Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunamazwe afana neVenezuela, iBolivia kanye ne-Ecuador, lapho abavoti benikeze amandla amakhulu kakhulu komongameli bawo abathandwayo, ngokwengxenye ngokubavumela ukuba bandise isikhathi sabo sokubusa futhi ngezinye izikhathi bacekela phansi umsebenzi weCongress kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme, izikhungo ezivezwe njenge abalingani be-oligarchy yakudala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunezizwe ezihlukene ngemibono, okuhlanganisa iBrazil, amandla akhulayo aseLatin America, lapho izikhungo eziqinile ziye zavumela ukuhlukahluka kwababambe iqhaza kwezombusazwe, ukuhoxisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi intando yeningi yokubamba iqhaza uMnu Chavez, umongameli waseVenezuela, abe nayo. ubemagange ukukhangisa esifundeni.
โUSimon Romero kuNew York Times, ngoJuni 2009 [1]
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule iLatin America ibone ukukhethwa komongameli abangaba yishumi nambili abancike kwesokunxele bemibono eyahlukene kanye nezitayela zobuholi, abagqugquzelwe emandleni ngokuhlanganiswa okuthile kokunyakaza kwezakhamizi kanye nokudumazeka okujulile okudumile ngezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal zangaphambilini. abaholi base-US. Ebhekene nalesi sigameko sokubhikishela abaholi base-US nabasebenzisana ne-US, uhulumeni wase-US uzame ukukhawulela ukulahlekelwa kwawo ukulawula phezu kwe-hemisphere. Elinye isu lokwenza lokho libandakanya ukukhuthaza lokho elikubheka โnjengokuhle,โ Kwesokunxele okunomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokuhlukanisa abaNxele abamelene nentando yeningi, โababiโ. UNobhala Wezwe u-Hillary Clinton wachaza umehluko ngesikhathi evakashele eBrazil ngoMashi odlule, lapho egxeka uMengameli waseVenezuela u-Hugo Chรกvez ngokubukela phansi intando yeningi futhi emcela ukuthi โabuyisele impahla yomuntu siquโ futhi โabuyele emnothweni wemakethe yamahhala.โ UClinton waqhathanisa iVenezuela neNxele elihle, ethi โ[w]e ngifisa sengathi iVenezuela ingabheka kakhulu eningizimu yayo futhi ibheke eBrazil futhi ibheke eChileโ [2].
Izinhlaka ezinkulu zezindaba e-US, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezikhululekile, zinanele lesi sici, ngokuvamile zidweba umehluko obukhali nakakhulu. Izihloko zezindaba nezingosi zomhleli kuyi-New York Times ziye zahlukanisa phakathi kwalabo โabasunduza ngamandla i-ajenda ye-leftistโ kanye โnendlela yaseBrazil elinganiselayo, nesokunxele,โ kuyilapho begcizelela isidingo โse-counterweightโ ku-โChavez [sic] kanye ne-protรฉgรฉ yakhe. , umongameli waseBolivia, u-Evo Moralesโ [3]. I-Washington Post iqhathanise โabaholi besifunda abamelene neMelikaโ โneBrazil yentando yeningiโ [4]. I-Christian Science Monitor iqhathanise ngokusobala โiqembu lesifunda eliqinile kwesokunxele, eliholwa yi-Chavez, elihlanganisa ne-Ecuador, iNicaragua, neCuba,โ neBrazil, i-Argentina, nezinye [5]. I-New York Daily News isanda kuveza ukucasuka kwayo ngokuthi iBrazil yentando yeningi ijoyine โiqhawe laseVenezuela elingumguquko kanye ne-narcoterrorist u-Hugo Chavezโ kanye โnondlovukayiphikiswa waseBolivia u-Evo Moralesโ ekuphishekeleni ubudlelwano bezokusebenzelana nezokuhwebelana ne-Iran (imizamo, ekubonakalisweni kwayo. umqondo ophusile kanye nempumelelo ekukhuthazeni ukuthula, ume ngokugqamile ekuphikisaneni nosopolitiki abaningi baseNtshonalanga ngohlelo lwenuzi lwase-Iran)[6].
