Ifilimu ka-Oliver Stone, neskripthi sayo esingadlalwa kancane, esinembayo ngokomlando nokwenza ngokucophelela, iveza amaphuzu ayo ngokwenzeka kwabantu ababili baseMelika ababonakala bejwayelekile, i-Conservative-leaning geek kanye nentombi yakhe ethambekele enqubeni. I-The System ngokwayo ehlinzeka ngesisindo, ngoba ngisho ne-Pentagon ethembekile, i-CIA kanye nezisebenzi zoMnyango Wezwe zibonakala sengathi zizenzela ngokwazo. Bazuza kakhulu, okukhonjiswe efilimini ngamaphathi kanokusho agcwele abantu ababaluleke kakhulu kunathi. Hhayi-ke, ukusho amaholo amakhulu atholwa ngochwepheshe be-CIA ngesinye isikhathi bekhetha imisebenzi yenkontileka yezempi, kuhlanganisa no-Edward Snowden, kwaze kwaba yilapho ehlubuka. Ngenxa yezizathu umlingisi wefilimu azibamba kalula, u-Snowden ukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwakhe futhi nakakhulu ngozakwethu, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ubonakala engenandaba nezilingo zemali, amandla kanye nodumo olungase lunqobe cishe wonke umuntu ongena ezindaweni eziphezulu zemisebenzi โyokuphephaโ.
Ubaba wempilo yangempela ka-Edward Snowden uhambele umboniso wokuqala wefilimu waseNew York futhi watshela abangani abasha ukuthi ubambe ongezansi ngochungechunge lwemibhalo ka-Oliver Stone's Showtime, Umlando we-Untold we-United States. Isambulo esisodwa siholela kwesinye, yingakho uStone, enqamula kuwebhu ye-propaganda njengoba enza kanjalo ngokukhumbula Wazalwa ngolwesine kuJulayiphakathi kweminye imisebenzi, inganyakazisa izintaba noma amabhulokhi okungenani amakhulu ombono odumile. Unikeza i-Bernie Generation ikakhulukazi indlela yokubona umhlaba, nokuthi izinhlelo zokulawula zisebenza kanjani noma kabi ngaphansi kokuphatha kweDemocratic Alliance njengeRepublican. Njengoba umsebenzi wakhe uchaza, izinzuzo ziya, ngezigidigidi, kwabangaphakathiโinqubo ehlanganisa, esisanda kufunda ngayo, iminikelo emikhulu kakhulu emkhankasweni othile wokuba ngumongameli weDemokhrasi, lowo owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela ozokhethwa esanda kubonakala eqoqa izimali eVirginia. kusukela kubagqugquzeli bosonkontileka bezempi. Isandla esisodwa singcolisa esinye, uma imali ebulalayo ingathathwa njengengcolile eWashington.
Ziningi izincazelo zalesi simo, futhi uStone (kanye nozakwabo, isazi-mlando uPeter Kuznick) benze umsebenzi omuhle Untold Story le ncwadi, kanye nokushintshwa kwe-TV. Kodwa mhlawumbe singabheka ngendlela ewusizo kwenye indawo, ukuze sithole uhlobo oluhlukile lokuqonda. Le yindawo ka Michael Lowy UFrank Kafka, Umphuphi we-Subversive (Inyuvesi yaseMichigan, 2016, ehunyushwe ngu-Inez Hedges) isinika imininingwane eyigugu mayelana nombhali we-Czech-Jewish obhubhile. Isivivinyo futhi Inqaba phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. U-Lowy uyinganekwane yombhali wezindaba kwesokunxele waseYurophu kanye nesazi ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-utopianism enokunambitheka kukamoya, isihloko esivame ukubonwa ngendlela embi kakhulu phakathi kwemibuthano ye-orthodox Marxist. U-Lowy ucophelele ngokumangalisayo lapha, uhlaziya umgxeki ngemva kokugxeka, ephetha ngokuthi i-Kafka "iqhumisa uhlu lwezincwadi lwasendulo lwamaqiniso ombhalo," kunalokho ngendlela yabantu abasebenzisa ama-surrealists kodwa ngaphandle kwethemba labo (p.102). I-Kafka ilindele indawo emnyama engenakwenzeka ukuthi iningi lomphakathi, elinezikhulu "zokuvikela" esikhungweni salo, selifinyelele khona. Ngiyazisola kuphela ngokungabi bikho, kule ncwadi, kokuchazwa ongqondongqondo bamahlaya uRobert Crumb noPeter Kuper abakwenza ekuhloleni kwabo nasekuguquleni i-Kafka, ukuqonda okuhle ngendlela yabo njenganoma yisiphi isazi esinganikeza.
