esaduma ngesikhathi sikaReagan, sowesifazane omnyama okhulelwe ohamba ngomkhumbi eyongena ihhovisi lezenhlalakahle e-Cadillac) [3].
I-Federal Budget Deficit
Ukugxila emqondweni owodwa "ngokunciphisa okushodayo" kuyingozi, ngoba uhulumeni wase-US kufanele ukwandisa ukuntula ukusetshenziswa kwayo esikhathini esifushane ukusiza ukuvuselela ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi (bheka ngezansi, Inganekwane yesi-3). Kodwa uma ukushoda ngokwako kuyisihloko sempikiswano, imithombo yayo yangempela akunzima ukuyiqonda. Abathathu bagqama njengabahlanganyeli โekushodelweni kwesakhiwoโ kwesikhathi eside, okusho ingxenye yalokho okushodayo okuvela kwezinye izici ngaphandle kokuwohloka komnotho okuhlasele ngo-2008 ngenxa yobudedengu be-Wall Street:
- Izimpi nokusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi
- Ukwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile
- Izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezikhuphukayo
Imiphumela enyantisayo yomuntu eceleni, ukusetshenziswa kwemali eMpini yase-Iraq kuphela kube nomthelela omkhulu ukwandisa esikweletini sikazwelonke ngaphambi kwe inkinga yezezimali, kanye nezilinganiso eziqinile zezindleko zezimali zempi ziyadlula $ 3 isigidintathu. Lapho izimpi zase-Afghanistan nasePakistan zifakiwe, inani lingase libe ngaphezu kwalokho $ 4 isigidintathu [4]. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwempi kuyingxenye encane kuphela yezindleko eziphelele zempi. Kulo nyaka, njengakuyo yonke iminyaka yakamuva, uhulumeni wase-US uzochitha cishe isigamu isabelomali sayo sisonke, okuhlanganisa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zayo yonke imali esetshenziswa ngokubona, โezokuvikelaโโokusho amasosha, izimpi eziningi zaphesheya kwezilwandle, izikhali zenuzi, izindleko ezitholwe yizindleko zezempi ezidlule, njalonjalo. Ngo-2010 uhulumeni wase-US wachitha $ 28 billion ohlelweni lwayo oluyinhloko lwezenhlalakahle, Usizo Lwesikhashana Emindenini Eswele, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokunakekela izingane ezihlobene, uma kuqhathaniswa $ 1.4 isigidintathu kwezempi. Izindleko zazo zonke izinhlelo โzokuvikeleka kweholoโ zihlangeneโkuhlanganise nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi, izikweletu zentela yomholo ophansi, izitembu zokudla, ukondleka kwezingane, ukunakekela izingane okungeyona eyakho, njllโziphelele ngaphansi ingxenye yesithathu yesabelomali sezempi [5]. I-United States isebenzisa cishe imali eningi kwezempi yayo njengoba umhlaba wonke uhlangene, futhi izidingo zayo zokuvikela ezisemthethweni zingase zimbozwe ngengxenye encane yesabelomali sezempi samanje.
Isabelomali sika-2012 "sokuvikela" manje okudingidwa ngaso kuCongress cishe sizoba esisha irekhodi-phezulu. Izinkulumo zakamuva mayelana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwePentagon azinangqondo kakhulu: lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukusikwa" u-Obama kanye nowayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela uGates abahlongoze kule ntwasahlobo edlule empeleni kuwukwehliswa kwezinga elihleliwe ukukhula ePentagon ukuchitha isikhathi. UGates, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uziqhenye ngokufuna ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, kodwa ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa izinzuzo zezempilo zomakadebona-enye yezingxenye ezimbalwa zalokho kusetshenziswa kwemali empeleni okufeza injongo enhle nedingekayo (edingekayo ngenxa ye-imperialism yase-US edlule, kodwa kudingekile noma kunjalo) [6].
Imbangela yesibili yokushoda kombuso kube ukwehliswa okumangazayo kwamazinga entela ezinkampani kanye nezakhamuzi ezicebe kakhulu. Izinga lentela engenayo ezindlini ezenza ngaphezu kuka-$250,000 lehle kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha edlule, lisuka phezulu ngamaphesenti angama-94 ngo-1944 laya kumaphesenti angama-35 namuhla (nokho, okwangempela izinga lentela kwabacebile belilokhu liphansi kakhulu kunalezi zibalo ngenxa yezintuba zentela nokukhululwa). Abaphathi bakaBush banciphisa izintela ngo-2001 futhi futhi ngo-2003, basiza ngokushesha ukusula imali enqwabelene yesabelomali eyatholwa njengefa kusukela esikhathini sikaClinton. Ukunwetshwa kwakamuva kokuncishiswa kwentela enkathini kaBush kuhlelwe ukubiza uhulumeni wobumbano ama- $ 3.7 trillion kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo (isiphakamiso sokuqala sikaMongameli Obama, lapho agwema khona ngokuzithoba ephendula ingcindezi yeRiphabhulikhi, ngabe sandise cishe konke ukuncishiswa kwentela, ngaphandle kwekhefu lentela elengeziwe lemindeni eyenza imali engaphezu kuka-$250,000, futhi ngabe sandise ukushoda ngemali elinganiselwa ku-$3 trillion esikhundleni sika-$3.7 trillion). Ukwelulwa kokuncishiswa kwentela kule mizi ecebe kakhulu kuzobiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-680 phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, futhi imali izoya ngokuyinhloko kubakhokhi bentela abacebe kakhulu abangamaphesenti angu-0.1โokungukuthi, ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yabantu abacebe kakhulu ekhulwini labantu base-US, abalinganiselwa ku-$8.4 million emalini engenayo yonyaka [7]. Isikhungo Sesabelomali kanye Nokubalulekile Kwenqubomgomo izilinganiso ukuthi konke lokhu kuncishiswa kwentela kanye nezimpi zase-Iraq kanye ne-Afghanistan kuzokhulisa ukushoda kombuso cishe ngama- $ 7 trillion phakathi nesikhathi sika-2009 kuya ku-2019 [8]. Futhi izingxoxo zamanje zingase zehlise izinga eliphezulu lentela engenayo, lisuka kumaphesenti angama-35 liye kuma-29. Kusesimweni sezepolitiki nabezindaba sase-Orwellian kuphela lapho labo abathanda ukusetshenziswa kwemali eningi kwezempi kanye nokwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile bangathathwa โnjengabadla imaliโ noma โabalondolozi bezimali.โ
Ukusola i-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare ngokushoda kwe-federal, njengoba bobabili u-Obama kanye namaRiphabhulikhi benza njengamanje, akunangqondo ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu: 1) lezi zinhlelo ziyizikhwama ze-trust ezixhaswa izintela ze-payroll, ngakho-ke zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zezindleko zikahulumeni; 2) I-Social Security ingaphakathi isimo sezimali esizwakalayo, futhi izodlula okungenani ngo-2036; kanye ne-3) ngenkathi izindleko ezikhulayo ze-Medicare ziyinkinga esikhathini eside, inkinga enkulu isekukhuphukeni kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emkhakheni ozimele ohlinzeka ngokunakekelwa ukuthi i-Medicare ixhasa ngemali-isizathu sesithathu esikhulu sokushoda kwe-federal yamanje-futhi okuncane okuphathelene nohlelo lweMedicare uqobo [9].
Uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo oluzimele lwase-US lungasebenzi kahle kakhulu emhlabeni onezimboni. Izwe lichitha cishe Kabili kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye ekunakekelweni kwezempilo njengamanye amazwe asezimbonini, kanye nemiphumela yezempilo engeyinhle kakhulu (isb., iminyaka ephansi yokuphila). Kodwa i-Medicare akuyona inkinga-empeleni, ingumshwalense oshibhile, obiza kakhulu ezweni, ngezindleko zokuphatha phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-2 no-4 uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-11 emkhakheni womshuwalense wezempilo ozimele. Ngawo wonke amadola asetshenziswa ekunakekelweni kwezempilo e-United States, Amasenti angu-31 iya ezindlekweni zokuphathaโcishe inani eliphindwe kabili (16.7) ngaphansi kohlelo lomshwalense wezempilo okhokha oyedwa waseCanada. Okuwukuphela kwesixazululo sangempela sokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukunweba uhlelo lweMedicare oluphethwe uhulumeni ukuze lukwazi ukumboza sonke isibalo sabantu (โumkhokhi oyedwa,โ noma โI-Medicare for Allโ), ngokuhambisana nezinye izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko ezifana nezingxoxo zikahulumeni mayelana amanani entengo yemithi kanye nemithetho eqinile ezinkampanini ezithaka imithi nezibhedlela. I-Medicare for All ngeke iyixazulule ngokuphelele inkinga yezindleko ngoba izothatha indawo yomkhakha owodwa kuphela wenkimbinkimbi yezempilo ezizimele engasebenzi kahleโizinkampani zomshwalense ezizimeleโkodwa ngokuqeda izinkampani zomshwalense ezizimele izonciphisa izindleko kuyo yonke indawo (ngokwesibonelo, ezempilo. abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwakungeke kusadingeka bachithe isikhathi nemali ngokusebenzelana namakhulu ezinkampani zomshwalense). Ukushintshela ohlelweni lomshwalense okhokha oyedwa kukodwa kuzokonga okungenani amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-350 unyaka ngamunye. Njengosomnotho uDean Baker noDavid Rosnick khombisa, โUma i-United States ibingenza uhlelo lwayo [lokunakekelwa kwezempilo] lusebenze kahle njengelamanye amazwe acebile, bekungeke kube khona inkinga yokushoda kwesabelomali.โ Phela, i-Medicare for All izoba nenzuzo eyengeziwe yokunikeza i-United States uhlobo oluthile lomphakathi ophucuzekile, lapho 45,000 abantu ngeke besafa unyaka nonyaka ngoba abakwazi ukukhokhela umshwalense wezempilo [10].
Ukushoda Kwesabelomali Sikahulumeni
Ezingeni lezifundazwe ngazinye, izimbuzi eziyinhloko ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezemfundo, i-Medicaid, nezinye izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, kanye nezinyunyana zomkhakha womphakathi. Ukugomela kokuthi izingane zesikole zikahulumeni, abangenamakhaya, kanye nabasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi badla izinsiza zohulumeni bezifundazwe kunesisekelo esincane eqinisweni, nokho.
