Idolobha Lokuhlanza: Amafutha Amakhulu, Imali Enkulu, kanye Nokwenziwa Kabusha kweIdolobha laseMelika. Ibhalwe nguSteve Early. Isandulelo sikaBernie Sanders. Boston: Beacon Press, 2016
Leli gama lalingakaqanjwa, kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kwabona igagasi elimangalisayo โlomasipala,โ okungukuthi ukuhlasela kohulumeni wedolobha ngamavukelambuso kanye nabasekeli babo abahlanganyela ngokumelene nempi, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukucwasa kanye nozakwabo wasemadolobheni. , i-gentrification. UBernie Sanders angase abe indalo yayo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokunqoba kwakhe eBurlington, Vermont. Idelelwa ngokuthi โMcGoverniteโ kanye nesigaba esimaphakathi esimhlophe, ngenxa yokunqoba kwamanye amadolobha asekolishi njengeMadison, Wisconsin kanye nePortland, Oregon, yafinyelela eGary, Chicago ngisho naseDetroit, nakuba ukunqoba kosodolobha abaMnyama kwakunendlela yokuvinjwa ngabathile. ukuxhashazwa kwemiphakathi ekhungethwe ububha. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaphathi bakaHarold Washington babengamakhanda namahlombe ngaphezu koMshini wakwaDaley kanye nomlandeli wawo omubi, uRahm Emmanuel. Ukunqoba kwangempela kwase kutholiwe, ezokuthutha zomphakathi zaba semkhawulweni wokuphindaphindeka, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlanganiswa ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezinqubomgomo zangaphandle zase-US.
I-Refinery Town urekhoda kakhulu ukujwayela nokuqhubeka kwalezi zikhathi. Kungani i-Richmond, eCalifornia, yaba ngumlandeli wasedolobheni wezishoshovu zawo-1960? Umbuzo omuhle lowo isishoshovu/intatheli engumakadebona uSteve Early awuphendulayo, ngendlela yomuntu siqu, ezigabeni zokuqala zencwadi. Uyibona kahle i-San Francisco kanye ne-Mount Tamalpaisโฆ futhi ngemva nje kokuba yena nomkakhe bezinzile endlini ababeyithengile, kwaqhamuka ifu elinobuthi. I-Richmond akulona impela idolobha elinemboni eyodwa-bekuyikhaya lezimboni kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye-kodwa indawo yokuhluza i-Chevron ibusa kakhulu isimo somnotho, futhi ezikhathini eziningi zanamuhla, ikwazile ukulawula ezombusazwe ngempumelelo. Kodwa kwakukhona izinyunyana, futhi kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1960 kamuva, izishoshovu zezombusazwe zafika zivela eduze kwaseBerkeley nase-Oakland.
Kwelula ukukholwa ukucabanga ukuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 "iphrojekthi" ye-Revolutionary Communist Party yokwakha isizinda soguquko sabasebenzi e-Richmond ishiye noma yimuphi umthelela ongapheli. (Izingqwembe zikaStalin azikaze zidume.) Kodwa izishoshovu zohlobo lweSinxele ezijwayelekile zagelezela emgudwini obanzi wokuthi noma ubani othanda ipolitiki endaweni enwetshiwe ye-Bay Area, okungenani ukuyofika ePetaluma eNyakatho. USanta Cruz noWatsonville eNingizimu, bazokubona kalula. AmaKhomanisi kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezibomvu zezinhlobo ezindala bezilokhu zikhona kuze kube phakade (okungukuthi, ngeminyaka yawo-1920s), zigxilile ekufinyeleleni isigaba sabasebenzi bamasiko amaningi, ngokuvamile eshiya abazukulu kanye nezinkumbulo ngemuva.
