UDavid Swanson Impi Ngamanga (Charlottesville, VA, 2010) kungase kube isitatimende esiphelele sokulwa nempi esitholakala ngolimi lwesiNgisi.
Incwadi iphikisa ngokuhlelekile zonke izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izimpi, ngokugxila okukhethekile e-United States. Ukufunda umlando wezimpi ezingenabulungisa zase-US kanye nobugebengu-okwaqala kudala ngaphambi kukaGeorge W. Bush-akukwazi ukusisiza kuphela ukuthi sibone ngezinkulumo ezisemthethweni mayelana nezimpi zamanje, kodwa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ezizayo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela izifo eziningi iwukujova, okuvame ukubandakanya ukubhekana nomzimba ngokubuka kuqala igciwane ukuze likwazi ukuzivikela kangcono entweni yangempela. Ngokufanayo, uDavid Swanson uyaphikisana, "umgomo wethu kufanele kube ukulungela impi ngomqondo othile: kufanele sikulungele ukwenqaba amanga angase aqalise noma andise impi" esikhathini esizayo. Ngalowo mgomo engqondweni, i-Swanson idiliza "izigaba eziyinhloko zamanga zempi" (ikhasi 11-12). Lawo manga ahlala engaguquki ngokuphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando wanamuhla, noma ngabe umhlaseli kube yi-United States noma ezinye izizwe ezinamandla.
Iningi lezahluko eziyishumi nantathu zigxile ekwenqabeni "isigaba" esithile samanga, sithatha izibonelo zomlando ezisebenzayo zaso naleso. Isampula ihlanganisa:
- Izimpi azinakugwenywa. Ezinye izindlela zokuthula noma zokuxoxisana zihlale zikhona, kodwa zivame ukwenqatshwa, njengoba uhulumeni wase-US enza neJapane ngaphambi kweWWII nasehlobo 1945, eKorea ngo-1950, nase-Afghanistan ngo-2001 (futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi). Amanga aqondile avamise ukuqanjwa ukuze kuqalwe izimpi (isb, i-1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution, noma ama-Iraqi WMDs), futhi uma izimpi seziqalile, amanye amanga akhelwa ukuthethelela ukuqhubeka kwazo (isb, ukuthi amaVietnam noma ama-Iraqi azobulalana ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwe-US. ).
- Izimpi azilwelwa ngentando yeningi namalungelo abantu. Bonke ohulumeni abashisayo bathi banezinhloso ezinhle, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obuningi bokusekela lokho. Esahlukweni sesi-4 iSwanson ize ibheke enkomeni engcwele yezimpi zase-US โ iMpi Yezwe II โ futhi ikhombisa ukuthi usizi lwamaJuda lwaluncane kakhulu ekubalweni kwabenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika. Iphethini ibambele ezinye izimpi โezinhleโ futhi.
- Impi ayikulethi ukulondeka noma ukuchuma kwezomnotho. Ukwakhiwa kwempi nezikhali, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi, cishe njalo kukhuthaza udlame olwengeziwe kanye nezempi. Ngokomnotho, ukusetshenziswa kwemali empini nakwezempi akuphumelelanga kangako kunokusebenzisa izidingo zabantu nengqalasizinda yezenhlalo.
- Impi ibulala abantu abaningi abangalwi, futhi amaphesenti aye eqa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule njengoba isintu siye sathuthukisa izindlela zokubulawa kwabantu abaningi.
- Impi ayibonisi ukuthambekela komuntu okungokwemvelo. EMpini Yezwe II, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amasosha Ahlangene angaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 adubula izikhali zawo. I-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder cishe ibangelwa kakhulu ukuhlukumezeka kokuphoqwa ukulimaza abanye abantu kunokwesaba ukubulawa. Njengoba i-Swanson iphawula, "Kungenxa yesimo esinamandla nesiklanywe kahle abantu abaningi abangase balethwe ukuze babulale" (156).