Izifundo ezicophelelayo ezenziwa ngabakwa I-Economic Policy Institute, lo Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwenqubomgomo Yezomnotho, kanye nabanye abahlaziyi abazimele bathole ukuthi amaholo omkhakha womphakathi empeleni aphansi kunamaholo omkhakha ozimele lapho kuhlaziywa ukulawula iminyaka yobudala kanye namazinga emfundo (abasebenzi bakahulumeni bavame ukuba ngabantu abadala futhi abafundile kangcono) [11]. Isilinganiso somholo wokuqala wothisha kuleli yi-$39,000 [12].
Kuthiwani ngazo zonke lezo โmpesheni ezigcwele igolideโ? Idlanzana labantu asebathatha umhlalaphansi emphakathini bayayithola impesheni yabantu abayisithupha, kodwa ayijwayelekile, njengemithombo yezindaba yezinkampani. kusho babe [13]. Impesheni emaphakathi eWisconsin ingaphansi kwama-$23,000. ENew Jersey, esinye isifunda esinomphathi wezinkomo ozibophezele ekwabeleni kabusha ingcebo esuka emindenini esebenzayo iye kwabacebile, isilinganiso sempesheni yabasebenzi bakahulumeni singu-$39,500 ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabasebenzi bezwe kanye nabasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi wendawo ngeke bafanelekele Ukuvikeleka Komphakathi lapho bethatha umhlalaphansi, okusho ukuthi impesheni yabo izoba semqoka kakhulu ukuze baziphilise [14]. (Ngisho noma amaholo kanye nezinzuzo zomkhakha womphakathi ngamashumi ephakeme kunezinkampani ezizimele, ngeke kusho ukuthi abasebenzi bembonini kahulumeni baholelwa ngokweqile. Abasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi baphakathi kwezigaba ezimbalwa zabasebenzi abahlanganiswe ngobuningi babo futhi basenemihlomulo esezingeni elifanele. Indlela efanele iwukuba ukukhuphula amaholo kanye nezinzuzo zabasebenzi abampofuโโukwenyukela phezuluโ kunokwehlisela phansi. Ukwehlisela phansi amaholo ezisebenzi ekugcineni kulimaza bonke abasebenzi ngokusheshisa umjaho ononya uze ufike phansi.) [15]
Ukuchitha imali ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kanye nemfundo akuwona umthombo wezinkinga zesabelomali sikahulumeni. Imbangela enkulu esheshayo yokushoda kwesabelomali sombuso kwaba ukwehla okukhulu kwemali etholwayo yentela okulandela ukuqala kokuwohloka komnotho okukhiqizwa ku-Wall Street. Izikhwama zempesheni yabasebenzi ohulumeni basekhaya kanye nababezitshale emakethe yamasheya zathinteka kakhulu, futhi inani lazo lehla cishe ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-900 eminyakeni emibili [16]. Ubudedengu be-Wall Street kanye negagasi lokuhoxiswa kwezimali kukahulumeni okwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1980, okwaholela ekuqhumeni kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye namabhamuza ezindlu, yizona eziyimbangela enkulu.
Ukwehliswa kwentela ezinkampanini kanye nabacebile nakho kube nomthelela ekushoda kombuso. UMbusi waseWisconsin uScott Walker ukunciphisa izintela zezinkampani ngezigidi ezingu-140 zamaRandi, okwaba nesandla esishodayo sesabelomali ayesesisebenzisa ukuze athethelele ukuhlasela kwakhe abasebenzi baseWisconsin [17]. Isibonelo se I-New York, okwenzeka ukuthi kunombusi weDemocratic Alliance, kukhombisa isimo sokushaya esinezinhlangothi ezimbili. UMbusi uCuomo kanye nesishayamthetho sezwe bebengaqeda ukushoda kwesabelomali sombuso sika-$10 billion ngokwelula ukwenyuswa kwentela ezindlini ezenza ngaphezu kuka-$300,000 (obekungakhuphula ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha eminyakeni emibili), kubuyiselwe intela ekuthengisweni kwesitokwe (okungase wasula okushodayo onyakeni owodwa), futhi wahoxisa enye yezigidigidi zezwe zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 zoxhaso lwentela lwaminyaka yonke oluya kumabhizinisi azimele [5.4]. Abakwenzanga kulokhu okungenhla, esikhundleni salokho bakhetha ukukhomba izinkontileka zabasebenzi, ukukhulisa imali yokufunda emanyuvesi omphakathi, kanye nokunciphisa uxhaso lukahulumeni lwezikole namanyuvesi zikahulumeni, iMedicaid, kanye neMetropolitan Transportation Authority. UCuomo waze wacela esidlangalaleni amabhizinisi amakhulu ukuthi aqashe abagqugquzeli abaningi ukuze balwisane nezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izingane zesikole, kanye nezinye โizintshisakalo ezikhethekileโ eziphikisana nesabelomali sakhe. Esanda kuqeda lokho akubiza ngokuthi unyaka wezepolitiki โoyimpumelelo ngokungajwayelekile,โ uCuomo usanda kumemezela ukuthi โukunciphisa izinzuzo zempesheni kuzoba umgomo wakhe omkhuluโ ngonyaka ozayo [18].
Ngamafuphi, izinkulumo eziningi zamanje mayelana nezimbangela zokushoda kombuso kanye nombuso zidukisa kakhulu. Ukuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi, abafundi, kanye nomphakathi jikelele kuyisinqumo sepolitiki, akusona isibopho esigunyazwe yizinkinga zesabelomali. Izinkulumo ziyadukisa, kodwa azizenzekelanga. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwezinganekwane mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimali emphakathini, izinhlelo zokufaneleka, kanye nabasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi kukhombisa isu elihlolwe kahle, lokho uRobin Hahnel no-Edward Herman abakubiza ngokuthi โisu lesabelomali esilinganiselweโ: ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi kanye nokwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile kudala ukusilela okukhulu kwesabelomali. kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali, okubuye kube ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa besidingo sokunciphisa "imali engalawuleki" ezinhlelweni zenhlalo njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nenhlalakahle-ukusebenzisa imali okuyi-miniscule uma kuqhathaniswa [20]. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwenhlekelele yamanje, uDavid Harvey wakubikezela lokho ngokuqiniseka
Inkinga yezimali yomhlaba ngokwengxenye ecasulwe yizinqubomgomo zayo zezomnotho budedengu izovumela uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi ekugcineni azilahle noma yisiphi isibopho sokuhlinzekela inhlalakahle yezakhamizi zawo ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwalawo mandla ezempi namaphoyisa okungase kudingeke ukuqeda iziyaluyalu zomphakathi futhi uphoqelele ukuziphatha emhlabeni jikelele...Ngemuva kokuwohloka kwezimali, izikhulu ezibusayo zingase zibe nethemba lokuvela namandla amakhulu kunangaphambili. [21]
Ngokungamangalisi, abalandeli bezinhlangothi ezimbili balo mqondo bayaphinda basebenzise okucatshangwa ukuthi kunezinkinga zezimali ukuzama ukuthethelela ukubekwa kwezinqubomgomo ezihlehlayo ezizolimaza amakhulu ezigidi zabantu kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa abacebe kakhulu. Lezi zinqubomgomo zibe yimpumelelo emangalisayo. Osomnotho ababili abadumile bezepolitiki qaphela ukuthi kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2007, โIphesenti elilodwa elicebe kakhulu [e-United States] lathola amaphesenti angu-1 alo lonke iholo elikhulayo.โ Ethatha umbono wesikhathi eside, owayengumqondisi wesabelomali sokuphatha iReagan uDavid Stockman amanothi ukuthi inani eliphelele lengqikithi yamaphesenti amahlanu emindeni ecebe kakhulu e-US liqhume lisuka ku-$8 trillion ngo-1985 laya ku-$40 trillion namuhla; leyomizi โsizuze ingcebo engaphezu kwaleyo isintu sonke esasiyidalile ngaphambi kuka-1980โ [22].
Le phethini iqhubeka kuze kube yilapho abahlomuli bezindleko zezempi kanye nezinye izinqubomgomo ezihlehlayo, zokugxila ingcebo zihlala zihlelekile futhi zinolaka kunabazuzi bezindleko zomphakathi. Nakuba izindawo zokungcebeleka zezinkampani zihlelekile futhi zinezimali ezinhle kakhulu, okwamanje abantu abampofu, abagulayo, abangasebenzi, nabasebenzayo basalokhu behlukene phakathi futhi iningi labo lingenapolitiki.
Inganekwane 2:
Umthethosivivinywa ka-Obama ka-2009 wokukhuthaza umnotho uye walimaza kakhulu umnotho futhi wakhiqiza ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi
Akungabazeki ukuthi izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi e-US belizoba phezulu ukube bekungewona umthethosivivinywa wokuvuselela amabhiliyoni angama-787 uMongameli Obama awusayina ngoFebhuwari 2009. Ngokombiko ka-August 2010. izilinganiso weHhovisi Lesabelomali seCongressional, isikhuthazo โ[nga]nyusa inani labantu abaqashwe phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-1.4 nezingu-3.3โ [23]. Lapho โibhamuza lezindluโ lamanani entengo asekhaya aphakeme ngokwenziwa ngo-2008, alinciphisanga nje kuphela amanani ezindlu kodwa amanani esitokwe kanye nezindleko zangasese ekwakhiweni. Isamba ukusetshenziswa konyaka, noma isidingo, emnothweni wase-US sehle phakathi kuka-$1.05 trillion kanye no-$1.23 trillion. Lapho isidingo sangasese (okungukuthi, isidingo samabhizinisi kanye nabathengi) siwela futhi singabonisi zimpawu zokusimama, uhulumeniโumthombo wesithathu wesidingo emphakathiniโkufanele athathe ukuxega โnjengomthengi wesinyathelo sokugcinaโ [24]. Lokhu kucabanga kulele ngemuva komthethosivivinywa wokuvuselela ka-2009.
