Esasayinwa ekuqaleni eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, isivumelwano “sokuhweba mahhala” sase-US-Colombia, noma i-FTA, manje sesiyiphasile i-US Congress, kanye nama-FTA afanayo neSouth Korea kanye Panama. Ukuphatha kukaBush no-Obama basebenzise umzamo omkhulu ukukhuthaza amadili, naphezu kokuphikiswa kuka-Obama kuzo zontathu izivumelwano zokuba ngumongameli kanye no-2008 wakhe. ukulahla "kwabaholi [aba]shintsha izikhundla zabo kwezohwebo ngepolitiki yangaleso sikhathi" [1]. Ngo-Okthoba 3rd U-Obama uhambise umthetho we-FTA kuKhongolose, lapho izivumelwano zedlula ngokushesha naphezu kokuphikisa kwabaningi eqenjini likamongameli.
“Isivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala” silula, kodwa siyadukisa. Izivumelwano ezinjalo azenzi ukuhweba mahhala ngokuphelele, kungasaphathwa ngendlela efanele. Aziyisusi indima yohulumeni ezimakethe, njengoba uxhaso lwezolimo lwase-US nezinye izinhlobo zokusiza izinkampani zivunyelwe ukuqhubeka. Futhi nakuba bekhulisa inkululeko yezinkampani namabhange ukuze bashintshe imali kanye naphesheya kwezilwandle ukusebenza kwabo, ngokuqinisekile abayandisi inkululeko yabasebenzi yokufuna amaholo angcono nezimo zokusebenza ngokuthuthela kwelinye imingcele, njengasemnothweni womhlaba okhululekile ngempela—ngempela, Izinyathelo zokulwa nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe zase-US ziba zimbi kakhulu futhi zicwasa abokufika nsuku zonke.
Amaqiniso anjalo abonisa umfutho omkhulu ongemuva kwama-FTA, afakazele ngokomlando ukuthi akhiqiza abawine abambalwa abakhulu kanye nezigidi eziningi zabahluliwe kuwo wonke amazwe ahililekile. Isivumelwano esikhulu kunazo zonke kulezi zivumelwano ezintathu, i-US-Colombia FTA, iyindaba engokomfanekiso, eqhutshwa izithakazelo ezihlangene zenzuzo yebhizinisi kanye ne-US geopolitics.
Humming "Kumbaya": Corporations euphoric
Izinkampani ezinkulu zase-US zenze imfihlo encane yenjabulo yazo ngama-FTA. Izinhlangano zamabhizinisi amakhulu njenge Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yabakhiqizi, lo Igumbi Lezentengiselwano, Kanye Ibhizinisi Roundtable bonke bamukele ukwethulwa komthetho ngezitatimende zomphakathi ezijabulisayo. Izintshisekelo zebhizinisi lezolimo njenge UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wabakhiqizi Bengulube, lo Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yabalimi Kakolweni, kanye ne-US Wheat Associates yenza okufanayo. Uhlu lwezinkampani ezingazodwana ebezifuna ama-FTA zibandakanya amagama amaningi ajwayelekile: General Electric, IBM, Wal-Mart, Citigroup, Caterpillar. Okwakamuva Iviki Lebhizinisi indaba ku-FTA yase-US-Colombia yaphawula ukuthi "izinkampani ezifana ne-GE, i-Wal-Mart, ne-Citigroup" cishe zizoba "izindlalifa ezinkulu" kusukela kusivumelwano. Ngo-Ephreli odlule ummeleli oholayo we-Caterpillar, u-William Lane, wazwakalisa ithemba ngokudlula kwe-FTA kanye nemiphumela ebonakala isabalele phakathi kwabameleli bezinkampani. “Angisho ukuthi sicula sonke Kumbaya,” esho, “kodwa sesiqala ukucula” [2].
Ithemba likaLane linesisekelo esiqinile. Izinkampani ezinkulu e-US ubuchwepheshe, yezimayini, ibhizinisi lezolimo, ukudayisa, kanye ezezimali imikhakha kungenzeka yenze kahle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezivumelwano. Izinkampani zase-US zizojabulela ukufinyelela okulula ezimakethe zase-Colombian, Panamanian, nase-Korea, futhi ngokuvamile zizokwazi ukunikeza amanani aphansi kunabaqhudelana nabo basekhaya kulawo mazwe. Lezi zinkampani zinabambisene abaqinile kuCongress kanye nokuphatha kuka-Obama, asebethathe indima yokuba abathengisi kubo phesheya kwezilwandle. UMax Baucus, usihlalo weSenate Finance Committee, ubhala emaphephandabeni Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle ukuthi iColombia “iyimakethe enkulu nekhulayo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe abalimi, abalimi, nosomabhizinisi base-US…Iyimakethe yesibili ngobukhulu eNingizimu Melika kubalimi base-US kanye nemakethe yesithathu ngobukhulu yabakhiqizi base-US,” kuhlanganisa nalabo abavela ekhaya lakhe. isimo saseMontana. Isazi sezomnotho u-Matías Vernengo uveza ukuthi i-FTA yase-Colombia izophinde ihoxise ukungena nokuphuma kwezimali e-Colombia, ikhulise kakhulu inkululeko yezinkampani zangaphandle, izikhungo zezezimali, nabaqageli ukuze babuyisele izinzuzo nezimpahla zezezimali lapho bethanda—ifomula efakazelwe ibeka engcupheni ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside. futhi alinganisele amandla ohulumeni basekhaya “okuphishekela imigomo yokuqashwa ngokugcwele, ukukhula okuphezulu, nokwabiwa okungcono kweholo.” Izinzuzo ezengeziwe ezinkampanini ezithuthela kwamanye amazwe zizohlanganisa inkululeko eyengeziwe yokungcolisa, izibopho ezimbalwa zokuthenga izinto ezivela emithonjeni yasendaweni noma ukutshala imali emuva kwezomnotho wendawo, kanye ikhono lokumangalela phezu kwemithetho kahulumeni evimbela "inzuzo yesikhathi esizayo elindelwe" [3].