Isokunxele esinolaka, esinegunya sifakwe u-Hugo Chรกvez, obhekene necala lokushintshwa kwesokunxele kwesifunda sonke; ukukhethwa kwabaholi abachema kwesokunxele akuhlangene neqiniso lokuthi iLatin America iyisifunda esingalingani kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuthi sekunesikhathi eside kubuswa i-US kanye ne-oligarchies yasekhaya, nokuthi iningi labantu baseLatin America alivumelani nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal. egqugquzelwa yiWashington kanye nezikhungo zezimali zomhlaba wonke. Ngosizo โlwama-poodleโ ambalwa anjengo-Evo Morales, u-Chรกvez ukhohlise amashumi ezigidi zabantu ekusekeleni i-ajenda yakhe โngokuthenga ukwesekwaโ phakathi kwabantu abangenangqondo โabangaboni kahle imiphumela,โ kuyilapho ethumela noma ubani ongavumelani naye ukuthi iGulag [7]. Ukuketulwa kwamasosha angoJuni 2009 kukaMongameli waseHonduran uManuel Zelaya kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi "umongameli waseHonduran usanda kuwela ngaphansi kwesipelingi sikaMongameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chรกvez," okungenzeka ukuthi wakhohlisa uZelaya ukuthi akhuphule umholo omncane wezwe futhi asebenzise ezinye izindlela ezizuzisa abasebenzi baseHonduran futhi. abampofu [8]. Ukusakazwa kwezindaba okulandela ukuketula umbuso kwakungavamile ukuhluleka ukugcizelela ubudlelwano obunobungani buka-Zelaya no-Chรกvez, kodwa ngokuvamile yayishiya yonke ingxoxo yezinqubomgomo zenhlalo-mnotho zika-Zelaya [9].
Izingxoxo zabezindaba zezinqubomgomo zezomnotho zase-Latin America ngokufanayo ziqhathanisa "ukusetshenziswa kwemali okunenkohlakalo" kanye "nokwenza izimboni zibe ngaphansi kombuso" ngaphansi kweNxele embi "nezinqubomgomo ezimaphakathi nomgwaqo" ze-Left enhle e-Uruguay, eBrazil, nakwezinye izindawo. UChรกvez "ukuphatha budedengu kwezifo kufake umnotho phansi," kanti i-Left enhle (kanye namaLatin amahle, ngokuvamile) "bamukele[d] ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" futhi ngenxa yalokho balindele ukukhula okuqinile kweminotho yabo kulo nyaka [10].
Lo mehluko obukhali kanambambili phakathi kokuhle nokubi Kwesokunxele uqukethe ingxenye yeqiniso: I-Chรกvez yaseVenezuela kanye neMorales yaseBolivia kube ngabantu abaphumela obala abamelene nama-imperialist futhi benze nemizamo yesibindi yokugqashula emfundisweni yezomnotho ye-neoliberal ngokulawula noma ukwenza amabhizinisi amakhulu abe ngaphansi kombuso kanye nokwandisa umphakathi. ukusebenzisa imali. Kodwa ngezindlela eziningi abezindaba base-US benza ihaba ngokuqhathanisa futhi bahlanekezele amaqiniso ayisisekelo. Okokuqala, izakhamizi zaseVenezuela naseBolivia azilinganisi ohulumeni bazo ngokhahlo ukwedlula iningi labantu baseLatin America elilinganisela ohulumeni bazoโfuthi empeleni, ngezinyathelo eziningi zibona amazwe azo njengentando yeningi kakhulu, elinganayo futhi ehlonipha kakhulu amalungelo abantu kunesilinganiso sesifunda. Noma yikuphi ukuqhathaniswa okuhlosiwe kwamarekhodi wamalungelo abantu abangani nezitha zase-US ngokuqinisekile kungaba iphutha abalingani base-US i-Colombia ne-Mexico kakhulu kune-Venezuela ne-Bolivia [11]. Okwesibili, emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yezomnotho, umehluko wangempela awukho phakathi โkwemithetho yenhlalakahleโ kanye โnezinqubomgomo ezimaphakathi nomgwaqo,โ kodwa phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zonxiwankulu; I-Venezuela kanye neBolivia kusesenobunxiwankulu, nakuba bathole izindlela zokunciphisa eminye yemiphumela ebhubhisa kakhulu yonxiwankulu (futhi kwenzeka ukuthi, zona kanye lezo zinqubomgomo zikhiqize ukukhula komnotho okuqinile futhi) [12]. Futhi ekugcineni, abezindaba base-US benza ihaba ngezinga lokuhlukana kwezombusazwe phakathi kweVenezuela neBolivia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, namazwe afana neBrazil, ngakolunye. Isibonelo, phakathi nezinkinga ezimbalwa zakamuva, okuhlanganisa ukuketulwa umbuso kweHonduran kanye negagasi lodlame oluphiko lwesokudla eBolivia ekwindla ka-2008, ohulumeni baseLatin America babumbene ukugxeka ukudelela ukuthula nentando yeningi (ngenkathi iWashington inyakaza) [13]. ULula waseBrazil usanda kudelela i-US ngokuphikisa unswinyo olubhekiswe e-Iran nokusiza ekuxoxisaneni ngesivumelwano sokudlulisa i-uranium esinokuthula.