Kodwa noma ngabe u-$787 billion uzwakala njengesamba esikhulu semali, bekukuncane kakhulu ukumba umnotho wase-US ekuwohlokeni kwawo. Ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwesabelomali emazingeni kahulumeni nawendawo, umnikelo wengqikithi yesikhuthazo esidingweni siphelele ubungaphansi kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-787. Ngokusho kwezazi zezomnotho e Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwenqubomgomo Yezomnotho, ekugcineni โkwaba cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwesishiyagalombili yesidingo sangasese umnotho wethu owalahleka kusukela ekuqhumeni kwebhamuza lezindlu ezithengiswayoโ [25]. Njengosomnotho othole umklomelo kaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz uthi, โInkinga ngesikhuthazi kwakungekona ukuthi sasingasebenzi, kodwa sasingesikhulu ngokwaneleโฆOkwakudingeka kwakuwukukhuthazwa okungenani okungamaphesenti angu-50.โ U-Stiglitz wengeza ngokuthi isikhuthazi sibuye saklanywa ngendlela engalungile, okuningi kwakho kuza ngendlela yokwehliswa kwentela okungazange kuguqule ngokushesha ekukhuleni kwesidingo/ukusetshenziswa lapho bekufanele kubeke eqhulwini ukudluliselwa kwemali ezifundazweni ukusiza ukugcina izikole, amanyuvesi, kanye. izinhlelo zomphakathi. Mayelana $ 225 billion of the stimulus waya ukuncishiswa intela ibhizinisi kanye abatshalizimali kunabantu abavamile [26].
Isikhuthazo sika-Obama sango-2009 besinganele ngokudabukisayo futhi siklanywe kabi, kodwa ngaphandle kwaso izinga lokungasebenzi lingaba libi nakakhulu.
Inganekwane 3:
Ukusetshenziswa kwemali eshodayo kubi emnothweni; ukulinganisa isabelomali kufanele kube yinto yethu yokuqala
Osopolitiki bamanje ngokuyisisekelo balandela izinqubomgomo zezomnotho zika-Herbert Hoover, benqaba ukukhipha isikhuthazo esikhulu sikahulumeni esibalulekile ukubuyisela abantu emsebenzini, futhi ngasikhathi sinye baqhubekisele phambili ingcebo eqhubekayo kulabo asebenayo ngezindleko eziningi inani labantu. Ukukhathazeka okubili ngokunqamula okushodayo kudle iCongress, abaphathi baka-Obama, kanye nokuphawula okujwayelekile (kanye nabanye ohulumeni be-G-20). Ukunciphisa isikweleti kanye nesikweletu sezwe njengamanje kuwubuwula futhi kuzokwandisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Isazi sezomnotho uRobin Hahnel amanothi ukuthi uJohn Maynard Keynes, ubaba we-macroeconomics yesimanje umqondo wakhe wokusebenzisa imali eshodayo usiza i-United States ukuthi iphume ekuwohlokeni okukhulu,
uyaqhubeka ethuneni lakhe ukuthi ukuzibulala komnotho wembulunga yonke kungakanani, kanye nokubuyela kwezomnotho ezingaqondile, zekhulunyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunyeโฆ Ithiyori yezomnotho yekhulunyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yafundisa ukuthi lapho ukwehla komnotho kwehla, ukwehla kwemali engenayo, kanye nentela kahulumeni yehla, ohulumeni kufanele banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze kubuyiselwe. ibhalansi kumabhajethi abo. Lesi kwakuyiseluleko sikaNobhala woMgcinimafa u-Andrew Mellon lapho uHerbert Hoover athatha isinyathelo ngo-1929. [27]
Kwakudingeka ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyisisusa esinamandla ngo-2009, futhi kusaqhubeka kudingekile nanamuhla uma osopolitiki bezimisele ngokunciphisa izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi (elimi endaweni ethile phakathi kwamaphesenti ayi-16 nama-20, futhi liphakeme kakhulu ezifundeni ezithile naphakathi kwabansundu basemadolobheni). Ngokombono wezomnotho omkhulu, isici esiyinhloko sokuwohloka komnotho okukhona njengamanje kube ukwehla okukhulu kwesidingo, okuholela amabhizinisi ukuthi adilize abasebenzi futhi akhiqize kancane, okubuye kubangele ububha nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhulu, esimweni esibi esibi. Njengoba kuphawuliwe esigabeni esingenhla, kunemithombo emithathu yesidingo emnothweni: abathengi, amabhizinisi, kanye nohulumeni. Njengoba amaqembu amabili okuqala ehlulekile (futhi, esimweni samabhizinisi amakhulu, engafuni) ukuvuselela umnotho ngokutshala izimali ezintsha kanye nokusebenzisa imali, uhulumeni kumele athathe isinyathelo ngokusebenzisa imali ekhuthazayo ezindaweni ezifana nezemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. , ezokuthutha ngobuningi, ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, kanye nezindlu zomphakathi. Ukwenza kanjalo kungadala izigidi zemisebenzi emisha, kunciphise ukungalingani, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwabathengi/isidingo, bese kuholela ekuqashweni okukhulu. Izinketho โzemaliโ ezifana nokwehlisa izilinganiso zenzalo ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwebhizinisi zehlulekile kakhulu, nezinga lenzalo vele liphansi kakhulu. Izinkampani zase-US zigcwele imali nemali enkulu (ngaphezu $ 2 isigidintathu ezinqolobaneni), kodwa angizisebenzisi. Okuwukuphela kwesixazululo ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyisisusa enkulu kuhulumeni wobumbano, okuhlanganisa nosizo lwenhlangano oluya kohulumeni bezifundazwe, okudingeka ngokomthetho ukulinganisa izabelomali zabo. Ngisho ne-International Monetary Fund, okuyiwona ophethe i-neoliberal austerity kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, manje. uyavuma ukuthi ukuqina kwezimali (okungukuthi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali) ngeke kukhiqize ukukhula komnotho kwesikhashana [28].
Ukukhula kwesikweletu sikazwelonke sase-US akufani neze nemizwa yomqondo owodwa esiwugqugquzele kamuva. Njengosomnotho uDean Baker uyabona, isikweletu samanje esingu-$14.3 trillion sicishe sibe ngamaphesenti angama-90 we-US Gross Domestic Product, esingesikhulu ngokwedlulele ngokwezindinganiso zomlando:
Ingabe kukhulu lokho? Isikweletu-kuya-GDP isilinganiso sasingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-110 ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. I-United Kingdom yayinezilinganiso zezikweletu ku-GDP ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-100 ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19 njengoba yayizinza njengamandla ezimboni avelele emhlabeni. I-Japan inenani lesikweletu-kuya ku-GDP elingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-220 we-GDP futhi isengaboleka ezimakethe zezimali isikhathi eside ngamanani enzalo angaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-1.5. Pho, yini inkinga? Osopolitiki abafuna ukusika i-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare ngokusobala bafuna umphakathi ukholwe ukuthi kunenkinga enkulu futhi ngenxa yokungakwazi kwabezindaba, bakwazile ukufaka ukwesaba ezweni lonke mayelana nale nkinga enkulu engeyona inkinga. [29]
Izilinganiso zenzalo zesikhathi eside ziphansi ngokungavamile ngokwezindinganiso zomlando, okusho ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwemali eboleka uhulumeni okwamanje ngeke kubangele ukuba isikweletu sikhuphuke njengoba osolwazi abaningi besikisela, futhi ngeke kusho โukubeka isibambiso ikusasa lezingane zethuโ [30]. Isikweletu sikazwelonke sase-US, njengokushoda kombuso, kufanele kube okungeyona inkinga njengamanje. Eqinisweni, kubi kakhulu kunento engeyona indaba, ngoba ukugxila esikweletini kanye/noma okushodayo njengamanje kukhinyabeza ukusimama komnotho. Futhi uhlobo lokusetshenziswa kwemali osopolitiki abaqondise kulo lenza le mizamo ibe yinhlekelele nakakhulu, okungenani kubantu abaningi abancike ezintweni ezifana nezikole zikahulumeni, i-Social Security, Medicare, kanye nemisebenzi engavikelekile. U-Anthony Dimaggio ulungile amazwana ukuthi "[d] ukuncishiswa kwezikweletu kanye nokushoda kumane kuyisu lempi yekilasi okufanele lisetshenziswe ngokumelene nabampofu nabaphakathi" [31]. Ngemuva kwengxoxo ezwakalayo yobuchwepheshe mayelana nokushoda kanye โnokuziphatha kwezimaliโ kukhona izintshisekelo zesigaba ezimbozwe kancane zalabo abasezingeni eliphezulu kwezomnotho abanethemba lokuqhubeka nokwenza buthaka abasebenzi abahlelekile, basuse inetha lezwe elivele lidabukisa ukuphepha komphakathi, futhi andise, ngale kwezilinganiso zalo ezivele zingenangqondo, ingxenye yengcebo yezomnotho ekhuphukela phezulu kwephesenti elilodwa lomphakathi wase-US.
Usomnotho owahlomula iNobel uJoseph Stiglitz uyayifaka kalula: labo abaphikisana nokukhuthaza imali eyengeziwe okwamanje โabaqondi ezomnotho eziyisisekeloโ [32]. Ngeshwa, imibiko yabezindaba yehle kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nasephephandabeni elihamba phambili lesizwe elikhululekile, โi-basic economicsโ enikeziwe njengokuqagela okungaqinisekisiwe kunokuthola okuphakathi kweminyaka engama-80 yocwaningo lwe-macroeconomics [33].
Izinga elikhulayo lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nokwanda kobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo kwabaningi kungase kube ubulungisa abanye yemiphumela emibi yokuncisha isabelomali. Ukushoda kwemali ekhuthazayo futhi kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuncipha kokuthandwa kuka-Obama namaDemocrats kule minyaka emibili edlule. Kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuvuswa kabusha kweRiphabhulikhi okhethweni lwamaphakathi nonyaka odlule, futhi cishe izodlala indima ebalulekile okhethweni lukaNovemba 2012 [34]. Abasebenzi ezweni lonke baphelelwe yithemba, futhi amaDemocrats - abasolwa abashisekeli bezinguquko, "iqembu labantu" - awenzi lutho ukubasiza. Ukuphelelwa yithemba okudumile nokudumazeka ngezinketho ezikhona zezombusazwe manje sekuqhuba isibalo esandayo sabantu abajwayelekile ukuba bangene ezingalweni ze-radical right-wing, proto-fascist forces (noma okungenani ukunganaki nokuphelelwa ithemba, okungase kuzala ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezilimazayo), inkambiso engase ibonakale. ejwayeleke manje amaJalimane asebekhulile namaNtaliyane.