Kunjalo, ama-lobbyists kanye nosopolitiki bavame ukukhuluma ngokungananazi lapho bekhuluma nabezindaba zebhizinisi kanye namajenali wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, abaziyo ukuthi abantu abajwayelekile bayawanaki. Izitatimende ezisesidlangalaleni ezisezingeni eliphezulu kunalokho zigcizelela izinjongo “zokudala amathuba emisebenzi” okusolakala ukuthi zilandela ama-FTA, abagqugquzeli bezinkampani abavezwa njengezakhamuzi ezinobungako nezishisekela izwe kunonxiwankulu abaqhutshwa inzuzo. I Ibhizinisi Roundtable, okokuqala, inxusa ukuphasiswa kwama-FTA ukuze “kusize ekugcineni i-United States ikwazi ukuncintisana futhi ikhuthaze ukukhula komnotho wase-US nemisebenzi…Lezi zivumelwano ezintathu zokuhwebelana zizophinde zidale amathuba emisebenzi elinganiselwa ku-250,000, edingeka kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho engaphezu kweyisishagalolunye. amaphesenti abantu baseMelika abaphelelwe umsebenzi” [4]. Uzwelo lokuzidela ngosizi lwesigaba sabasebenzi base-US engxenyeni yephesenti elilodwa elicebe kakhulu luyancomeka ngempela.
Okuyisisekelo kuzo zonke izitatimende zomphakathi mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi isimangalo esingagunci sokuthi “okulungile kubaphathi abakhulu nakubaninimasheya kuhle kubasebenzi kanye nomphakathi wonkana.” Njengokunciphisa intela yezinkampani nosozigidi, izivumelwano zokuhweba mahhala zizuzisa zonke izinhlangano emphakathini. Zingokwemvelo, zinengqondo, zinengqondo. Ngokusho komeluleki omkhulu we-GE Del Renigar, ongusihlalo ngokuhlanganyela indawo yebhizinisi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Latin America Trade Coalition, “Iqiniso elimsulwa ukuthi izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala ziyasebenza” [5].
Ngempela “bayasebenza,” nakuba beyingxenye encane nje yabantu ezweni ngalinye elihilelekile. Ngezinye izikhathi leli qiniso livunywa buthule. Umakadebona wezezimali uJoseph Hogue, ngo-Okthoba 4th online oposayo enesihloko esithi “Indlela Yokuzuza Ngezivumelwano Zohwebo Ezizayo Ezizayo,” iphawula:
Nakuba isivumelwano neNingizimu Korea sisikhulu kakhulu, kuyangabazeka ukuthi ngisho nokukhushulwa okulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10.9 zamarandi ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe onyakeni wokuqala wohwebo lwamahhala kuzoshukumisa inaliti emnothweni ovilaphayo obomvu, omhlophe, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kungaba nomthelela obaluleke kakhulu kuphothifoliyo yakho, ikakhulukazi ingxenye enikezelwe ezimakethe ezisafufusa.
I-Candor ibonakala iza kalula kubahlaziyi bezezimali kunakosopolitiki nongoti be-PR bezinkampani. Engaphazanyiswa ukukhathazeka mayelana nesithombe somphakathi, futhi ebhalela abafundi ngokucacile “ngephothifoliyo” enkulu, uHogue ngokusobala unomuzwa wokuthi asikho isidingo sokuqhubekisela phambili umbono ongenangqondo wokuthi ama-CEO nabanikazi bamasheya banentshisekelo efanayo neyabaqaphi babo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva komlando nezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala kuqinisekisa ukubonwa kuka-Hogue, futhi kukhombisa imiphumela engemihle ezindaweni ezinkulu zomphakathi ezweni ngalinye elihililekile. Cishe amashumi amabili eminyaka eSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika (NAFTA) sinikeza isibikezelo esingcono kakhulu salokho okuzolethwa ama-FTA amathathu amanje. Ngokuphambene nezithembiso zikahulumeni wase-US, izinhlangano, kanye nosomnotho abahlangene ngaphambi kuka-1994, i-NAFTA empeleni ilimaze abasebenzi womathathu amazwe abathintekayo [6]. Ngenkathi ukunwetshwa kwe-US kuthekelisa ngobuchwepheshe wenza ukusekela ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi e-United States, inani lemisebenzi edaliwe lalingaphansi kwenani lemisebenzi ekhishiwe ngenxa yezinkampani ezishintshele e-Mexico ukusebenza kwazo kanye nokwanda kokushoda kwezohwebo okubangelwe yisivumelwano; ukulahlekelwa okuphelele ngo-2010 cishe 700,000, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza. Abasebenzi abaxoshwa ezindaweni zabo baye bangena ezinhlwini zabangaqashiwe noma baphoqeleka ukuba bamukele ukuqashwa okuyingozi kakhulu beholelwa amaholo aphansi. Ukushoda kwezohwebo okwandayo, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwensalela kwemisebenzi, yi- umphumela ojwayelekile kwama-FTA ayishumi nesikhombisa lapho i-United States ibandakanyeka khona. Izivumelwano zokuhweba mahhala azigcini nje ngokuhluleka ukusiza abasebenzi base-US, njengoba uHogue ebona, futhi zibalimaza ngenkuthalo [7].