ISwanson ayibhali abantu abajwayelekile abasekela impi njengama-dupes alula. Esikhundleni salokho, njengoba enza kucace kuyo yonke le ncwadi, ukusekelwa komphakathi kwezimpi zase-US kumele kwenziwe ngemikhankaso yenkohliso ezinikele kakhulu: ngokwesibonelo, iKomidi leNkathi Yesibili Lolwazi Lomphakathi, ukuvezwa kobandlululo kwabezindaba base-US phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kanye okufanayo. ukusho njalo kwemithombo yezindaba ukuthi ubukhona bamanje base-US e-Afghanistan kuvikela amalungelo abantu besifazane (ukubamba iqhaza ngentshiseko kwenkampani yabezindaba ekufudumaleni kwe-US kuthola owako amacala anemininingwane esahlukweni 10). Okubalulekile emikhankasweni yenkulumo-ze enjalo akuwona nje amanga kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuhlanganiswa kokuphana kwabantu kanye nezinhloso ezinhle. "Impi iveza okuhle kakhulu kokubi kakhulu," ihlanganisa "izici ezinhle kakhulu zobuntu ukuze zifeze iziphetho ezimbi kakhulu" (138-39).
Ukukhohlisa nokubambisana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuziphatha kahle kwezempi. ISwanson akesabi ukubhekana nenkinga ngezinye izikhathi enameva yamasosha ase-US kanye neqhaza lawo ezimpini zase-US (izahluko 5, 7). Ukhombisa ngengqondo ecacile kanye nobufakazi bokuthi ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile kwe-Orwellian kuye kwaba kanjani lapho abaphikisi bempi bebizwa ngokuthi โanti-soshaโ kuyilapho labo ababathumela ekufeni bengabalandeli babo abakhulu. ISwanson, ngokubona kwami, ayincomi futhi ayithuki amasosha ase-US, ibona ukuthi ezimweni eziningi bamane bayizisulu zokuhaha nesifiso sokuvelela: โIsixazululoโฆ okudingekayo ukuyeka ukukhiqiza ezinye zazo" (161). Engakuthola kuwusizo kakhulu ngengxoxo yakhe ngamasosha kwaba umehluko phakathi isibindi futhi ubuqhawe. Uyabuvuma ubuqhawe banoma ubani ongadela ukuphila kwakhe ngenxa yesizathu esithile, kodwa uyakubona lokho
ubuqhawe obungenangqondo abunamsebenzi noma bubi kakhulu, futhi akubona ubuqhawe. Esikudingayo yinto efana nodumo. Imodeli yethu nomuntu ofanelekile kufanele kube umuntu ozimisele ukuzifaka engozini lapho edingeka kulokho akunqume ngokucophelela ukuba kube yindlela enhle yokufeza okuthile. (138)
Ukwakha inhlangano ephumelelayo yokulwa nempi, kanye nesiko eliqinile lokulwa nezempi, kudinga ukuthi sikhuthaze omunye umbono wobuqhawe. USwanson ucaphuna amazwi ayimfihlo kaJohn F. Kennedy athi โimpi izoba khona kuze kube usuku olukude lapho [umphikisi wempi] ejabulela idumela nodumo njengoba iqhawe lenza namuhlaโ (ikhasi 133). I-JFK yayinovalo lokuthi kungenzeka lokho, kodwa umsebenzi wethu uwukwenza kube ngokoqobo.
Ukukhathazeka okuncane enganginakho ngaphambi ekufundeni le ncwadi kwakuwukuthi ukugxila kwayo emangeni kahulumeni kwakuncane kakhulu. Izindlela eziningi zenkulumo-ze aziwona ngempela โamanga,โ uma sikhuluma nje. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukugxila okujulile ngamanga kahulumeni kanye namahlazo ezombusazwe ngezinye izikhathi kufihla ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo futhi kuvimbele ukugxeka okuhlelekile kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni. Ukugxila emangeni osopolitiki ngabanye noma kukahulumeni ngokujwayelekile kube wuphawu lwengqondo yokuqunjelwa ngemuva kokunyakaza kwabantu abaningi abaphiko lwesokudla, okuthi, uma kukhombisa. abanye imizwa enempilo, imvamisa ishaya indiva amandla enkampani, ukungalingani kwesakhiwo, nokuhlupheka kwabantu bangaphandle ngenkathi iqinisa ubuzwe base-US kanye nokuphikiswa kwezinhlangano zomthetho zomhlaba njenge-UN kanye neNkantolo Yomhlaba. Njengoba uJerry Lembcke enza waxwayiswa, kunengozi yokuthi abaNxele badlale kulokhu kuthambekela futhi bangazinaki izindaba ezinkulu zembangela yesakhiwo, amalungelo abantu, kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: isibonelo, ukugcizelela ngokweqile ezenzweni zamanga zokuphatha kukaBush zokuhlasela i-Iraq kuyingozi yokufihla izimbangela nemiphumela ejulile, futhi nokusho ukuthi uma i-Iraq wayenakho babe nama-WMD bese ukuhlasela kwe-US bekungalungiswa ngandlela thile.