Inganekwane 4:
Ukunciphisa intela kwabacebile kuzosiza umnotho
Uhulumeni unezinketho ezimbalwa zokukhuthaza isidingo futhi ngaleyo ndlela alwe nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi: anganciphisa izintela, anyuse imali esetshenziswayo (noma inhlanganisela ethile yakho kokubili), noma i-Federal Reserve ingehlisa amanani enzalo ukuze ikhuthaze ukuboleka. Njengoba izilinganiso zenzalo sezivele zehlisiwe zafika cishe kuqanda, inketho yokugcina ayithembisi. Manje-ke kuthiwani ngezinye izindlela ezimbili, ukuncishiswa kwezintela kuqhathaniswa nokwenyusa imali? Noma, ukunemba kakhudlwana, ukunciphisa intela kwabacebile ngokumelene nokukhuphuka kwemali?
Zombili lezi zenzo zingaba nemiphumela emihle ekufuneni futhi ngaleyo ndlela zehlise izinga lokungasebenzi. Kodwa imiphumela yabo ekufuneni ayifani. Ukwenyuka kwedola nge-dollar ekusetshenzisweni kukahulumeni kukhuphula isidingo esihlanganisiwe ngaphezu kokuncishiswa kwezintela ngoba ingxenye yanoma yikuphi ukuncishiswa kwentela iyongiwa kunokuba isetshenziswe. Lo mthetho uyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endabeni yokwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile, abonga amaphesenti aphezulu omholo wabo kunemindeni empofu, yezinga labasebenzi, kanye nesigaba esiphakathi. Ukuthi ukunikeza abacebile ikhefu lentela โkudala amathuba emisebenziโ kuyiqiniso ngomqondo olinganiselweโukwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile kungase kuholele ekudaleni eminye imisebenzi. Umbuzo obalulekile ukuthi bazodala yini Okuningi imisebenzi kunezinye izindlela ezinjengokukhuphula izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, ukukhulisa uxhaso lwezikole zikahulumeni, noma ukunciphisa izintela zabasebenzi nabaphakathi ngenani elilinganayo. Impendulo yalo mbuzo, eyasungulwa futhi yaqinisekiswa inqwaba yezifundo zezomnotho phakathi neminyaka edlule, ithi cha. Njengoba kunikezwe ukukhetha phakathi kokwehlisa izintela kubakhokhi bentela abacebe kakhulu kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezenhlalo, le ndlela yokugcina iyona ewusizo kakhulu (umphumela wayo omuhle ekufuneni mkhulu, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isiza abantu abaswele kunokuqhubeka nokucebisa abacebile) [35] ]. Ukwandisa ukushoda kwefederal ngokukhula kokuboleka kubaluleke kakhulu njengamanje, kodwa ngisho nangaphandle kokuboleka okwengeziwe uhulumeni anganikeza umfutho othile wezomnotho ngokwandisa izintela kwabacebile ukuze bakhokhele ukwenyuswa kwezindleko ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana. Umhlaziyi wezomnotho uJack Rasmus ukubala Ukuthi ukuphoqa amakhaya acebe kakhulu (ethola amaphesenti angama-24 ayo yonke imali engenayo) ukuthi akhokhe intela efanayo ekhokhwa imindeni evamile kungakhuphula ngokushesha amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-170, lapho uhulumeni wobumbano engadala ngayo isamba semisebenzi emisha eyizigidi eziyisithupha ezweni. imboni zikahulumeni nezizimele [36].
Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani ukuxhasa abacebile kukhiqiza ukukhula okuncane komnotho kanye nokungalingani okukhulu kunoxhaso olulinganayo lomphakathi wonke. Okubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, abacebile bavame ukonga imali eningi kunabo bonke abanye abantu, okusho ukuthi izizumbulu zemali ezigcina njengenzuzo yebhizinisi neyomuntu ngamunye (noma ezilondolozwa ngenxa yekhefu lentela) azitshalwa kabusha emnothweni. ngezinga elifanayo ebengaba nalo ukube besezandleni zemindeni yabasebenzi, echitha ingxenye enkulu yomholo wayo bese ivuselela ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi eyengeziwe. Lo mthetho usebenza ikakhulukazi lapho isidingo sabathengi singesikhulu ngokwanele ukunxenxa amabhizinisi ukuthi atshale imali yawo ekukhiqizeni okusha; njengoba Rasmus ubhala, kulolu hlobo lwesimo โibhizinisi lizovele lifake ephaketheni imali eyongelwe intela; noma uyitshale phesheya kolwandle lapho kunesidingo khona, njengaseShayina noma eBrazil; noma ulisebenzisele ukuqagela ngokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe noma ezinye izimakethe ezinjalo ukuze uthole inzuzo enhle yesikhathi esifushane.โ Esinye isibonakaliso sivele enkulumweni yakamuva ka-Obama ku-Chamber of Commerce, lapho uMongameli enxusa ngokudabukisa izinkampani "ukuba 'zingene emdlalweni' ngokudedela izigidigidi zamadola zigcinwe" [37]. Imixhaso yezinkampani nayo ivamise ukuchithwa phesheya kwezilwandle (okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ezamukela ngenjabulo uxhaso lukahulumeni, bese luzisebenzisela ukukhokhela izindleko zokuthuthela e-Indonesia noma eVietnam). Imisebenzi eminingi edaleka ngokuxhasa abacebile iphinde ihole abantu abayisithupha, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kwezemfundo, ezokwakha nakweminye imikhakha kuvame ukudala. Okuningi imisebenzi ekhokhayo aphansi, kodwa namanje ehloniphekile, amaholo [38].
Lokho osomnotho bezepolitiki abakubiza ngakho ukukhula okuholwa ngamaholo-ukukhuphula amaholo ezisebenzi kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo ukuze kufukulwe umnotho-akukona nje kuphela ukulunga, kodwa futhi kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokukhiqiza ukukhula kunohlobo lwezinqubomgomo eziye zabusa ngendlela ephakeme kule minyaka engu-35 edlule [39] . Izinqubomgomo zezimali ezihlehlayo, ezintengantengayo kanye nezindleko zengcebo yezinkampani abaphathi baka-Obama abazamukele zizoqhubeka nokwehluleka ukwehlisa izinga lokungasebenzi. U-$680 wezigidigidi ukunwetshwa kokwehliswa kwentela kaBush kwabacebile kuzobiza uhulumeni wobumbano eshumini leminyaka elizayo kuzodala imisebenzi eminingi uma uchithwa ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana nokunye uxhaso kubantu abasebenzayo. (Kungokufanayo kuyiqiniso ukusetshenziswa kwempi, okuyindlela engasebenzi kahle yokudala amathuba emisebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa nokutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni engqalasizinda, ezemfundo, ezokuthutha ngobuningi, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo [40].)
Inganekwane 5:
Umnotho wase-US ekuqaleni wathuthukiswa ngenxa yohwebo lwamahhala, ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuncane kukahulumeni, kanye nokulawulwa okuncane kukahulumeni kwezamabhizinisi
Mhlawumbe inganekwane enkulu mayelana umlando womnotho wase-US ukuthi uthuthuke ngenxa โyohwebo lwamahhalaโโukungenelela kukahulumeni okuncane, ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuphansi, izimakethe ezingalawulwa, kanye neminye imithetho evamile yokucabanga kwemakethe yamahhala. Eqinisweni, izimboni zase-US kanye nebhizinisi lezolimo bezilokhu zifuna ukuvikelwa kukahulumeni ekuqondisweni kwemakethe, ngendlela yentela, uxhaso, ikhefu lentela, izivumelwano zokuhwebelana zangaphandle, izinkontileka zikahulumeni, nezinye izindlela ezihlukahlukene [41].
Izimboni eziningi zase-USโindwangu, izitimela, izimoto, amakhemikhali, izindiza, amakhompyutha, uma sibala ezimbalwaโzaziwumphela nya. othembekile ekungeneleleni kukahulumeni ekusukeni kwabo kokuqala. Uhulumeni wase-US, njengamaNgisi angaphambi kwawo, wamane waziba izinto ezifana namalungelo empahla yobuhlakani lapho zibonakala zingalungile. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, "intela" yayiwuphawu lwenqubomgomo yasekhaya, ebonisa isimo esiqinile sokuvikela sikahulumeni kuleso sigaba esibalulekile sokuthuthuka kwezimboni zase-US. Ukuhweba okukhululekile kuvunyelwe kuphela uma imboni yebhizinisi yase-US enamandla izuza ngenxa yezinzuzo ezizitholile ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwangaphambili. NjengaseNgilandi, abakhiqizi base-US bathanda ukuhwebelana ngokukhululekile kuphela ngemva kokuba sebekhuphuke ngaphezu kwabaqhudelana nabo bangaphandle (e-US, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili), okwenza ukuncintisana kuphephe kubo. Ukwehliswa kwezintela ngaleso sikhathi kwakwamukelekile njengoba izimboni ezinkulu zase-US zazingasakudingi. Ngokufanayo, abathengisi bezolimo baseMelika basekela ukudilizwa kwe-NAFTA kwezintela ukuze bakwazi ukugcwala imakethe yaseMexico ngezinhlamvu ezishibhile. Nokho ukuzibophezela ekuhwebeni ngokukhululekile kuvamise ukudlula ngokushesha, ngoba lapho ebhekene nanoma yikuphi usongo okubonakala sengathi abameli bayo abaphakeme bafuna ngokushesha ukubuyiselwa ekuvikelweni. Lapho kufika uKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, nalapho kugadla inkinga yezezimali ngo-2008, izinkampani namabhange ase-US bashesha ukufunaโfuthi batholaโusizo lukahulumeni olukhulu ngendlela yentela, ukuphuma kwebheyili, nokunye okunjalo. Ibhizinisi elikhulu lezolimo liyaqhubeka nokufuna izigidigidi zamadola kumxhaso oqondile womphakathi minyaka yonke ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho licula khona izimfanelo ezinhle zohwebo olukhululekile neMexico.