I-Mexico yenze okubi nakakhulu ngaphansi kwe-NAFTA, ilahlekelwa nxazonke 2.5 abayizigidi ezingu imisebenzi exhumene nezolimo ngo-2005, ngenxa enkulu yokuthutheleka kwezinhlamvu zase-US ezishibhile (nokuxhaswa kakhulu) emakethe yasekhaya yaseMexico. Imisebenzi eminingi emisha ngamashumi eyadalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nawo-2000, kodwa leli qiniso lilodwa liyadukisa. Okokuqala, imisebenzi edaliwe ayizange ibe ngaphezu kwenani lemisebenzi eqedwe kwezolimo namabhizinisi amancane ngenxa yokuthengwa kwempahla e-US [8]. Okwesibili, isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi inqatshiwe kakhulu ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lawo-1990. Okwesithathu, imisebenzi edaliwe embonini ye-maquiladora nakweminye imikhakha ithande ukuba bucayi kakhulu, inamaholo aphansi kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi ezimbalwa noma ezingekho. Isilinganiso samaholo angempela ngo-2004 ayengaphansi kakhulu kunangeminyaka eyishumi ngaphambili emikhakheni eminingi yezomnotho. Njengosomnotho waseMexico uCarlos Salas amanothi, umnotho waseMexico uwonke usuthembele kakhulu “ekuhlanganiseni komkhiqizo okusekelwe emalini engenisiwe ngaphandle kokuxhunyaniswa okuncane noma okungenasici kuzo zonke ezinye izinto zezwe zokukhiqiza,” ngamaholo aphansi esikhundleni sabasebenzi abanamakhono okuyinzuzo enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezwe. Imisebenzi ekhokha kahle eyanyamalala e-United States ayizange iphinde ivele eMexico, kodwa yashabalala ngokuphelele. Ukugeleza kwabafuduki baseMexico abaya e-United States nakho kwanda kakhulu ngemva kuka-1994, obunye ubufakazi bempumelelo emangalisayo ye-NAFTA emkhakheni wokudala amathuba emisebenzi [9].
Kuwo womathathu amazwe, i-NAFTA ibe nomphumela wokwanda okukhulu kwenani lezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ezingayeki ukusebenzisa izinsongo zokuthutha noma ukuhoxiswa kwempahla ukuze kugcinwe amaholo nezintela ziphansi, izimo zokusebenza zilusizi, kanye nezindinganiso zemvelo zixega. Imiphumela embaxambili iyinzuzo ephezulu yebhizinisi namandla ahambisana “nomjaho oya phansi” osheshayo phakathi kwamazwe ahililekile, okusho izinga lempilo eliphansi ngokuqhubekayo kubantu jikelele ezweni ngalinye. Nakuba i-Colombia FTA ingeke ibe nomthelela omkhulu njenge-NAFTA, umlando we-NAFTA kanye nezivumelwano zokuhweba mahhala kusiza ukuchaza ikhorasi ye-"Kumbaya" evela ku-elite yezinkampani [10].
Izinzuzo ze-geopolitical
Abagqugquzeli bezinkampani kanye nabaxhasi bomkhankaso akuwona kuphela amandla abangela izivumelwano zohwebo; izinjongo zikahulumeni wase-US zezombusazwe e-Latin America nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ezivumelwaneni zasePanama naseColombia. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, i-geopolitical eyinhloko usongo ekubuseni kwe-US eLatin America, ngokwamazwi ezikhulu zezobunhloli zase-US, kube uchungechunge “lohulumeni abagcwele abantu abaningi” okuthi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kubantu abampofu abafuna impilo engcono, bakhuthaze ezinye izindlela “zezibalo” esikhundleni “sobunxiwankulu bezimakethe” okuthi “ kushayisana ngokuqondile nezinhlelo zaseMelika.” Kubaphathi baka-Obama, ukukhuthaza “ukubuyela emnothweni wemakethe yamahhala” eVenezuela, eCuba, nakwezinye izindawo kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi iLatin America iwumthombo ohamba phambili kawoyela e-United States. Le nhloso yezomnotho ixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nenjongo ye-geopolitical yokuthuthukisa ohulumeni abangaphansi kwe-US abangeke baphonse inselelo amandla noma izinqubomgomo zase-US. Hhayi nje i-Venezuela ne-Cuba kuphela, kodwa futhi nenqwaba yohulumeni abangenangqondo kangako njengowaseBrazil, asebegxeka kakhulu izinqubomgomo zase-US futhi benqabe ubunikazi be-US phezu kwenkabazwe. Kulesi simo esinobutha, ukuhlakulela abambisene nabo kubalulekile hhayi nje ekuqinisekiseni kabusha isifunda lapho uhulumeni wase-US kudala ebheka “igceke” laso, kodwa futhi nokugcina amandla nodumo kwenye indawo. Njengoba uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezokuphepha weluleka ngo-1971, ukugcina ukulawula kwe-US phezu kweLatin America cishe kuyimfuneko "ukufeza ukuhleleka okuphumelelayo kwenye indawo emhlabeni" [11].
Osopolitiki abavela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi babonakala beqonda iqhaza lama-FTA ase-Colombian nasePanamian ekuqhubekiseleni phambili lo mgomo. USenator weDemocratic Alliance uMax Baucus amanothi ukuthi i-Colombia “ingumhlanganyeli oqinile endaweni evame ukuba nezinkinga emhlabeni,” kuyilapho uSihlalo WeRiphabhulikhi Wekomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle Lendlu, uRep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, owaziwa ngokugxeka kwakhe ohulumeni baseCuba nowaseVenezuela, ukhuluma ngesidingo "sokukhombisa ukuzibophezela kwethu okuqhubekayo" "kubambisene nabo ababalulekile base-US" esifundeni. Ngo-2007 iqembu lamaDemocrats asezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa noNobhala wamanje wezokuVikela uLeon Panetta, bathumela Incwadi kwiCongressional Democrats isexwayiso sokuthi "ithonya lesifunda sase-US lisengozini" ngenxa yohulumeni "abakhuthaza ngenkani omunye umbono weLatin America neCaribbean." Incwadi yaphikisa ngokuthi ukuphasiswa kwama-FTA nePeru, Colombia, kanye nePanama "kuzosekela ngokuqondile ubudlelwano nezintshisekelo eziyisisekelo esifundeni." Abahleli abancike kwesokudla be Washington Post, okwamanje, babe kwabikezelwa ukuthi “izinzuzo zezombangazwe zizobaluleka kakhulu” kunomnotho, kanye nokwakamuva New York Times umbiko uthi ukuphasiswa kwe-FTAs “ibalulekile ngokuyinhloko njengempumelelo yezepolitiki, kanye nenani lenqubomgomo yayo yezangaphandle ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano nabalingani bamasu. Izinzuzo zomnotho kulindeleke ukuthi zibe zincane” [12].