Ngakho-ke, izizathu zangempela zomehluko obukhali phakathi kokuhle nokubi Kwesokunxele kufanele kube kwenye indawo. Akubalulekile isifiso sabenzi benqubomgomo base-US sokugcina isakhiwo se-hemispheric esingalingani kakhulu lapho uhulumeni wase-US ejabulela ukulawula kwezwe kanye nezinkampani kanye nezintshisakalo zezezimali zithola inzuzo enkulu. Inkulumo yabezindaba yenza umnikelo omncane kodwa obaluleke kakhulu kulo mzamo.
Ukuhlukanisa Okunye: Ukucabanga Ngohlanga Lwesimanje
Kuwo wonke umlando wanamuhla wokuthintana kombuso nabantu bomdabu, yilabo kuphela abacwasa ngokwebala abakade besakhungathekile abaye bachitha bonke abanye bezinhlanga njengabayingozi futhi abaphansi ngokulinganayo. Ikoloni elihlakaniphile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubelokhu ehlukanisa phakathi kwamalungu โamahleโ kanye โnamabiโ eqembu elingaphansi okukhulunywa ngalo. Ngenkathi uColumbus efika eCaribbean ngeminyaka yawo-1490, waqhathanisa ama-Arawak anokuthula aseCuba namaCaribs anolaka, okusolwa ukuthi angamazimuzimu eningizimu-mpumalanga. Amandla aseYurophu asebenzisa isu elifanayo lokuxoxisana emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo, njengoba kwenza abakhethiweyo bekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye emazweni asanda kuzimela e-US naseLatin America njengoba babelwa izimpi zangaphakathi zamakholoni ngokumelene nabamnyama, amaNdiya, abokufika, abasebenzi nabesifazane [14] . UWoodrow Wilson, umcwasi wobuhlanga ongaphenduki kodwa nokho ogcine idumela lakhe โlokucabanga okuhleโ phakathi kweningi lezihlakaniphi zase-US, waqhathanisa izingane ezingenamthwalo wemfanelo zaseLatin America naseCaribbean โnamadoda alungileโ โawayezofundisa amariphabhuliki aseNingizimu Melika. ukukhethaโ [15]. "Imicabango yobuhlanga" yesimanje ifana, kodwa ibanzi futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokucwasa ngokwebala; nakuba ngokuvamile isekelwe ngokungagunci noma ngokusobala ezigabeni zobuhlanga, ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokwehlukanisa okuphikisanayo [16].