I-Pentagon iwuhlelo lwase-United States olwalungalingani ngokomlando lokuhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwabakhokhi bentela lukahulumeni ezinkampanini ezizimele ezifana ne-Boeing ne-Raytheon, ezibe sezivuna inzuzo-lokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi โimali yengceboโ yebhizinisi [42]. Iningi lalokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali kuwukumosha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kudala kuyinkomo engcwele yokusetshenziswa kwemali kuhulumeni, okuhlala kungathinteki noma nini lapho kunenkulumo yokunciphisa ukushoda. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi izinkontileka zempi ziwumshoshaphansi wezinkulungwane zezinkampani, ezisebenzisa ithonya lazo lokunxenxa eWashington ukuze ziqinisekise ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesabelomali sePentagon. Usizo lwezempi lwangaphandle lwase-US nokuthengiswa kwezikhali, njengokwakamuva kokuphatha kuka-Obama Isivumelwano sika-$60 billion ngombuso wengcindezelo waseSaudi Arabia, zengezwa uxhaso lwezinkampani zase-US. Amadili okuhweba aphesheya anenzuzo, njengakamuva nje ka-Obama Iphakethe lezohwebo lika-$45 billion neChina, ziyizixhaso ezimbozwe kancane ezinhlanganweni ezifanayo kanye namabhange amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali [43].
Imiyalelo yenqubomgomo yezomnotho uMnyango Wezezimali wase-US kanye nezikhungo zezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe eziye zayibekela amazwe angathuthukile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje (imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni encane, ukuhoxiswa komthetho, uhwebo olukhululekile, ukugcizelela ekukhokheni izikweletu, ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo empahla yengqondo, njll.) ngezindlela eziningi iphambene. emigomeni yokungenelela eyalandelwa kudala amazwe acebile. โUkukhahlela isitebhisi,โ njengoba isazi sezomnotho uHa-Joon Chang sikubiza kanjalo, kuyisici esifanelekayo salokho osekunesikhathi eside amazwe athuthukile ekwenza ezikhundleni zawo phezulu emnothweni womhlaba.
Amazwe Omhlaba Wesithathu okuwukuphela kwawo abe nempumelelo elinganiselwe ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wawo eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha edlule yilawo, njenge-United States, asebenzise izindlela zokuvikela nezokungenelela zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhosela nokuxhasa izimboni zawo zasekhaya. Ha-Joon Chang uyabona ukuthi โcishe wonke amazwe asathuthuka aphumelele kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili aqale aphumelela ngezinqubomgomo zobuzwe, esebenzisa ukuvikelwa, uxhaso kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokungenelela kukahulumeniโโokuyiqiniso elingokomlando โelicishe lihluke kakhulu emlandweni osemthethweniโ [44]. Ucwaningo lomlando nezomnotho ngokuvamile alunawo umthelela omncane โemlandweni osemthethweni,โ nokho, oqanjwa futhi olungiselelwe izidingo zabacebile nabanamandla. Iphephandaba lebhizinisi, kokubili elikhululekile kanye nelokudala, liyisisekelo sokuphoqelela lezi zinganekwane. Isibonelo, ochungechungeni lwakamuva lwezihloko nezihleli mayelana nobudlelwano be-US-China, i New York Times bahlaselwe uhulumeni waseShayina ngokumisa imigoqo yohwebo kanye nokushaya indiva amalungelo empahla yobuhlakaniโizindlela ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yimboni yase-US kanye nohulumeni phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, nakuba amaqiniso akamuva ayeyekiwe [45].
Ukuphawula okujwayelekile mayelana nezindleko zikahulumeni kulandela umcabango ofanayo: lapho ukungenelela kukahulumeni wase-US kuzuzisa abantu abajwayelekile noma lapho ohulumeni bamazwe ampofu kungenelela ukuze basize abantu babo abasengozini, ukungenelela kugxekwa kabuhlungu njengokuthi โukukhipha imaliโ okugebenga umkhokhi wentela osebenza kanzima futhi. kuphazamise ukusebenza okuvamile komnotho. Uma abacebile nabanamandla kuyibo abamukeli, ukunikezwa akunakwa ngokuphelele ngabahlaziyi abahloniphekile noma batuswe njengezibonelo zokutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni okuhlakaniphile ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi nokuthuthukiswa komnotho (kanye nendlela yokugcina yokukhishwa, kufanele kugcizelelwe, kude le. idlula imali yezenhlalakahle eqondiswe kubasebenzi nabampofu, nakuba abahlomuli bebancane kakhulu).
Inganekwane 6:
Umphakathi wase-US uyamzonda โuhulumeni omkhuluโ kanye nokusebenzisa imali eshodayo, futhi uthanda ubunxiwankulu bebhizinisi obunempi.
Inganekwane yesithupha enkulu ithi umphakathi wase-US uthuka โuhulumeni omkhulu,โ futhi ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni (futhi njengoba kushiwo, nakho "uthukuthele" ezinyunyaneni zomkhakha womphakathi ezihahayo kanye nabasebenzi bazo) [46]. Sitshelwa ukuthi ama-deficit demagogues akhombisa nje isimo esidumile.
Naphezu kwesiphithiphithi sakamuva mayelana nokushoda, izinto ezibalulekile emphakathini zicacile. Kulo Mfumfu odlule, ngemva kokuhlaziya inhlobonhlobo yokuvota kwemibono, uChristopher Howard kanye noRick Valelly bathola โukuthi umphakathi ukhathazeke ngokuyinhloko ngokusimama komnotho nemisebenzi. Ukunciphisa ukushoda empeleni kuphansi phakathi kwezinto ezikukhathazayo. โ Iphethini iba yiqiniso nge-CBS/New York Times i-poll olwenziwa ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, lapho ababephendulile babethanda kakhulu iCongress ukuthi igxile ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi esikhundleni sokunciphisa ukushoda (amaphesenti angama-53 athi umnotho nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi โkuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhuluโ ebhekene ne-United States, kuyilapho abangamaphesenti angu-7 kuphela bethi yinhlangano ebusayo. ukushoda noma isikweletu sikazwelonke) [47]. Lo muzwa uphethe ngisho naphakathi kwabaningi abazibandakanya ne-Tea Party. Isibonelo, u-Howard no-Valelly baveza ukuthi i-CBS/Times i-poll ngonyaka odlule "ithole ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwabalandeli be-Tea Party, ukugxila emnothweni/imisebenzi (amaphesenti angu-44) kwakubaluleke kakhulu kunokugxila ekushoda noma isikweletu (amaphesenti angu-10)" [48].
Okunye okwenziwe muva nje i-poll yi-WorldPublicOpinion.org ehlonishwayo iphakamisa ukuthi labo abazwelana ne-Tea Partyโcishe ingxenye yabantu base-USโabakwenzi lokho ngoba besaba โuhulumeni omkhulu,โ kodwa ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi uhulumeni โakalandeli intando yabantuโ ( amaphesenti angama-81 omphakathi wase-US acabanga ukuthi uhulumeni wawo โuphethwe izithakazelo ezimbalwa ezinkuluโ) [49].Okwedlule poll baye babonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi besaba โuhulumeni omkhuluโ kuphela lapho lowo hulumeni esebenza ngokuphambene nezimfuno zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu basekela ngokuqinile imithethonqubo emabhizinisini amakhulu uma kunesidingo ukuze kugwenywe ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo noma ukuvikela amalungelo abasebenzi, futhi ucabange ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele aqinisekise ukufinyelela kuwo wonke umhlaba. izidingo eziyisisekelo njengokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukudla, kanye nemfundo. Baze bazibheke kahle izinyunyana zabasebenzi, nakuba izintatheli eziningi beziqhubeka i-agumenti ngokuphambene nalokho, okuphawulekayo uma kubhekwa inkulumo-ze yenkampani eqhubekayo ehlasela izinyunyana emashumini amaningi eminyaka [50].
Ngokuphambene, abantu bacabanga ukuthi izinkampani nabacebile akufanele babe nethonya elincane kuhulumeni. Bamelene โnohulumeni omkhuluโ ovuna imikhakha ehola kakhulu ngezindleko zawo wonke umuntu. Izindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile uhulumeni wase-US axhasa ngazo abacebileโimali enkulu ye-Pentagon futhi amanani entela aphansi-badonse ukucasuka komphakathi naphezu kokuthola ukulahlwa okuncane kakhulu (futhi ngokuvamile ukutuswa) okuvela kumaphephandaba axhaswe yinkampani kanye ne-punditry [51]. A i-poll kusukela kuloMbasa odlule kubangele ukukhathazeka okuthile phakathi kwezibukeli ezinobungani bebhizinisi, njengoba kutholwe โukwehla okukhulu kokuthembana ohlelweni lwamahhala lwamabhizinisiโ phakathi komphakathi wase-US [52].
Ubufakazi bokuphikisa komphakathi kwesinye isikhathi buvela, nokho, ngisho nasemaphephandabeni ezinkampani. Lapho okwakamuva i-poll by 60 Amaminithi futhi Vanity Fair wanika abaphendulile uhlu lwezinketho zokunciphisa ukushoda, iningi elinamandla lathi "bazoqale banyuse izintela kwabacebile" (amaphesenti angu-61) noma "banciphise ukusetshenziswa kokuvikela" (amaphesenti angu-20) njengesinyathelo sokuqala; amaphesenti angu-4 kuphela azosika i-Medicare, kanti amaphesenti angu-3 ayezosika i-Social Security [53]. Abantu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bakuliphi iqembu, bamelene kakhulu nokunqanyulwa kwe-Medicare kanye ne-Social Security, njengoba kuqinisekiswe amavoti kanye nalolu suku lukaMeyi odlule. dumela emaphandleni eSifundazwe saseNew York songenele ukhetho lweRiphabhulikhi kuCongress owasekela ukuncishiswa kwe-Medicare, okhethweni olukhethekile i-AP eyaluchaza ngokuthi "ireferendamu ye-Medicare" [54].
Ezinye izinhlolovo eziningi ziye zaqinisekisa le mizwa eyisisekelo, kodwa akuvamile ukuvela ezingxoxweni ezivamile: okuningiliziwe i-poll ngoHlelo Lokubonisana Komphakathi kanye Nezinethiwekhi Zolwazi ezikhishwe ngoFebhuwari odlule bathola ukuthi abaphendulile bazonciphisa izindleko zonyaka ezimpini kanye โnokuzivikelaโ ngesilinganiso samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-122. Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo eziphezulu lapho abaphenduli bazokhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwaba ukuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi, imfundo ephakeme, ukongiwa kwamandla namandla avuselelekayo, kanye noxhaso lwezimali zesikole samabanga aphansi nesesekondari [55]. Ngokungangabazeki uyazi izinto eziza kuqala kwisabelomali somphakathi, osopolitiki muva nje bafuna ukwenza umbono wokuthi bahlela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, futhi umshini wokushicilela wezinkampani ubophe ngomusa [56]. (Bheka futhi Inganekwane 1, ngenhla.) Kodwa ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwemibono yomphakathi, kusobala ukuthi โukushodaโ okucindezela kakhulu okubhekene ne-United States ukushoda kwentando yeningi: igebe elikhulu phakathi kwezifiso zomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni.