Ukugqugquzelwa kwama-FTA asebenzisana namazwe amabili kube yisu eliwumgogodla likahulumeni wase-US eLatin America kusukela kwehlulwa isiphakamiso sokuphatha kukaBush “Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile samazwe aseMelika” ngo-2005. I-US-Peru FTA ngo-2009, isize ekuqinisekiseni ukuhwebelana okuvumelana nezinkampani ochungechungeni lwamazwe asuka eMexico ehle ogwini lwe-Pacific lweMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Ukudlula kwe-Colombia ne-Panama FTAs kuphinde kuqinise le bloc. Izivumelwano ezinjalo azigcini nje ngokuphikisana namanye amaphrojekthi okuhlanganiswa komnotho wamazwe afana ne-Venezuela, i-Bolivia, i-Brazil, ne-Argentina, futhi zivala ngempumelelo ohulumeni baseLatin America emigomeni engeke ichithwe kalula yinoma yibaphi omongameli abanxele abakhethwe esikhathini esizayo. [13].
Lokho "amaColombia" akucabangayo
Izinzuzo zesivumelwano sokuhweba mahhala "zicace kakhulu kubantu baseColombia," ngokusho kwe-2008 umbiko kusuka eCato Institute. Njengobufakazi, ababhali balo mbiko bacaphuna owayeyimeya yedolobha laseMedellín, uSergio Fajardo, okwathi kuveza isifiso sokuthi i-United States "isisize sixazulule izinkinga" eColombia [14]. Abanye abantu baseColombia ngaphandle kukaFajardo baphinde baba ngabameli abaqinile be-FTA. Bahlanganisa oMengameli u-Alvaro Uribe noJuan Manuel Santos, abaphumele obala okungenani izigidi ezimbalwa zamadola ukuze amaningi amafemu okukhuthaza eWashington egameni lesivumelwano. Izikhulu zebhizinisi zaseColombia izinkampani zazo ezithumela izimpahla e-United States nazo wanxusa ukudlula isivumelwano. Ezingeni lezwekazi, i-Association of American Chambers of Commerce in Latin America (AACCLA) ihlombe abaphathi baka-Obama ngokuthumela i-FTA kuCongress [15].
Izimeya, omongameli, nabaphathi bamabhizinisi bangase babonakale njengengxenye encane kakhulu yomphakathi kumbukeli ovamile, kodwa kochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe kahle nabahlakaniphile base-mandarin bangabaseColombia ababalulekile.
Ukuhweba kwamahhala kuyasibulala njengoba izinhlamvu zinjalo: Ezinye "ezikhathazayo"
Yize izinzuzo eziningi ze-US-Colombia FTA “zicace kakhulu” cishe kubo bonke abantu abanengqondo e-United States naseColombia, bambalwa kuphela izikhulu zabasebenzi kanye nabaphathi bezomthetho beDemokhrasi “abanokukhathazeka okukhulu” abaye baphikisana nalesi sivumelwano, ngokusho kweCato. Isikhungo kanye nabanye abahlaziyi be-right-wing [16]. Ngenhloso yokufuna ukwazi, ake sibuyekeze okunye kwalokho okukhathazayo.
I-Colombia ingeyephula amalungelo abantu okubi kakhulu e-Latin America, futhi isineminyaka engamashumi amabili naphezu kokuncintisana okuthile okubalulekile. NgoJuni 2011 Ucwaningo Lonyaka Lokwephulwa Kwamalungelo Enyunyana, i-International Trade Union Confederation imibiko ukuthi “ukushushiswa kwezinyunyana kanye nomsebenzi wezinyunyana kuhlala kuhlelekile” ngaphakathi ezweni. I-Colombia igcina ukuhluka kwayo njengezwe elinokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwesigamu (51) sengqikithi yomhlaba wonke ngo-2010 (iPanama iphume isithathu emazweni aseMelika, kwabulawa osozinyunyana abayisithupha; umlingani wase-US iGuatemala yaba isibili ngeshumi). I-Human Rights Watch yakamuva umbiko iphawula “ukuntuleka kokuziphendulela okungapheli emacaleni odlame olumelene nezinyunyana.” Lo mbiko ofanayo ubuye ubone ukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngokumelene nenyunyana kwenzeka ezandleni zama-paramilitaries angakwesokudla (okutholakele Kuqinisekisiwe ngolunye ucwaningo lwakamuva), nokuthi ngokuvamile kunobufakazi bokubambisana “namalungu ombutho wezokuphepha noma abezobunhloli.” Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kuye kwaba nenqwaba ukubulala abalimi kanye nokususwa ngenkani okuqhubekayo kwemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, ngendlela yokuthi 200,000 abantu unyaka ngamunye, ngokufanayo naphakathi kwesimo “sokungajezisi okuvamile,” ngokwe-March 2010. Umbiko we-UN. Udlame locansi lusabalele, lubonisa ngokwengxenye “ukwehluleka okungapheli” kwesifunda saseColombia ukushushisa abahlaseli, abajabulela isimo “sokungajeziswa okugxilile,” ngokombiko wango-September. umbiko yi-Amnesty International. Abapristi bavame wabulawa ngokukhuluma ngokumelene nobumpofu nengcindezelo [17].
Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ezivumela lolu dlame, kunjalo, uhulumeni wase-US. Amasosha aseColombia namaphoyisa, osekuyisikhathi eside eyaziwa ukusebenzisana namapharamitha aphiko lwesokudla, bathole ngaphezulu $ 2.2 billion osizweni lwase-US eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kosizo lwase-US kanye nodlame lwamasosha, njengoba ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yi- Isikhungo Sentuthuko Yomhlaba Wonke futhi I-Fellowship of Reconciliation kanye nehhovisi lase-US eColombia sebeqedile [17]. UMongameli uJuan Manuel Santos, owamiswa ngo-2010, wenze okuncane ukwenza ngcono isimo, naphezu kokusebenza kanzima udumo evela eWashington "ngokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwesimo samalungelo abantu." Isivumelwano sohwebo neColombia sizokwenza kuphela qinisa lesi siginali kusuka eWashington [18].
Irekhodi elinyantisayo lamalungelo abantu laseColombia selithole ukunakwa okuthile kwabakhululekile, kodwa imiphumela emibi ye-FTA idlulela ngalé kokumane ukhuthaze udlame oluphiko lwesokudla. Izinyunyana zase-Colombia nezinhlangano zasemazingeni aphansi ezimele abasebenzi, abalimi, abesifazane, kanye nezinhlanga ezincane zivame ukuphikisa ngokuthi umnotho we-neoliberal uyingozi njengodlame lwezempi nolwezempi. Ngokuvumelana ne Gustavo Triana we-CUT, umfelandawonye wezinyunyana omkhulu waseColombia, “Uhwebo lwamahhala luyasibulala njengoba nezinhlamvu zibulawa” [19].
Amanani avela ku-Ministry of Agriculture yase-Colombia akhuluma nalokhu kukhathazeka okuxakile. Ngo-2004 uMnyango walinganisela ukuthi ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwentela emikhiqizweni yezolimo—edingeka ngaphansi kwe-FTA yaseColombia, nakuba kungenjalo e-United States—kuzonciphisa ukuqashwa ngamaphesenti angu-35. Ukuhlola okufanayo kwaphawula ukuthi isivumelwano sokuhwebelana ngokukhululekile ne-United States sasiyoshiya abalimi abaningi abampofu benezinqumo ezintathu: “ukuthuthela emadolobheni noma kwamanye amazwe (ikakhulukazi e-United States), ukusebenza ezindaweni okutshalwa kuzo izidakamizwa, noma ukuzihlanganisa namaqembu ahlomile angekho emthethweni. .” Isimo emaphandleni aseColombia sesibi kakade, njengoba amaphesenti angu-1.15 abanikazi bomhlaba abalawulayo 52 amaphesenti zomhlaba kanye izingxenye ezintathu yezakhamizi zasemaphandleni zezwe, noma mayelana abantu abayizigidi ezingu-11, ephila ngobumpofu. Kodwa kuhlale kunendawo yokuba kubi nakakhulu [20].
I-April 2011 ivuliwe Incwadi kuMongameli u-Obama no-Santos abavela ezinhlanganweni eziyishumi nambili zabalimi, abomdabu, kanye nezemvelo e-Colombia bachaza kabanzi ngokukhathazeka kuka-Triana. Abasayinayo baxwayisa ngokuthi i-FTA “izoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu, ebukhoneni bethu nasezindaweni zethu,” futhi “izoholela kuphela ekujuleni kwamalungelo abantu [ekwephulwa], ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nokulimala kwemvelo okungenakulungiseka, ukushabalala kwemiphakathi yendabuko, ngaphakathi. ukufuduka kanye nemikhuba yabasebenzi engenabulungiswa. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinqumo sizoba yisici esisha esizodala izinkinga zemvelo nokudla. ” Le ncwadi iphinde yaphawula ukuthi izikhulu zezempi ezweni lonke “ziyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nabezokuphepha,” “nezinkampani nosozimboni” “abahlomula izikhulu zezempi nezombusazwe.” Okufanayo Incwadi kusukela ezinyunyaneni ezinkulu ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu e-Colombia nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zigxeke “izinto ze-FTA ezonakalisa kakhulu [zamalungelo] ezomnotho nezenhlalo yabantu base-Colombia” njengokuthi “ukugcwala kwempahla yezolimo emakethe yethu yasekhaya” kanye nethuba lokuthi izinkampani zemithi izosebenzisa imithetho yempahla yengqondo ukuze ivimbele abantu baseColombia ukufinyelela emithini ebalulekile. A isitatimende evela kumfelandawonye kazwelonke womdabu waseColombia ikhulume ngezinto eziningi ezikhathazayo, kuyilapho i-Black Communities' Process of Colombia (PCN) inesihloko esithi Incwadi ku-FTA "Ukudliwa, Ukucindezelwa, Nokufa" [21].
Ukuvota kwemibono yomphakathi ngaphakathi kweColombia kuvame ukungathembeki, njengoba abavoti ngokuvamile gxila kubantu base-Colombia basemadolobheni abaphila kahle ngezingcingo ngaphandle kwezigidi zabalimi basemaphandleni kanye nemiphakathi ezokhahlamezeka kakhulu yi-FTA. Noma kunjalo, abanye poll basikisela ukuthi abantu abaningi baseColombia bamelene ne-FTA kunokuba bayisekele [22]. Kodwa ubufakazi obunjalo abunamsebenzi kubahlaziyi abavamile. Izicukuthwane zaseColombia zivame ukusekela i-FTA, ngakho-ke "baseColombia" bayayisekela.