Kepha uDavid Swanson uyazigwema zonke lezi zingibe. Embhalweni ngokwawo, ilebula elithi โamangaโ lisho isifinyezo senkulumo-ze eyahlukene: ukushiywa, ukuhlanekezela, ukukhazimulisa, imibono yokucwasa abokufika, nokufihla izisusa, ngaphezu kwamanga aluhlaza. Futhi iSwanson inikela ngesahluko sesi-6 engxoxweni ngezisusa zabafudumezi (ikakhulukazi ngamazwi abo), lapho ehlaziya khona ezinye zezisekelo zezimpi zase-US kanye nezempi. Izisusa zomnotho ngemuva kwezimpi zase-US zifake isifiso sezinkampani eziphakeme zezinsiza nezimakethe zaphesheya kanye nentshisekelo yosonkontileka bezempi basekhaya ekwakheni ibutho lezempi lase-US. Izisusa ze-Geopolitical zifake ukuhlanganiswa kokulawula ezindaweni zamasu ezifana ne-Middle East, i-Southeast Asia, ne-Latin America. ISwanson iphinde inikeze izibonelo ezimangalisayo zendlela isiko lezepolitiki lama-chauvinist eWashington eliholele ngayo ekuhluphekeni kwabantu okumangalisayo, njengoba osopolitiki bemagange ukusho okwabo ubudoda kanye nobungqabavu base-United States emhlabeni jikelele balahle amakhulu ezinkulungwane. kwabantu abangenacala ekufeni nasekuhluphekeni. Leyo machismo-ikakhulukazi, isifiso sokugwema "ihlazo" ngazo zonke izindlelaโkwakubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kweMpi YaseVietnam, futhi, nakuba iSwanson ingakuhlanganisi, mhlawumbe kuyingxenye yesizathu sokudlondlobala kuka-Obama e-Afghanistan.
Le ncwadi inegalelo elimangalisayo futhi ifanele ukufundwa yizilaleli eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Nakuba okumbalwa okuphawulwe yile ncwadi kukusha ngokobuchwepheshe, umbhalo uyinhlanganisela ebhalwe kahle yezimpikiswano ezilwa nempi ezisekelwe ngokuqinile ekuhlangenwe nakho komlando. Njengemibhalo yezihlakaniphi zomphakathi ezifana noHoward Zinn noma uNoam Chomsky, le ncwadi ayihloselwe izifundiswa, kodwa ihloselwe abantu abavamile. Kuzoba usizo kakhulu njengesiqalo somlando esifundeka kalula salawo malungu omphakathi okuthi, ngenhlonipho yezikole nabezindaba, abe nokufinyelela kuphela emfundisweni esemthethweni ngendima yase-US emhlabeni. Kunzima ukubona ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu onomqondo ovulekile ongenzi inzuzo ngokuqondile ezimpini zase-US angakwazi ukusekela lezo zimpi ngemuva kokufunda le ncwadi.
Le ncwadi izoba wusizo futhi kubafundi abanengqondo yenkululeko abathi, noma kunjalo, izinhloso ezinhle, abangenaso isisekelo esiqinile somlando nokuhambisana okunengqondo okungabaphoqa ukuthi bathuthukise ukugxeka okuhlelekile kwezimpi zase-US kanye nezempi. Okokugcina, le ncwadi kufanele isebenze njengesethi yezindawo zokukhuluma ezinemininingwane zabagqugquzeli bokulwa nempi kanye โnasebeguquliwe kakade,โ imodeli yokuphikisana okuphumelelayo kanye nohlaka lwezindaba.
Impi Ngamanga ihlanganisa ukucasuka kokuziphatha okulungile nokuhlakanipha okubukhali kanye nokucabanga okucacile, okungenakulinganiswa. Yifundeni, nixoxe ngayo, nicaphune ngayo, yenzeni ikhophi, yiphe njengesipho, inikele ezikoleni nasemitatsheni yezincwadi, futhi nisebenzise izimpikiswano zayo nezibonelo ezingokomlando ezingxoxweni nabangane, umndeni, abantu ongabazi nabaphikisi. Bheka www.WarIsALIe.org ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokufaka ama-oda amaningi.
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