Ukwehluka okufanayo okubonakala emaphephandabeni ase-US kuyabonakala nasenkulumweni yabaningi banamuhla abahlonishwayo baseLatin America. Ngokwesibonelo, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje into ethile izazi ezithile eziye zayibiza ngokuthi โi-neoliberal multiculturalismโ iye yakhukhula eLatin America. Ohulumeni abaningi baseLatin America manje sebamukele uhlobo oluthile lokuqashelwa kwamasiko nemilando yamazwe abo angewona abelungu, okungewona awaseYurophu. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi lokhu kuqashelwa kufaka phakathi umehluko osobala phakathi kwalokho uCharles Hale akubiza ngokuthi el indio permitidoโiNdiya elamukelekayoโkanye neNdiya noma Omunye ongamukelekile. INdiya elamukelekayo licela ngokuzithoba kuhulumeni walo ukuqashelwa kwamasiko nezilimi, kuyilapho iNdiya elibi lifuna izinsiza zenhlalakahle yezomnotho namandla ezombusazwe ngaphezu kokuqashelwa kwesimo sesiko nolimi lwalo [17]. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1994, uhulumeni owawusanda kumemezela iMexico njengesizwe โesamasiko amaningiโ wakulahla ngokushesha ukuvukela kwaseZapatista, ethi โ[w]e akabhekani nokuvukela kwabomdabu,โ kodwa โneqembu labahlaseli abahlomile,โ futhi. yathatha izinyathelo ezisheshayo zokuqothula abahlubuki ngaphambi kokuba ingcindezi enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya inciphise ikhono layo lokwenza kanjalo [18]. Khonamanjalo, uhulumeni waseColombia, i-Alvaro Uribe, ukhulume ngokusobala ngokuzama ukuhlukanisa umbutho wabomdabu wezwe ngokugwazisa amaNdiya alungile ukuze abantu bomdabu โbagcine sebedayisana bodwa,โ futhi โamahlongandlebeโ afuna umhlaba nezinye izinsiza โaphele. iphukile" [19].
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapha e-US kube nezingxoxo eziningi ngokuthi ukhetho luka-Obama lusho ukuthini ebudlelwaneni bezinhlanga, futhi ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi ngabe i-US manje isiwumphakathi โwangemuva kokucwasaโ. Noma ubani olandela ipolitiki yase-US uyazi ukuthi ubuhlanga nokucwasa kusadlala indima ebalulekile ekutshaleni ukwesaba, ukucasuka, nokwahlukana phakathi kwabantu, nasekuthetheleleni ukungalingani okungavamile kwesigaba, ingcebo, kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni ezingabambeki kangako njengohlelo lwezobulungiswa. Kepha ukubulawa kokuhlaselwa ngobandlululo ku-Obama kuvela kubantu abambalwa, futhi akuvelanga kubaphathi ababalulekile emphakathini wase-US-empeleni, laba bakamuva babekushisekela kakhulu ukusekela u-Obama, behlanganisa izimali zezinkampani eziningi kakhulu. kuye kunakuMcCain ngo-2008. U-Obama, ngisho nangaphezu โkweNdiya elilungile,โ uthathwe njengonomthwalo wemfanelo, lowo abantu abaningi abamhlophe abambheka njengowabo. Useyekile ukuba โmnyama,โ nazo zonke izincazelo zengozi eziphathwa yileli gama. Angathenjwa ukuthi angathuthukisa izithakazelo zabantu ababalulekile. Futhi uye wethule, njengoba izinqubomgomo zakhe zokuphatha - ezihlukile ekukhulumeni - eLatin America kanye nezimpi zakwamanye amazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi, umshuwalense wezempilo ozimele, uwoyela, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, nezinye izindaba eziningi.
Okuhle, Okubi, kanye Nokungenelela Okuhle
Umphumela osobala wokwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi โkokuhleโ nokuthi โokubiโ ukuthi noma yikuphi ukungenelela kwamandla aphakeme, kungaba ngamazwe ngamazwe noma ngaphakathi, kungathethelelwa egameni โlokuvikelaโ okuhle Komunye Komunye omubi. Ngakho uColumbus namadoda akhe bavikela ama-Arawak anokuthula kumaCarib anonya, uhulumeni waseMexico uvikela amaNdiya amahle aseningizimu yeMexico kumaZapatistas, uhulumeni waseColombia uvikela amaNdiya athambile โkumahlongandlebe,โ futhi uhulumeni wase-United States uthuthukisa intando yeningi ngobudlelwano bawo. โnabaNxele abamaphakathi,โ bevikela lawo mazwe kanye namanye โkwiqembu elilukhuni kwesokunxele, eliholwa yiChรกvez.โ Ngokwencazelo, konke ukungenelela okunjalo kwenziwa ngenhloso enhle neyobuntu [20]. Ngezindlela eziningi izinkulumo zombuso ziye zahlala ngokuphawulekayo ngokungaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nakuba kunamademoni amasha okukhuluma kanye nezaba ngezikhathi ezilandelanayo: inkohlakalo nokungenelela kwaseYurophu ngosuku lukaWilson; UbuKhomanisi ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi; kanye nobuphekula, izikhulu zezidakamizwa, omashiqela, kanye โneqembu eliholwa yiChรกvez elinenxeleโ selokhu kwawa iSoviet Union.