UKafka wayezokwenzani ngePentagon neCIA? Kubukeka kimina njengombuzo omuhle kakhulu, ngokuphelele uma ungabuzwanga ngokuqondile ngu-Lowy. Kodwa uma siphenya ngale kwamaqiniso nje siye kuyifilosofi, kungenzeka ukuthi sesinayo kakade impendulo embhalweni ofundelwa kancane kakhulu ukuze uthole ukubaluleka kwawo okusambulo. Isingeniso sika-Samantha Power kuhlelo lwango-2004 luka-Hannah Arendt Umsuka weTotalitarianism inikeza umbono ocacile wezinhlelo zamandla omhlaba we-Kafkaesque, ngokumangalisayo njengomphathi ka-Snowden omtshela ukuthi ngolunye usuku amafutha nama-Arabs aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ayolibaleka kodwa ukungqubuzana kwemibuso (i-US ngokumelene neRussia neChina) kuzoqhubeka kuqhubeke. I-US, ngaMandla, ngokwemvelo ingamandla amakhulu okuziphatha emhlabeni futhi inelungelo lokwenza noma yini ekhetha ukuyenza. Lesi sicukuthwane (esimiselwe, mhlawumbe, ukuba sibe nguNobhala Wezwe ngaphansi kukaMongameli Clinton) asikwazanga ukukuvuma lokhu ngokuqondile, kodwa sikhomba esiphethweni kuyo yonke indaba. Noma kunjalo uyagcizelela, ekhasini lokugcina leSingeniso, ukuthi "kusendaweni yomphakathi kuphela, ngokuvota, ukuphimisa nokuhlanganisa, lapho isiphetho sethu sibe ngezethu." (p.xxiv).
Alikho nelilodwa igama lalo musho eliyiqiniso, futhi uSamantha Power uyakwazi lokho. Ukugcina izimfihlo, ukwakha umkhakha womphakathi ngamaqiniso angaphelele kanye nenkohliso esobala, ibhizinisi lakhe eliyinhloko njengommeleli wase-US ku-UN futhi wayeyibhizinisi lakhe eluleka uNobhala Wezwe u-Hillary Clinton ngalokho okwaba khona, ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa kuphela, impikiswano yaseLibya. Imibhikisho edumile, โokuyizwi kanye nokugqugquzelaโ umphakathi ngokumelene nezinhlelo zokuhlasela nokuhlala kwehhovisi likamongameli uClinton mancane amathuba okuthi kuvinjwe Amandla ukuthi angasho futhi enze noma yini abaphathi abanqumayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvota kuzobe sekudlule, futhi kusekude ngokwanele esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqiniseka, kuyohlale kunezizathu zanoma yini uMnyango Wezwe namasosha anquma ukuyenza. Lezi zizathu ziwusizo kakhulu ekudaleniโokungenani kwabakholelwa ngokuqinileโumbono wokuthi izinqumo zinokwesekwa okudumile. Ngokudabukisayo, abakholelwa ngokuqinile bayakufaka phakathi New York Times, lo New Yorker, NPR, CNN, MSNBC njalonjalo. Le nqubo yesinqumo kanye nencazelo izoqhutshwa, njengamanje, ngokusebenzisa ama-ejensi namakomiti axhumene ngokuqhubekayo okujulile kuBush kanye nokuphatha kuka-Obama, sonke isikhathi sigomela ukungenakwenzeka kokuziphatha kwe-US ukwenza okuhlukile.
Uma Amandla enendlela yakhe ye-hawkish ngo-2017 nangale kwalokho, "abalingani bethu abanesibindi baseSaudi" bangase babe namasosha ase-US phansi e-Yemen, kodwa noma kungenjalo, bazosizwa ekuqothulweni okusheshayo kwezakhamuzi ezivela esibhakabhakeni-konke igama lokuhlenga abantu, uhlobo Amandla amfake engozini (manje asengcolisiwe) isithunzi nomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa ake sibuyele emuva futhi sibheke ugqozi lwakhe eduze kancane.