Kanjalo nase-United States, lapho izintshisekelo nezifiso zabaholi bakahulumeni kanye nezikhulu zezomnotho zivezwa njalo njengezomphakathi jikelele. Kodwa ubufakazi bangempela be-poll buyathakazelisa. Ngo-September 2010 i-poll ngezitolo ezimbili zezindaba ezinobudlelwane obuseduze nezinkampani ezizozuza kuma-FTA amanje—i-NBC kanye Wall Street Journal-wathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-53 omphakathi acabanga ukuthi izivumelwano zokuhweba ngokukhululekile "zilimele i-United States," kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-17 kuphela acabanga ukuthi asizile. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye acabanga ukuthi izivumelwano zokuhweba mahhala "zibize imisebenzi yase-US." Okunye poll kusukela eminyakeni yamuva nje kuveze cishe imiphumela efanayo, nenzondo yomphakathi "yohwebo lwamahhala" ngokusobala iyanda [23]. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto eziningi ezikhathazayo ezishiwo ngenhla empeleni zabiwa iningi lomphakathi wase-US, futhi mhlawumbe nangabantu abaningi baseColombia.
Nakuba ama-FTA amathathu amanje asedlulile, imifelandawonye emikhulu yezinhlangano ezisemazingeni aphansi emazweni amathathu ahlukene, kanye nenhlangano encane kodwa ekhulayo lapha e-United States, isungule izisekelo zomzabalazo wesikhathi eside ozodingeka ukuze kuncishiswe izivumelwano. imiphumela emibi kanye nokwakha intando yeningi enenjongo emiphakathini yethu. Ngezindlela eziningi ukuphikiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuma-FTA amanje kunanela ukunyakaza kwentando yeningi okuqubuke emhlabeni wonke ngo-2011, kusukela emazweni ama-Arab kuya e-Europe kuya eWisconsin, kuze kube manje. umsebenzi waseWall Street ngezinkulungwane zabafundi, amalungu enyunyana, abangasebenzi, kanye nezishoshovu zomphakathi. Yonke le mikhankaso ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo esilula sokuthi abantu, esikhundleni sezikhungo ezingaphenduleki, kufanele babe nokulawula izinqumo ezithinta izimpilo zabo. Njengababhikishi ku-Wall Street noma ababhikishi abasekela intando yeningi emhlabeni wama-Arab, lezo zifiso eziphambene eziphikisana nezivumelwano zokuhweba ngokukhululekile ziyenqaba ngenkani ukwamukela impikiswano engashiwongo eyethulwa osopolitiki, abaholi bezinkampani, nabahlaziyi abavamile: ukuthi abanye abantu banendaba. , futhi abantu abaningi abakwenzi.
amanothi
[1] "Inkulumo ka-Barack Obama ka-Feb. 12," New York Times, February 12, 2008, ecashunwe kuyi-Matías Vernengo, “The Colombia FTA: Only Corporations Win,” Umbiko we-NACLA kumaMelika 44, no. 3 (May/June 2011): 47. Bheka futhi noLaura Carlsen, "I-Audacity of Free Trade Agreements," Umgomo Wezangaphandle Ekugxiliseni, July 14, 2011. Kweminye yemiphumela engase ibe khona yesivumelwano sasePanama, bheka uTereza Coraggio, “I-Panama: Indawo Yentela Yamahhala Yokuhweba,” FPIF, Ngo-September 14, i-2011.
[2] Ngokusho Wikipedia, umsuka wengoma Kumbaya akucacile, kodwa “ekuqaleni kwakuhlotshaniswa nobunye bobuntu nobungokomoya, ukusondelana nozwela”—ngokusobala imizwa kaLane ngabaholi bezinkampani ezikanye naye. Bheka u-Mark Drajem, “Izinzuzo Zesivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala sase-US-Colombia,” Iviki Lebhizinisi (April 14, 2011).
[3] Baucus, “Imakethe Yokuhle: Kungani Abasebenzi BaseMelika Badinga Isivumelwano Sohwebo Samahhala Sase-US-Colombia,” Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle (April 22, 2011); Vernengo, “The Colombia FTA: Only Corporations Win,” 48. Mayelana nezimfuneko zokuhoxiswa kwezimali kanye nokuhlinzekwa okuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zimangalele, bheka futhi Izakhamizi Zomphakathi, "Amaphuzu Okukhuluma: Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwabasebenzi Okunyantisayo EColombia Kuphakathi Kohlu Olude Lwezizathu Zokuphikisa I-FTA YaseColombia," April 7, 2011, amakhasi 3-5.
[4] “Isitatimende Sebhizinisi Esiguquguqukayo Sokuhanjiswa Kwe-White House Kwezivumelwano Zohwebo kuKhongolose,” Okthoba 3, 2011.
[5] I-LATC, “I-Business Coalition Yamukela Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo ze-US-Colombia kanye Nezivumelwano Zokuphromotha Zohwebo zase-US-Panama,” Okthoba 3, 2011.
[6] Robert E. Scott, Carlos Salas, kanye noBruce Campbell, Ukuvakashela kabusha i-NAFTA: Namanje Ayisebenzi Kubasebenzi BaseNyakatho Melika, I-Economic Policy Briefing Paper #173 (September 26, 2006). Enye inkomba yokuhalalisela kwabezindaba base-US kuma-FTA kuza ngo-Okthoba 27 New York Times ihlelwe ngusosayensi wezombangazwe u-Layna Mosley, othi ama-FTA azoholela ekukhuphuleni amaholo, imisebenzi eyengeziwe, kanye nokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi okuqinile kuwo wonke amazwe ahililekile ("Ukuhweba Ngokukhululekile Kungaphakamisa Amazinga Ezabasebenzi Kwamanye Amazwe"). UMosley ubengagcina ngokusobala ukuthi ama-gnomes nama-leprechauns azothatha umhlaba.
[7] Robert E. Scott, “Ifa le-NAFTA: Ukushoda Okukhulayo Kwezohwebo Kuholela Ekususweni Okubalulekile Kwemisebenzi Nokwehliswa Kwekhwalithi Yemisebenzi yase-United States,” Ingxenye 1 ku- ibid., 4, 11, 13; Scott, Ibhekisa eNingizimu: I-US-Mexico Trade and Job Displacement Ngemva kwe-NAFTA, I-EPI Briefing Paper #308 (May 3, 2011), 5; Isakhamuzi Somphakathi, “Amaphuzu Okukhuluma,” 5.