Izenzo zokuphatha kuka-Obama zinikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa, kusukela ekwenyusweni kosizo lwezempi kuya eMexico egameni โlempi yezidakamizwa,โ kuya ekuhoxisweni kwentando yeningi yezohwebo yaseBolivia, kuya ekwandeni kwebutho lezempi lase-US emazweni afana neColombia, iPanama, namanje. I-Costa Rica [21]. Ukuketulwa umbuso kwamasosha kaJuni 2009 eHonduras kuyisibonelo esithokozisayo. Phakathi nemizamo yokulamula eyalandela ehilela uhulumeni wase-US nowaseLatin America, iWashington Post ngokukhethekile yakhuthaza isinyathelo esiqinile sase-US sokuvimba โiqembu, eliholwa umeluleki kaMnu. Zelaya, uHugo Chรกvez, elizama ukuketula izikhungo zentando yeningi kuso sonke isifunda.โ UChรกvez, abahleli bePost baxwayise, โamaphupho e-putsch eTegucigalpa ezoveza okunye ukubusa kwentando yeningi okungenamthetho njengokwakhe.โ I-athikili yezindaba ngemuva nje kokuketula umbuso yathi uChรกvez kanye nenkampani "bazosebenzisa imicimbi ukuze baqhubekisele phambili umbono wabo wendawo." Kodwa emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, abahleli bephepha nababhali baleli phepha baqala ukuyishayela ihlombe impendulo yabaphathi baka-Obama, bethi u-Obama noClinton โbasethubeni lokuzuza ubukhosi babo eHonduras futhi baqhubekisele phambili izimfuno zaseMelika ngobuhlakani obungabonwa eWashington eminyakeni eminingiโ ( lapha ukuba sobala ngokumangalisayoโimvamisa izenzo zase-US zivikelwa ngokwemibandela yokusiza abantu). Ukuhlanganyela kwe-US emizamweni yokulamula โkwakuyithuba lokubhekana nokunqotshwa ubushiqela obumelela uMnu. Chรกvez noMnu. Zelaya,โ ngaleyo ndlela kuvikelwe amaLatin amahle, angenacala ekusongelweni kokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhloniphekile, imfundo, nezombusazwe. amandla [22].
Ibhekene nokunyakaza kwezwekazi lonke lokuzimela okukhulu kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kanye nokuncintisana okwandayo kwezohwebo okuvela e-China, i-US kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ifune ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwayo ngokuklomelisa ngokuhambisana nezinjongo zase-US kanye nokujezisa labo abadelela ngokusobala lezo zinhloso. Nakuba amasu namaqhinga enqubomgomo kahulumeni eguquguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zangaphandle, izici eziningi zenkulumo yama impiriyali azishintshi, kodwa kunalokho zigaywa kabusha futhi zisetshenziswe kabusha. Futhi ngokwezinga elimangalisayo, amandla ombuso kanye nezithakazelo zebhizinisi eziwuxhasayo zisenayo ithimba labezindaba elingaphansi elizimisele kakhulu ukuthethelela izenzo zikahulumeni emphakathini.
amanothi:
[1] Romero, "I-Rare Hemisphere Unity In Assailing Honduran Coup,โ NYT, 29 June 2009, sec. A, p. 6.
[2] I-Chile selokhu yabuyela embusweni ovulekile wophiko lwesokudla ngokugcotshwa kwebhiliyoni u-Sebastiรกn Piรฑera. Kucashunwe ku "UClinton: I-US "Ikhathazeke Kakhulu" ngeVenezuela" (isihloko), Intando Yeningi Manje! 4 March 2010.
[3] U-Alexei Barrionuevo, "IBrazil Ithola Insimu Kawoyela Ingaba Ithuluzi Lezombangazwe," NYT, 19 November 2007, isig. A, p. 3. Igama elithi โcounterweightโ lavela esitheni esikhethekile sikaChรกvez, kodwa uBarrionuevo wabonakala evumelana nowayexoxa naye emshweni olandelayo.