Okungasho ukuthi ukunyakaza kuthembele kunoma yini efana "nabangaphandle." Inyunyana yabasebenzi baka-Oyela, Amakhemikhali kanye Ne-Atomic, ngezinye izikhathi ephumelela e-Richmond, yayihlale iqinile. Umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika, ohlukene kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala i-Chevron kanye nokulwa, usudale iziqhumane. Umlando wabesifazane bomphakathi abanodlame, ukhumbula abesifazane ababuthelwa ebhayisikobho edumile ethi Salt of the Earth, mhlawumbe okuholele kakhulu okhethweni nobumeya bukaGayle McLaughlin ngo-2006. Umsebenzi kaMcLaughin uthatha amakhasi amaningi lapha, futhi kunjalo kufanele. Lesi sishoshovu sase-Ireland-saseMelika siqinile njengezikhonkwane, futhi bekufanele kube njalo, futhi abalandela esikhundleni sakhe kwezepolitiki kufanele kube njalo.
Hhayi nje ngenxa yomzamo oqhubekayo weChevron wokulawula yonke into yezepolitiki. Ingabe ukhona umhlaba osanda kuvulwa eduze kwaseBhayi? Ama-casino-bagmen ayangena, azimisele ngokuwina umhlaba kude nabantu abangase bakwazi ukuqwala izintaba kanye nababukeli bezinyoni abasekelwa i-Audubon Society kanye ne-Sierra Club, futhi bazimisele ukulondoloza indawo ethile yomphakathi ebalulekile eluhlaza. Le khasino eshiwoyo yehluliwe, kwathi okhethweni lwango-2010, uMcLaughlin waxosha owayeyisikhulu sikashwele esinobudlelwane obuseduze nenhlangano yeDemocratic Alliance. Intuthuko iphinde yadabula isithiyo esiyingqopha-mlando ngokumelene nabangemhlophe emkhandlwini wedolobha. Kwabe sekufika i-American Beverage Association ngokumelene nentela ehlongozwayo yeziphuzo ezinoshukela omningi. Kwabe sekufika amabhange, abambisana nabadayisi bezindlu bemi ngomumo, ngokushesha nje lapho uMcLaughlin enikeza umzila wokuphila kubanikazi bezakhiwo ngaphansi kwamanzi avela enkingeni yezimali.
Futhi kunjalo, kuze kube manje, umzabalazo emva komzabalazo. Abafundi beDolobha laseRefinery bangase bathwale kanzima ukulandela wonke amagama ezishoshovu zezombusazwe lapha, ngasohlangothini lwezingelosi kanye nodeveli abahlukahlukene kanye nosathane. Okwakamuva kuyaphawuleka ngoba iNyuvesi yaseCalifornia kungenzeka ukuthi iyangena, isikhathi eside, futhi ayinanhloso yokushintsha ukusebenza kwayo kwenkontileka ukuze ibambe amaholo aphansi emgqeniโnjengoba nje uMbusi uJerry Brown wayengenanhloso yokudinga ukuthi abasebenzi abanenkontileka encane umbuso unikezwe iholo elilingana nelenyunyana (waphikisa ukulinganisa esiShayamthetho). Abenkululeko benza kahle nathi ngaphakathi ohlelweni, ngisho nalapho bethi baphakamisa abaphansi. Onjiniyela beRiphabhulikhi noma beDemokhrasi, abafinyelela amanani ezindlu zezinkanyezi e-Bay Area, bahlale befuna izindlela ezintsha zokuhambisa isigaba sabasebenzi base-Richmond kwenye indawo, futhi bakhulule izindlu ezithengiswayo ezingaba amanani entengo. Umzabalazo uyaqhubeka, phakathi kwe-Bay Area gentrification. USteve Early ukhona ukuze asitshele ngakho, futhi uBernie Sanders ukula makhasi ukuze asikhumbuze ngokubaluleka komzabalazo ngale kwemingcele yaseCalifornia.##
U-Paul Buhle, isazi-mlando esikhulile, ushicilela kakhulu amahlaya angelona iqiniso kulezi zinsuku.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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