Yebo, imibono yomphakathi ayithathwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu imibono ehlonishwayo yezikhulu futhi akuvamile ukuba nomthelela omkhulu kunqubomgomo. Engxoxweni yamanje mayelana nokushoda kwesabelomali sombuso, "Iqiniso lokuthi umphakathi ungabonakala uthanda uhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele lwesivumelwano sesabelomali" kunaleso esiphakanyiswe ngu-Obama namaRiphabhlikhi "akusiyona into," njengoba umgxeki wezindaba uPeter Hart. amanothi [57]. Isivumelwano eside sama-bipartisan sithi umbono womphakathi kufanele ukhawulelwe ekukhetheni phakathi kwamaphiko amabili ezepolitiki esigaba samabhizinisi ase-US kanye njalo eminyakeni emine. Ukuphathwa kweBush-Cheney ngokusobala eshadelwe le ncazelo yentando yeningi, isho ngokusobala ukuthi โUbe novo lwakho. Abantu baseMelika bafaka okokufaka njalo eminyakeni emine, futhi yileyo ndlela uhlelo lwethu olusethwa ngayo. โ Kodwa abaphathi babehlukile kuphela ekukhulumeni ngokusobala lokho bonke abanye abaphathi abakushoyo ngokwenza kwabo; osopolitiki abaningi bahlonipha kakhulu ubudlelwano bomphakathi [58].
I-Keynesianism: Isinyathelo Esidingekayo Endleleni Yokuvukela
Muva nje ngibe nezingxoxo ezimbalwa nabashisekeli lapho ngethule khona izimpikiswano ezishiwo ngenhla, futhi baphendule ngokuthi โKodwa akusiyo yini i-Keynesianism leyo? Ngabe lokho akusenzi sibe ngabashisekeli benguquko, hhayi abavukeli?โ I-spectrum yenkulumo-mpikiswano evamile isishintshile kuze kube manje kwesokudla kangangokuthi izinqubomgomo zezezimali ze-Keynesian ezivamile ezazibhekwa njengenjwayelo eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule manje sezibhekwa njengezikude kwesokunxele. Ngakho yini (yangempela) esele engayenza? URobin Hahnel inikeza impendulo enhle:
Nakuba amaSocialists akufanele ahole izinqubomgomo ze-Keynesian ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinkinga zonxiwankulu, ngeshwa leso yisikhundla esizithola sikuso. Njengamanje akumele senze owethu umsebenzi kuphelaโsichaza ukuthi kungani zonke izinhlobo zonxiwankulu zingafiseleki kakhulu kunokuhlanganyela. , i-democratic socialismโkodwa yenza umsebenzi wabashisekeli benguquko baseKeynesian asebelahlekelwe ithonya kuwo wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezombusazwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ngaphandle uma ngimangalaโฆawukho umgwaqo oya ku-socialism okuhlanganyelayo, wentando yeningi ongaqhubeki emikhankasweni eminingi yezinguquko eyimpumelelo. ukubuyisela izinqubomgomo ze-Keynesian emfashinini. [59]
Ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali eshodayo okuqondiswe ekusizeni abantu abavamile kuwumsebenzi odingekayo, ngisho noma kungewona โwoguqukoโ, kwesokunxele. Ukusuka lapho singadlulela ekuketuleni lonke uhlelo lonxiwankulu. Yebo, imizabalazo ingaba futhi kufanele ibe ngesikhathi esisodwa: njengoba sikhuthaza ezinye izindlela zesikhashana (i-Keynesianism), kufanele futhi sisebenzele ukusho, ukuxoxa, ukufuna, nokwakha enye indlela yesikhathi eside yentando yeningi, i-participatory socialism [60]. Ukuzabalazela izinguquko akudingi ukusenza sibe ngabashisekeli benguquko [61].
amanothi
*Siyabonga ku-Robin Hahnel ngempendulo ewusizo.
[1] Krugman, "Inkathi Emnyama Ye-Macroeconomics (Wonkish)," New York Times blog, January 27, 2009. Bona ukugxeka okunokuqonda kokusakazwa kwabezindaba okuvela njalo kuwebhusayithi ye Ukulunga Nokunemba Ekubikeni (FAIR). UBinyamin Appelbaum, โOsopolitiki Abakwazi Ukuvumelana Ngezikweletu? Hhayi-ke, Nosomnotho Abangakwazi," NYT, Julayi 18, 2011, A11. Ukwakhiwa kodaba njengenkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ezisebenza ngokulinganayo kuhambisana nokumbozwa โkwenkulumo-mpikiswanoโ ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lapho abezindaba besho khona ukuthi kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi komphakathi wesayensi ohlukene ngokulinganayo mayelana nokuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kubangelwa noma cha. ngemisebenzi yabantu; bheka ingxoxo noNoam Chomsky, โIndlela Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kwaba โInkohliso Ekhululekile,โโ I-ZNet, July 15, 2011. UDean Baker wenza lesi siqhathaniso engxoxweni yakamuva yempesheni yezinkampani zikahulumeni: โNgenxa yezigameko zakamuva zokuhlaselwa kwesayensi yesimo sezulu nokuziphendukela kwemvelo akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi impesheni yenzuzo echaziwe emkhakheni kahulumeni manje isikhona. futhi ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa. Kunabadlali bepolitiki abanamandla kuleli abafisa ukwakha ibhuloho emuva ekhulwini le-19; kusiyisa esikhathini lapho abantu abasebenzayo bebejabulela ukuvikeleka okumbalwa futhi bengakwazi ukuthembela ekuhlanganyeleni ekuzuzeni ukukhula komnothoโ ("Izimpesheni Zomphakathi 101," Ngaphandle, Mashi 7, 2011).
[2] Kuphela ngokugxeka okungenamahloni kakhulu lapho abacebile nabameleli babo bezombusazwe bangasola abaphikisi โngezimpi zezigaba,โ njengoba osopolitiki baseRiphabhulikhi kwesinye isikhathi besola amaDemocrats ngokwenza. Bona ngokwabo bebelokhu behlanganyela kulokho kanye, futhi impi yabo isiye yahlanganiswa kakhulu, yaxhaswa kangcono, futhi yanqunywa kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970; bona uDavid Harvey, Umlando omfushane we-Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Lokhu kuhlasela sekube nonya futhi okungajabhisi kangangokuthi idlanzana losomnotho abadumile abangakaze baziwe nge-radicalism yabo yesokunxele noma iphimbo eliphikisayo baye bakhipha ukugxeka okubalulekile; owayengusomnotho omkhulu weBhange Lomhlaba uJoseph Stiglitz kanye noPaul Krugman, bobabili abawine uMklomelo KaNobel, mhlawumbe baziwa kakhulu. Krugman wabhala ngonyaka odlule โkwesiko lepolitiki elingasebenzi nelonakele, lapho iCongress ingeke ithathe izinyathelo zokuvuselela umnotho, inxusa ubumpofu uma kuvikelwa imisebenzi yothisha bezikole kanye nabacimi bomlilo, kodwa ithi akubizi lutho uma kukhulunywa ngokuphephisa abacebile ngisho nokuphazamiseka okuncane kwezimaliโ (โManje Lokho Kucebile,โ New York Times, Agasti 23, 2010, A23).
[3] UMongameli u-Obama kanye namaDemocrat amaningi bayavumelana. Enkulumeni yakhe yeSimo SeNyunyana yango-2011, u-Obama wathembisa ukuthi kuzomiswa iminyaka emihlanu ukusetshenziswa kwezimali eziningi zenhlalo yasekhaya, abesevele eqalile ukukusebenzisa ngokugunyaza ukuthi kumiswe amaholo abasebenzi bakahulumeni. Futhi muva nje i-Obama White House ine kusayiniwe ukuzimisela kwayo ukusika iMedicare neSocial Securityโingxenye yalokho u-Obama akubiza ngokuthi a โindlela elinganiselayoโ esikweletini nasesikweletini. Izingqinamba zezezimali zamanje zibhekwa njenge ithuba ngamaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrat angathanda ukugxilisa ingcebo yezwe nakakhulu phakathi kwephesenti elilodwa eliphezulu labantu, futhi, njengoba isikhulu esiphezulu seDemocratic Alliance sitshele abezindaba lapho sibuzwa mayelana nokuncishiswa okungenzeka kweSocial Security, "kungaba yiphutha langempela. siyakuvumela ukuthi kudlule kithi" (Lori Montgomery, "Enkulumweni Yezikweletu, u-Obama Unikeza Ukuncishiswa Kwezokuphepha Komphakathi," Washington Post, Julayi 6, 2011). Ezingeni likahulumeni, ababusi abaningi beDemokhrasi bajoyine amaRiphabhlikhi ekuhlaselweni kwezimali zomphakathi kanye nabasebenzi bemboni yomphakathi. Ku I-New York, ngokwesibonelo, uHulumeni u-Andrew Cuomo usephinde wachitha imali esetshenziswa emfundweni yomphakathi, ezokuthutha ngobuningi, nezinye izinsiza zezenhlalakahle ngenkathi ehlisa intela kumaphesenti amahlanu abantu baseNew York abacebe kakhulu; bona wami "Imfundiso Yokushaqeka: New York," I-ZNet, Ephreli 1, 2011. Ezingxoxweni zamanje zokunciphisa ukushoda ezibandakanya u-Obama kanye nabaholi beCongressional, bheka isazi sezomnotho uMichael Hudson okwaxoxwa naye ku- "Inkinga Ephushayo: I-GOP Ikhala Impisi Ngokukhokhwa Kwezikweletu Ukuze Ibeke I-Radical Pro-Rich Agenda,"Intando yeningi Manje! Julayi 22, 2011.
[4] UJoseph E. Stiglitz kanye noLinda J. Bilmes, "Izindleko Zangempela Zempi Yase-Iraq: $3 Trillion and Beyond," Washington Post, September 5, 2010. Bheka nezihlukahlukene izingxoxo kaStiglitz kanye nososayensi wezepolitiki waseBrown University muva nje Neta Crawford on Intando yeningi Manje! (โNjengoba Izinkulumo Zezikweletu Zisongela I-Medicare, Ukuphepha Komphakathi, Ucwaningo Luthola I-US Ichitha I-R4 Trillion Empini,โ Julayi 8, 2011).