[4] UJuan Forero, "I-Ahmadinejad Ithuthukisa Izibopho ZaseLatin America; Ukuvakasha Akubandakanyi Nje Izizwe Ezimelene Ne-US, Kodwa Futhi NeDemocratic Brazil,โ Washington Post, 28 November 2009, sec. A, p. 8; cf. Edward Schumacher-Matos, โIsandla Esivulekile Esisenza Buthaka i-Chรกvezโ (op-ed), Thumela, 21 August 2009, sec. A, p. 25.
[5] USara Shahriari noSara Miller Llana, "Kungani iBolivia iphinde yakhetha u-Evo Morales," Christian Science Monitor, 7 December 2009, p. 6.
[6] โAmantongomane aya eBrazilโ (umhleli), Daily News, 28 November 2009, p. 18.
[7] Isicaphuna sokuqalaโโi-poodle kaChรกvezโโsasetshenziswa u-Edward Schumacher-Matos ukweyisa uJosรฉ Miguel Insulza we-OAS ngokwehluleka ukugxeka uChรกvez, kodwa abaholi abafana noMorales waseBolivia kanye noZelaya waseHonduras baphathwa ngendlela efanayo; bheka isihloko esithi โA Coup for Democracy?โ (op-ed), Washington Post, 3 July 2009, sec. A, p. 27. Izingcaphuno zakamuva zivela ku-Jackson Diehl, โBuying Support in Latin Americaโ (op-ed), Post, 26 September 2005, sec. A, p. 23. Uma uqhathanisa noStalin, uHitler, nabanye, bheka okwami "Ukuhlola Imodeli Yenkulumo-ze: I-US Press Coverage yaseVenezuela neColombia, 1998-2008," ZNet, 19 December 2008.
[8] โVikela Intando Yeningi: E-Honduras, Lokho Kufanele Kusho Okungaphezulu Kokubuyisela UMongameli Ehhovisiโ (umhleli), Washington Post, 30 June 2009, sec. A, p. 12.
[9] Ezinyangeni ezimbili nje zokuqala kulandela ukuketula umbuso, iWashington Post yakhuluma ngobudlelwane obuseduze bukaZelaya noChรกvez okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi nantathu, futhi yashicilela izingcezu ezimbalwa ezazigxile kakhulu kulobo buhlobo.
[10] U-Juan Forero, โI-Venezuela Ecebile Ngamafutha Ikhungethwe Izinkinga Zomnotho,โ Washington Post, 29 April 2010, sec. A, p. 7; U-Marifeli Pรฉrez-Stable, "Chรกvez Snubs Colombia" (op-ed), Miami Herald, 23 May 2010.
[11] Bheka eyami "Inqubomgomo YaseMelika Nentando Yeningi ELatin America: I-Latinobarรณmetro Poll," ZNet, 26 May 2009, kanye nesifinyezo sami se "I-2009 Latinobarรณmetro Poll" (ibhulogi), ZNet, 15 Disemba 2009.
[12] UMark Weisbrot, "Ukusimama kweVenezuela kuncike kuNqubomgomo Yezomnotho," Le Monde Diplomatique, iphinde yafakwa kuZNet, 17 April 2010; Weisbrot, "IVenezuela Akuyona IGrisi," The Guardian, 6 May 2010; Federico Fuentes, โIzinkinga Zezomnotho ZaseVenezuela?โ ZNet, 23 May 2010.
[13] Usomlando uGreg Grandin wenza leli phuzu elifanayo engxoxweni kaJulayi 2009: "UZelaya Ufunga Ukubuyela eHonduras Naphezu Kwezinsongo Zokuboshwa Abaholi Bokuvukela umbuso,โ Intando yeningi Manje! 2 Julayi 2009.
[14] Kuma-Arawaks namaCarib bona uPeter Hulme, โIzinganekwane Zokuhlukanisa: I-European Ethnography kanye neCaribbean,โ kwethi Ukuqonda Okungacacile: Ukubuka, Ukubika kanye Nokuzindla Ngokuhlangana Kwabantu BaseYurophu Nabanye Abantu Enkathini Yakuqala Yesimanje, ed. Stuart B. Schwartz (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994), 169-71, 190. Cf. Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," ku-Selected Subaltern Studies, ed. URanajit Guha noGayatri Chakravorty Spivak (eNew York: Oxford UP, 1988), 58-59, 63, 66.