[8] UCarlos Salas uxoxa ngobunzima bokunquma ukuthi mingaki imisebenzi eyadalwa embonini ye-maquiladora ngenxa ye-NAFTA ku-“Phakathi Kokungaqashwa Nokungavikeleki e-Mexico: I-NAFTA Ingena Eshumini Lesibili Leminyaka,” in ibid., 44 (ngokulahlekelwa umsebenzi/ekudalweni , bheka amakhasi 42-46). Isibalo sezigidi ezingu-2.5 sicashunwe kuJohn B. Judis, "Izimfihlo Zokuhweba: Inkinga Yangempela nge-NAFTA," I-Republic entsha (April 9, 2008).
[9] Ibid., 40-49. Bheka futhi isihloko esithi David Bacon, Abantu Abangekho Emthethweni: Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke Kudala Kanjani Ukufuduka Futhi Kube Necala Abokufika (Boston: Beacon Press, 2008); Collin Harris, "NAFTA & [the] Umnotho Wezombangazwe Wokufuduka," Umagazini we-Z 23, no. 7 (Julayi 2010).
[10] Esivumelwaneni Se-Central America Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile, bheka Umbiko Wesithathu Wonyaka Wokuqapha Wenhlangano Ye-CAFTA, I-DR-CAFTA: Imithelela nezinye izindlela (nd [cishe. Disemba 2008]).
[11] Ukuze uthole izingcaphuno bheka okwami "Ama-Colombia Amabili, Amathathu, Amaningi: I-Logic Nemiphumela Yombono WaseMelika WeLatin America," Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle ku-Focus/ZNet, December 29, 2010/January 13, 2011.
[12] I-Baucus, “Imakethe Yokuhle”; “I-Ros-Lehtinen Yamukela Isimemezelo Sokuthi Izivumelwano Zohwebo Ezibambezele Isikhathi Eside Zizothunyelwa KuKhongolose…” IKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle Lendlu, Okthoba 3, 2011; I-Panetta, et al., "Incwadi Evulekile eya kumaDemocratic Democrats," I-Latin Business Chronicle, September 24, 2007. Ababhali balo magazini ngokusobala bayaphuthelwa indida eyeqisayo ekugxekeni kwabo labo abakhuthaza “umbono ohlukile ngeLatin America neCaribbean,” osekunesikhathi eside kuyisifunda esingalingani kakhulu emhlabeni futhi esiyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. izishoshovu zezinyunyana—ukubalula izinkomba ezimbili nje eziveza impumelelo engokomlando neqhubekayo ye-imperialism, capitalism, kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala. “UMnu. Isivumelwano sika-Obama sokuhweba samahhala neColombia,” Washington Post, April 6, 2011; UBinyamin Appelbaum noJennifer Steinhauer, “I-Trade Deals Pass Congress, Iphela Ukuma Kweminyaka emi-5,” New York Times, Okthoba 13, 2011.
[13] Bheka iVernengo, “The Colombia FTA: Only Corporations Win,” 47-48; Greg Grandin, "I-Muscling Latin America," Nation (Januwari 21, 2010).
[14] UDavid Griswold kanye noJuan Carlos Hidalgo, “Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile Sase-US-Colombia: Ukuqinisa Intando Yeningi Nenqubekela Phambili E-Latin America,” I-Free Trade Bulletin no. 32 (I-CATO Institute, February 6, 2008). Amazwi kaFajardo empeleni avela kuDavid J. Lynch, "Colombia Works to Escape Its Past," USA Today, October 4, 2007; UGriswold no-Hidalgo bacaphuna enye ingxenye yesisho.
[15] Eric Lipton kanye noSteven R. Weisman, "Wide Net Cast by Lobby for Colombia Trade Pact," NYT, April 8, 2008; U-Kevin Bogardus, "I-Colombia Ikhuthaza Ukunxeshezelwa Kwesivumelwano Sokuhweba," The Hill, May 15, 2011; Lynch, "I-Colombia Isebenzela Ukubalekela Isikhathi Sayo Esidlule"; "I-AACCLA Ijabulisa Ukuphathwa kuka-Obama ku-US-Colombia kanye ne-US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreements," ukukhululwa kwabezindaba, Okthoba 3, 2011.
[16] uGriswold noJuan Carlos Hidalgo, "Isivumelwano Sohwebo Samahhala sase-US-Colombia."
[17] Izinhlangano ezehlukene zinikeza izibalo ezihluke kancane ngenani lezinyunyana ezabulawa ngo-2010. Umbiko we-ITUC kaJuni 2011 ekuqaleni wawuthi 49, futhi kusukela lapho usubuyekezwe waba ngu-45; Ngicaphuna isibalo esingu-51 esivela ku-Colombian Escuela Nacional Sindical ngenxa yokusondelana kwenhlangano nepolitiki yaseColombia kanye nokwethembeka kwayo okuqinisekisiwe phakathi neminyaka edlule. Bheka futhi isihloko esithi I-US Labor Education in the Americas Project (USLEAP), "Udlame Olubhekiswe Kwabase-Colombian Trade Unionists: Iqiniso vs. Myth," Juni 2011; Isakhamuzi Somphakathi, "Amaphuzu okukhuluma," 1-3; UJames Jordan, “Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile Sase-US-Colombia Esisalindile: Izimangalo Ezingamanga Ngokuphikisana Namaqiniso Anzima,” Umhlaba Obheke Phansi, September 6, 2011; iwebhusayithi we-Latin America Working Group. Mayelana nesibopho samasosha bheka i-AP, “Isifundo: Udlame Oluphikisana Nenyunyana Yase-Colombia Abuvinjelwanga,” Okthoba 2, 2011; I-Fiscalía General de la Nación (Colombia), Judicialización de los crímenes contra sindicalistas: análisis de las sentencias proferidas de 2000 a 2011 por la justicia colombiana (yangehla [ngoSepthemba noma ngo-Okthoba 2011?]), 42. Ucwaningo lokugcina luhlanganise idatha yababulali abangu-315, abangamaphesenti angu-64 babo (201) ababeyingxenye yeqembu le-paramilitary eliphiko kwesokudla i-AUC kanye/noma amabutho ezokuphepha ase-Colombia. Izizwe eziningi zase-US ezifana neDrummond, Chiquita, ne-Coca-Cola ziye zathinteka ekubulaweni okuningi okunjalo. Mayelana nodlame locansi bheka i-Amnesty International, “Yilokhu Esikufunayo. Ubulungiswa!” Ukungajeziswa Ngodlame Locansi Olubhekiswe Kwabesifazane Empikiswaneni Yezikhali yase-Colombia (September 2011). On abapristi abayisithupha babulala thus kude ngo-2011, bheka "Van seis sacerdotes asesinados en lo corrido del 2011," Isikhathi (Bogotá), ecashunwe kuDan Kovalik, “Emgodini Wengonyama: I-US kanye ne-Colombia Escalate Attacks on Liberation Church,” I-Counterpunch, Ngo-September 14, i-2011.