[5] Ukuze uthole imali yezempi bheka i amashadi ephayi ihlanganiswa minyaka yonke yi-War Resisters League. Izibalo ze-TANF kanye nezindleko "zokuphepha kwemali engenayo" zivela ku-D. Andrew Austin no-Mindy R. Levit, Ukusetshenziswa Okuphoqelekile kusukela ngo-1962 (Congressional Research Service, June 15, 2011), 3. Umfanekiso wezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu uvela embikweni wekhomishana ka-Obama yokushoda (Umzuzu Weqiniso: Umbiko Wekhomishana Kazwelonke Yokuzibophezela Kwezezimali kanye Nezinguquko [December 2010], 22).
[6] UGareth Porter, "Ama-Racketeers Amanani: I-Obama-Gates Scam Ngokuchitha Kwezempi," I-Counterpunch, April 21, 2011; David Alexander, "I-US House Igunyaza U-$649 Bln Wezokuvikela ngo-2012," I-Reuters, Julayi 8, 2011; U-Elisabeth Bumiller noThom Shanker, "Gates efuna ukuqukatha Izindleko Zezempilo Zamasosha," NYT, Novemba 29, 2010, AI.
[7] U-Adam Looney, "Impikiswano Ngokuncishiswa Kwentela Okuphelelwa Isikhathi: Kuthiwani NgeDeficit?" (Isikhungo Senqubomgomo Yentela, 2010), 1-2. Cf. UPaul Krugman, "Manje Lokho Kucebile," NYT, Agasti 23, 2010, A23.
[8] U-Kathy A. Ruffing noJames R. Horney, โUkuwohloka Komnotho kanye Nezinqubomgomo ZaseBush Ziyaqhubeka Nokushoda Okukhulu Okulindelwe; Izinyathelo Zokusimama Komnotho, Ukuhlenga Kwezezimali Kunomphumela Wesikhashana Kuphela,โ Meyi 10, 2011, 3.
[9] Insiza engcono kakhulu Yokuvikeleka Komphakathi yile umsebenzi kasomnotho uDean Baker: isb, "Amaqiniso Ayisikhombisa Abalulekile Ngokuvikeleka Komphakathi kanye Nesabelomali Sikahulumeni," CEPR Issue Brief, September 2010; "Amadoda aseMacho anephutha ekuvikelekeni komphakathi," Izikhathi Zezezimali, Mashi 30, 2011;"Ukwesaba Ukushoda Kwezokukhiqiza," Guardian, July 11, 2011.
[10] Steffie Woolhandler, et al., "Izindleko Zokuphathwa Kwezempilo e-US naseCanada," I-New England Journal of Medicine 349, nxa. 8 (2003): 768-75; U-Baker no-Rosnick, "Izinto Eziyisi-7 Odinga Ukuzazi Ngesikweletu Sikazwelonke, Ukushoda, kanye Nedola" (CEPR, June 2011), 7; Andrew P. Wilper, et al., โUmshuwalense Wezempilo Nokufa Kwabantu Abadala base-US,โ I-American Journal of Health Public 99, akukho. 12 (2009): 4.
[11] UJeffrey H. Keefe, "Izindlela Eziphelelwe Ithemba Ezisetshenziselwa Ukulondoloza Inganekwane Yezisebenzi Zomphakathi Ezinxeshezelwe Kakhulu," I-EPI Issue Brief #294, March 10, 2011; John Schmitt, "Izinzuzo Zabasebenzi Bakahulumeni Nohulumeni Wasekhaya," I-CEPR Issue Brief, May 2010.
[12] Nicholas D. Kristof, โKhokhela Othisha Kakhudlwana,โ NYT, March 12, 2011, WK10.
[13] Ikhasi lokuqala esihlokweni ku New York Times le nyanga kaMasingana eyedlule idwebe isithombe โsolakaโ olusabalele oludumile olubhekiswe kubasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi ngokubambelela emiholweni eyeqisayo kanye nemihlomulo ngokukhokhela umphakathi jikelele. Nokho, ngokumangalisayo, lesi sihloko savuma ukuthi โ[uhlu] lwezifundo zakamuva zithole ukuthi amaholo omphakathi, ngisho noma kuhlanganisiwe izinzuzo, alingana noma asalele emuva kancane kwabasebenzi bezinkampani ezizimele.โ Ngakho, uma abantu kukhona "ecasulwe" ngempela ngabasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi, kubonakala sengathi izintatheli, osopolitiki, kanye nezicebi zebhizinisi banesibopho esikhulu sokuhlakulela leyo ntukuthelo ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olungalungile-okungenzeka okuphunyuka ngokusobala umbhali wale ndatshana (Michael Powell, "Izisebenzi Zomphakathi Zibhekana Nentukuthelo Njengoba Izinkinga Zesabelomali Ziyakhula,โ Januwari 1, 2011).
[14] U-Tom Juravich, "Ukubuyiswa kwe-US Kungase Kudinge Izinyunyana Zomkhakha Womphakathi," Iviki Lebhizinisi, February 27, 2011; URobert Pollin noJeffrey Thompson, "Ukukhashelwa Kwabasebenzi Bakahulumeni," Nation (March 7/14, 2011), 21-22.
[15] Bheka u-Baker, โPublic Pension 101.โ
[16] UPollin noThompson, โUkukhashelwa Kwabasebenzi Bakahulumeni,โ 20-21.
[17] Laura Flanders, "Inhloko-dolobha noma Umphakathi eWisconsin," Nation (ibhulogi), Mashi 1, 2011.
[18] E-New York bona i-my "Imfundiso Yokushaqeka: New York"; kuxhaso lwentela lukahulumeniโokuyinto ehlanganisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.2 ngonyaka lapho ikhefu lentela wendawo ohulumeni bayengezwa-bheka ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yi-Fiscal Policy Institute, Umthwalo Wesabelomali Okhulayo Wezindleko Zentela Yebhizinisi LaseNew York (Disemba 7, 2010).
[19] Mncane, "Imfundiso Yokushaqeka: New York"; UThomas Kaplan kanye noMichael Barbaro, "UCuomo Uthi Ukunciphisa Izinzuzo Zempesheni Yomphakathi Kuzoba Umgomo Wakhe Omkhulu Ngo-'12," NYT, Julayi 14, 2011, A20.
[20] Hahnel, Ama-ABC Omnotho Wezombangazwe: Indlela Yesimanjemanje (London: Pluto, 2002), 155, ecaphuna isihloko sikaHerman sikaFebruary 1996 ku Umagazini we-Z; cf. Herman, "I-Economics of the Rich," Umagazini we-Z (Julayi 1997).
[21] Umlando omfushane we-Neoliberalism, 152-53, 192. Cf. UNaomi Klein, Imfundiso Yokushaqeka: Ukuphakama Kwezinhlekelele (ENew York: Metropolitan, 2007).
[22] U-Pollin noThompson, "Ukukhashelwa Kwabasebenzi Bakahulumeni," 20; UStockman uxoxisane naye ku-CBS News' 60 Amaminithi ngoNovemba 1, 2010 ("AmaDeficits: Impi Yokukhokhisa Abacebile"). Kugcizelelwe.
[23] CBO, Umthelela Olinganiselwe we-American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output kusukela ngo-April 2010 Kuze kube nguJuni 2010 (August 2010), 2.
[24] UDean Baker, "Ungazizwa Ubuhlungu: Kungani Ukushoda Ngezikhathi Zokungasebenzi Okuphezulu Akuwona Umthwalo," CEPR Issue Brief, September 2010, p. 2; Robin Hahnel, โI-Redux Yokhetho: Ukufunda Okhethweni Lwamaphakathi Nonyaka ka-2010, Ingxenye 2: Izifundo Zabakwesokunxele,โ I-ZNet, Novemba 8, 2010.
[25] U-Mark Weisbrot, "Ukwehluleka Ukwenza Isikhuthazo Esikhulu Bekuyiphutha Elibulalayo" (i-op-ed eshicilelwe emaphepheni ahlukahlukene endawo nawesifunda, Novemba 4-7, 2010).
[26] โIsazi Somnotho SikaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz oHlelweni luka-Obama Lokugqugquzela, Isikweletu, Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, kanye 'NeFreefall: America, Free Markets, kanye Nokucwila Komnotho Womhlaba,'โ Intando yeningi Manje! February 18, 2010. Bheka uJack Rasmus, "U-Obama Uhluleka Ukululama," Umagazini we-Z (November 2010), ngenani lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-225.
[27] โElection Redux.โ
[28] UMark Weisbrot, โYebo, Zikhona Izindlela Zokunciphisa Ukuntuleka Kwemisebenzi Nokuvuselela Umnothoโ (ishicilelwe emaphepheni ahlukahlukene endawo nawesifunda, Februwari 3-13, 2011); Ucwaningo lwe-IMF olucashunwe kuPaul Krugman, "Indlela Yokubulala Ukubuyisela," NYT, Mashi 4, 2011, A27.
[29] Baker, "Ukwesaba Ukushoda Kwezokukhiqiza." Emazingeni enzalo aphansi ngokumangalisayo okwamanje, bona futhi no-Baker, โUngazizwa Ubuhlungu,โ 5.
[30] U-Baker noRosnick bachaza lo mqondo: โUma sasinezikweletu ukuze sikwazi ukuxhasa izikole namakolishi, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi izingane zethu nabazukulu bethu bafunde kahle, cishe sasibenza bacebe kakhulu kunalokho uma singagijimanga. izikweletu kodwa wabashiya bengafundileโ (โIzinto Eziyisi-7 Odinga Ukuzazi Ngesikweletu Sikazwelonke, Izikweletu, kanye Nedola,โ 2).
[31] โUkwehliswa Kwezikweletu Kuzoqeda Lobu Bumongameli,โ I-ZNet, July 15, 2011.
[32] โUJoseph Stiglitz, owathola indondo kaNobel: I-Foreclosure Moratorium, Isikhuthazo Sikahulumeni Siyadingeka Ukuze Kuvuswe Umnotho WaseMelika,โ Intando yeningi Manje! Okthoba 20, 2010.