[15] Isicaphuna sikaWilson esidumile esithi "amadoda alungile" sicashunwe izikhathi ezahlukahlukene ku-G. John Ikenberry, et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008), 14, 35, 59 . Erekhodini lika-Wilson namanje elingaziwa kakhuluโokuhlanganisa nokusekela ngentshiseko i-KKK nokuhlasela okuningi kwamazwe aseLatin Americaโbheka uJames W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, uhlelo lwesibili (New York: Touchstone , 2007), 12-24; UMichael Dennis, "Umjaho kanye Nomcabango WaseNingizimu: U-Woodrow Wilson Ucatshangelwe Kabusha," Ukubuyekezwa kweCanada kwe-American Studies 29, no. 3 (1999). Ukuze uthole isampula eqondile yemibono kaWilson ngomjaho bheka incwadi yakhe ethi, 1901 A History of the American People (New York: Harper and Bros.), vol. 5.
[16] U-Irene Silverblatt usebenzisa igama elifanayo, kodwa elinencazelo ethe ukuhluka kancane, Ezinkantolo Zamacala Ezihlubuki Zesimanje: I-Peru kanye Nemvelaphi Yamakoloni Yomhlaba Ophucuzekile (Durham: Duke UP, 2004).
[17] Bona ikakhulukazi uCharles R. Hale, โUkucabanga Kabusha Kwezepolitiki Zomdabu Ngenkathi Ye-'Indio Permitido,'โ Umbiko we-NACLA kumaMelika 38, nxa. 2 (September-October 2004): 16-21; kanye no-Hale, Mรกs Que Un Indio = Ngaphezu KomNdiya: I-Racial Ambivalence kanye Neoliberal Multiculturalism eGuatemala (U-Santa Fe: Isikole se-American Research Press, 2006).
[18] UCarlos Salinas de Gortari, Extractos de la intervenciรณn del Presidente UCarlos Salinas de Gortari durante el desayuno con integrantes de los gabinetes ezomthetho kanye ne-ampliado, legisladores, asambleรญstas y gobernadores de la repรบblica: Los Pinos, 27 Diecos de 1994 de1994ro Mexico de Comunicaciรณn Social, 4), 7, XNUMX.
[19] Bona amazwana ka-Uribe ku "I-Diรกlogo Decisorio en el Consejo de Latifundistas de Popayรกnโ (okulotshiweyo), Indymedia Colombia, Centro de Medios Independientes de Colombia, 22 March 2008.
[20] Mayelana โnezinjongo ezinhleโ ezingenakugwenywa zikahulumeni wase-US bheka u-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume Yokukhiqiza: Umnotho Wezombangazwe WeMedia Media (New York: Pantheon, 2002 [1988]), lxi; kanye noNoam Chomsky, Inkohliso Edingekayo: Ukulawulwa Kwemicabango Emiphakathini Yentando Yeningi (Boston: South End Press, 1989), 49-50, 162.
[21] Bheka, ngaphezu kwezindatshana zakamuva ezimayelana www.nacla.org, mkami "U-Obama neLatin America: Izinyanga Eziyisithupha Zokuqala," Izindaba ze-NACLA (ku-inthanethi), zingama-23 kuJulayi 2009.
[22] U-Edward Schumacher-Matos, โUmthamo Wokwenzeka Kwangempela e-Hondurasโ (op-ed), Okuthunyelwe, 12 Julayi 2009, isik. A, p. 11; โIthuba Le-Honduras: Indlela Engcono Kakhulu Yokunqoba UMongameli Osusiwe U-Manuel Zelaya Ilele Ekuvumeleni Ukubuya Kwakheโ (umhleli), Thumela, 9 July 2009, sec. A, p. 18; UWilliam Booth kanye noJuan Forero, โUbuholi Obusha baseHonduran Buyakhula Emhlabeni Wonke,โ Post, 30 June 2009, sec. A, p. 5. Cf. UWilliam Booth, โAbaseHonduras Ababili Babheke Ukungqubuzana; Izimbangi Zifunga Zokubopha uZelaya Lapho Ebuya,โ Thumela, 1 July 2009, sec. A, p. 8.
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