[18] “Uhulumeni Wase-US Uyiqaphela Inqubekela-phambili Ebalulekile Ngamalungelo Abantu e-Colombia,” Umbiko wezindaba ongakabhalwanga wathunyelwa kuwebhusayithi ye-Embassy of Colombia, ucaphuna umbiko wakamuva wonyaka wamalungelo abantu woMnyango Wezwe; Carlsen, “I-Audacity of Free Trade Agreements.” Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe nezingcaphuno mayelana nosizo lwamasosha/amaphoyisa ase-US kanye nolwazi lwamaqembu abulalayo, bona "Ama-Colombia Amabili, Amathathu, Amaningi: I-Logic Nemiphumela Yombono WaseMelika WeLatin America."
[19] Icashunwe ku-Lynch, "I-Colombia Isebenza Ukubalekela Inkathi Yayo Edlule."
[20] Ucwaningo lwe-Ministry of Agriculture kanye ne-FAO yezibalo zobumpofu zasemakhaya (kusukela ngo-2006) ezicashunwe ku-Public Citizen, “Talking Points,” 5-6, 8; Angikwazanga ukuthola idatha yakamuva ye-FAO ngenxa yenkinga ngewebhusayithi yenhlangano. Mayelana nokungalingani kobunikazi bomhlaba (okungenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni) bheka umbiko wakamuva we-UN Development Program eColombia (PNUD), Colombia emaphandleni: Razones para la esperanza (September 2011), okuxoxwe ngayo kokuthi “Tierra concentrada, modelo fracasado,” Semana (Bogotá), Septhemba 25, 2011. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lapha ukuthi izibalo zobumpofu zingaba nepolitiki kakhulu, futhi izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa ubumpofu base-Colombia ziveza imiphumela ehluke kakhulu. Ngezinyathelo zikahulumeni, eColombia isikhulu isilinganiso sobumpofu (ngemali engenayo) singamaphesenti angama-64. IBhange Lomhlaba elilodwa ukulinganisela kusukela ngo-2009 uthi amaphesenti angu-46, kuyilapho ngokusobala ehlukile ukulinganisela ngo-2009 eBhange Lomhlaba "i-databank" uthi amaphesenti angama-40, futhi a izibalo kusukela kulokho okubonakala kuthule ezahlukene Isethi yezilinganiso zeBhange Lomhlaba ithi amaphesenti angama-28 kusukela ngo-2011. I-USAID izibalo kusukela ngo-2011 ithi "cishe ingxenye" yabantu. Ngonyaka odlule i-Colombia yasungula "inkomba yobumpofu obuhlukahlukene" ngokusho ukuthi izinga lobumpofu likhona kuphela 9 amaphesenti. Bheka IBhange Lomhlaba, “Izwe Elifushane: Colombia” (lifinyelelwe ngo-Okthoba 7, 2011); Jonathan Glennie, “Inkomba Entsha YaseColombia Yokukala Ubumpofu Ifanele Ukwamukelwa Ngokuqapha,” Guardian, August 30, 2011; I-USAID, Iphrofayela Yezwe lase-Colombia (ifinyelelwe ngo-Okthoba 7, 2011).
[21] Asociación de Zonas Humanitarias y de Biodiversidad de la cuenca del Jiguamiandó, y Curvaradó-Chocó, et al., ku-Obama no-Santos, Ephreli 13, 2011 (IsiNgisi ukuhumusha yiHhovisi laseWashington eLatin America), 2-3; I-Red Colombiano de Acción frente al Libre Comercio/Colombian Action Network on Free Trade, "Incwadi Evulekile eya kuMongameli uJuan Manual Santos," Meyi 30, 2011; I-Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia/National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), "Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba ku-FTA," Ephreli 11, 2011; I-Proceso de Comunidades Negras/Inqubo Yemiphakathi Emnyama Yase-Colombia (PCN), “Ukudliwa, Ukucindezelwa, Nokufa: I-Colombia-US FTA kanye Namalungelo Emiphakathi Yase-Afro-Colombian,” April 11, 2011. Bheka futhi okwakamuva (June 2011?) Incwadi kusukela ezinhlanganweni ezingama-431 e-US naseColombia kuya kumalungu e-US Congress kanye nokuphatha kuka-Obama.
[22] UGarry Leech, "Naphezu kokunqotshwa kwe-FTAA engqungqutheleni yaseMelika, Ukuhweba Kwamahhala Kuzobekwa KwabaseColombia," Ijenali yaseColombia, Novemba 7, 2005.
[23] John Harwood, “53% in US Say Free Trade Hurts Nation: NBC/WSJ Poll,” CNBC, September 28, 2010; amanye ama-poll abhalwe ku www.PollingReport.com/trade.htm.
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