[33] UBinyamin Appelbaum, โOsopolitiki Abakwazi Ukuvumelana Ngesikweletu? Yebo, Nosomnotho Abangakwazi,โ Julayi 18, 2011, A11.
[34] Weisbrot, โUkwehluleka Ukwenza Isikhuthazo Esikhuluโ; I-Dimaggio, "Ukwehliswa Kwezikweletu Kuzoqeda Lobu Bongameli," ubikezela ukuthi ukuhlasela kuka-Obama kwe-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare kungase kube utshani lokugcina njengoba kuzothukuthelisa abavoti asebekhulile.
[35] Ukuze uthole ingxoxo ngenqubomgomo yezimali yezwe bheka uPeter Orszag noJoseph Stiglitz, "Ukuncishiswa Kwesabelomali Ngokuqhathaniswa Nokwenyuka Kwentela Ezingeni Likahulumeni: Ingabe Okukodwa Okuphumelelayo Kunomunye Ngesikhathi Sokwehla Komnotho?" Isikhungo Sesabelomali Nokubalulekile Kwenqubomgomo, Novemba 6, 2001.
[36] Iphesenti elilodwa elicebe kakhulu โlabaholayoโ (cishe imindeni eyi-741,000) ayikhokhiswa kakhulu intela ekhokhwayo njengoba iningi noma yonke iholo labo aliveli emaholweni/amaholo kodwa kwinzalo, irenti, izabelo zesitoko, izinzuzo ezinkulu, nokunye okufanayo. imithombo. Imali eyengeziwe yentela etholakalayo ingase ihlanganise izigidi ezi-3.4 zemalimboleko ezingenanzalo kubanikazi bezindlu ababhekene nokudliwa. Bheka i-Rasmus, โIndlela Yokudala Imisebenzi Eyizigidi Eziyisi-6 Futhi Yonga Abanikazi Bezindlu Abayi-3.4 Million Ngokunyuswa Kwentela Yokukhokha,โ I-ZNet, Disemba 26, 2010.
[37] U-Rasmus, โUkuhluleka Ukululama Kuka-Obamaโ; uMichael D. Shear, โEnkulumweni Nenhlangano Yezohwebo, u-Obama Unxusa Amabhizinisi Ukuthi 'Angene Emdlalweni,'โ NYT, February 7, 2011. Bheka futhi no-Timothy R. Homan, โAbantu baseMelika Abacebile Bonga Ukuncishiswa Kwentela Esikhundleni Sokuchitha, kusho uMoody,โ Bloomberg, Septhemba 14, 2010.
[38] Emaholo emisebenzi edalwe ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, bheka uRobert Pollin noHeidi Garrett-Peltier, โInkokhelo Yokuthula,โ Nation (Mashi 31, 2008).
[39] Bheka uHahnel, Ama-ABC Omnotho Wezepolitiki, 128-59, isb. 142-47, 152-59.
[40] Osomnotho uRobert Pollin kanye noHeidi Garrett-Peltier basifunde ngokujulile lesi sihloko. Bheka, ngokwesibonelo, โUmthelela Wokuqashwa Kwezinqumo Zokuchitha Imali Kwezempi Yase-US,โ I-Primer Yokuchitha Imali Yezokuphepha I-Fact Sheets #10 (2009); "Imiphumela Yokuqashwa YaseMelika Yezinto Ezibalulekile Zokuchitha Kwezempi Nezasekhaya," Ijenali Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yezinsizakalo Zezempilo 39, nxa. 3 (2009): 443-60; โInkokhelo Yokuthula.โ
[41] Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe komlando bheka i-Ha-Joon Chang, AmaSamariya Amabi: Inganekwane Yokuhweba Ngokukhululeka kanye Nomlando Oyimfihlo Wobunxiwankulu (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), kanye Ukukhahlela Iladi: Isu Lokuthuthukiswa Kombono Wezomlando (London: Anthem Press, 2002); Noam Chomsky, Unyaka wama-501: Ukunqotshwa Kuyaqhubeka (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 99-117.
[42] UMark Zepezauer no-Arthur Naiman, Thatha I-Rich Off Welfare (UMonroe, ME: Isibindi Esivamile/Odonian, 1996).
[43] UPI, โSaudi Arabia Eyes $60 Billion in US Arms,โ October 22, 2010; "Ngabe u-Obama Uthathe Isikhundla Somthengisi Omkhulu eChina?" Intando yeningi Manje! Januwari 20, 2011.
[44] AmaSamariya amabi, I-28-29.
[45] Isb, uDavid Leonhardt, "Inkinga Yangempela ngeChina," Janawari 11, 2011; โI-China Esanda Kusebenzisanaโ (umhleli), Januwari 21, 2011.
[46] Izingxenye zalesi sigaba zibolekwe esihlokweni sami "Imfundiso Yokushaqeka: ENew York."
[47] Inhlolovo eyenziwe kusukela ngoJuni 24-28, 2011, iyatholakala lapha; bheka futhi uMegan Thee Brenan, "I-Poll: Ukugxila Okuphezulu KweCongress Kufanele Kube Ukudala Umsebenzi," New York Times (ibhulogi), Januwari 20, 2011.
[48] "I-Deficit-Attention Disorder: Lokho Abavoti Abakucabangayo Ngempela Ngokushoda, Izikweletu, Nokubuyiswa Kwezomnotho," I-American Prospect (Okthoba 11, 2010).
[49] UStephen Kull, โUhulumeni Omkhulu Akuyona Inkinga,โ WorldPublicOpinion.org, Agasti 19, 2010.
[50] Bona iqoqo lemiphumela yokuvota ecashunwe kokuthi yami "Ukukhulisa 'I-Nucleus Enempilo': Imicabango Yendlela Yokusebenzisana Nekilasi Labasebenzi Abamhlophe," Z blog, January 22, 2010. Ekusakazweni kwakamuva kwemithombo yezindaba ekhombisa ukungezwani nomphakathi okusabalele ngezinyunyana, bheka uPeter Hart, "Ngimangele yiSolidarity eWisconsin," Okungeziwe! (April 2011).
[51] โUkuthuthukisa 'I-Nucleus Enempilo.'
[52] USihlalo we-ejensi yokuvota, i-Globescan, uphawule ngokwesaba ukuthi โibhizinisi laseMelika seliseduze nokulahlekelwa yinkontileka yalo yezenhlalo nemindeni evamile yaseMelika eyenze yaphumelela emhlabeni. Kuzodingeka ubuholi obugqugquzelwe ukuze kuhlehliswe lokhu kuthambekelaโ (okucashunwe ku-WorldPublicOpinion.org, โUkwehla Okubukhali Kwentshiseko YaseMelika Yemakethe Yamahhala, Imibukiso Yokuvota,โ Ephreli 6, 2011). Lobu โbuholi obugqugquzelweโ cishe buzothatha uhlobo lwabo oluvamile lokuxhasa ngezimali osopolitiki nezinhlangano zabezindaba ukuze kuthonye umbono womphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni.
[53] UStephanie Condon, "I-Poll: Ukunciphisa I-Deficit, Iningi LaseMelika Lithi Lithelisa Abacebile Kakhulu,"Izindaba ze-CBS (ku-inthanethi), Januwari 3, 2011.
[54] โUDemocrat Kathy Hochul Uwina Ukhetho Olukhethekile Lwesihlalo Sesifunda SaseNew York sama-26,โ Meyi 24, 2011.
[55] USteven Kull, Clay Ramsay, Evan Lewis, noStefan Subias, Umphakathi WaseMelika Ungabhekana Kanjani Nokushoda Kwesabelomali, February 3, 2011, amakhasi 7-8. Ukuze uthole ingxoxo ewusizo yokuthi amagama nomongo wezinhlolovo zakamuva ziyithinta kanjani imiphumela, bona u-Carl Conetta no-Charles Knight, โIngabe Sikulungele Ukunqamula Ukuchitha Imali Yokuvikela? Okushiwo ama-Polls," Huffington Post, February 8, 2011. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abaphendulayo bayaziswa yini noma cha ngokuthi yimalini ngempela uhulumeni wase-US ayichitha kwezempi ngaphambi kokuba baphendule (ngokumangazayo babukela phansi inani langempela). Cf. Rasmussen Ubika, "Abavoti Abakubukeli Phansi Ukuthi Ingakanani I-US Ichitha Kwezokuvikela," Februwari 1, 2011.
[56] Ukubika ngesiphakamiso sesabelomali sika-Obama sika-2012 esikhishwe ngoFebhuwari, i New York Times ngokungafanele wabhala ukuthi isabelomali sikaMongameli โsizonciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi.โ UJackie Calmes, "Isabelomali sika-Obama Sifuna Ukunciphisa Okujulile Ekusetshenzisweni Kwekhaya," NYT, Februwari 12, i-2011.
[57] "Ukungalungi Kwabezindaba Engxoxweni Yezikweletu," Ukulunga Nokunemba Ekubikeni (FAIR) ibhulogi, Julayi 15, 2011.
[58] WorldPublicOpinion.org/Program on International Policy Attitudes, "Umphakathi waseMelika uthi Abaholi Bakahulumeni Kufanele Banake Amavoti," March 21, 2008.
[59] U-Hahnel uxoxisane no-Alex Dougherty, "Ukumba Emgodini," Iphrojekthi Entsha Yesokunxele, Disemba 1, 2010.
[60] Izincwadi ezikhuluma โnge-participatory economicsโ zitholakala kalula, ikakhulukazi ku-โI-PareconโIsigaba se- Z iwebhusayithi; Izincazelo ezinemininingwane eminingi zingatholakala kuMichael Albert noRobin Hahnel, Umnotho Wezombangazwe Womnotho Obambe iqhaza (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1991); Albert, I-Parecon: Impilo Ngemva Kobunxiwankulu (London/New York: Verso, 2003). Ukuze uthole isitatimende esifushane kakhulu esivela endaweni yokuqala yomzabalazo waseNew Yorkers ngokumelene nokuncishiswa kwesabelomali, bheka i-Organisation for a Free Society, "Ukulwela Ukubuyela, Ukubheka Phambili: Umbono Ohlukile Wobulungiswa Kwezomnotho Nentando Yeningi," May 2011.
[61] Bheka uRobin Hahnel, โUkulwela Izinguquko Ngaphandle Kokuba Umshisekeli Wenguquko,โ I-ZNet, Mashi 25, i-2005.
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