Umbhali we Imvelaphi Yobumbano kwaba, njengoba wonke umuntu onelukuluku lokwazi manje azi manje, exhaswe kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1950 "ngokudlula" kwesikhungo se-Central Intelligence Agency. Uma sibheka emuva, ukugcizelela kuka-Arendt ukuthi akukho lutho olufana โnempucukoโ ezindaweni ezifana ne-Black Africa yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, okwathi embhalweni wakhe wesihloko, kwenza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okudlulele noma okungagwemeki okuholela, nakuba ngokungaqondile, ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe. . Abagxeki bakubonile lokho kuye KuRevolution, wayedume ngokuqhathanisa i-American Revolution (enhle) neyaseFrance Revolution (okubi), kodwa akazange akhulume ngozakwabo wale micimbi, i-Haitian Revolution. Wayengesona isazi somlando, kodwa kuyena, noma yikuphi ukuvukela kwesigqila esimnyama kwakuyoba ukuvukela umbuso wangempela ngokumelene nabangcono babo.
Lapha, sesisondele ngempela ku-Samantha Power. Incazelo ka-Arendt yefilosofi ethi โi-totalitarianism,โ isifingqo esavala ukungezwani okwakucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi kweRussia neJalimane ezinhlangothini eziphikisanayo zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kwamenza waba umuntu omkhulu kuCongress for Cultural Freedom eyayixhaswe wubunhloli. Ngobuhlakani wenza inhlekisa ngobukhazikhazi balabo ancintisana nabo abahlakaniphile, kodwa walahlekelwa kakhulu umuzwa wakhe wokuhlekisa lapho ebona ububi bokuhlanganiswa kwesikole โokuphoqelelweโ eNingizimu, futhi, i-bete noire yakhe yangempela, ukukhuphuka kwezifundo ze-Black Studies Amanyuvesi aseMelika ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ngokubona kwakhe, laba abangaphansi babehudulela phansi impucuko ye-Euro futhi babedinga ukulawulwa, kusukela e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi (lapho aphinde wabonisa khona uhlangothi lwakhe lwe-iconoclastic, egxeka kakhulu ukuziphatha kuka-Israyeli) ezikoleni zomphakathi nezindawo ezingomakhelwane zaseGreater New York. Kodwa yeka indlela izinto ezishintsha ngayo! Ngenjabulo, e-SNOWDEN, sibona abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika ngisho namaLatinos behlanganyela nokuzijabulisa kwe-CIA, okumaka intuthuko enkulu yempucuko.
Ngamandla njengo-Arendt, ayikho into efana ne-imperialism yaseMelika futhi ayikwazi. Uhlobo oludala, olubi lwe-imperialism olwadalwa yizifundazwe zaseYurophu ngezizathu ezisobala zasekhaya, lwalungeke lusebenze eMpini YaseSpain American, ngokubulawa kwabantu abaningi basePhilippines ukulindela kweVietnam, noma emuva, ekuguqulweni komngcele onyakazayo ukuqothulwa kwaboMdabu baseMelika kanye nokusebenza okuphoqelelwe kwabantu abamnyama. I-Monroe Doctrine kanye nokuhlasela kwe-US okuqhubekayo kwanoma iyiphi i-Caribbean ne-Latin America engalawuleki kwamphunyuka ngokwemvelo noma kwakungeke kufakwe phakathi kwezigaba zase-Europe. Ngaleso sikhathi, umoya wabafundi basekolishi abasebasha (ikakhulu abamhlophe) ngeminyaka yawo-1960 wamheha ngenkathi imibono yabo emelene nempi ishiya u-Arendt edidekile futhi engakholwa. Ku-Arendt mayelana nabasezikhundleni eziphezulu ze-Cold War njengo-Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,. I-Vietnam yayiyiphutha elisekelwe ekungazini noma ngisho ne-naivete, ngokuqinisekile hhayi ekucabangeni kombuso. Imibhalo yama-hawkish yama-liberals aseMelika kanye nama-Conservatives, asekela iMpi, yazisola ngempela, kodwa yaphathwa kabi kakhulu kunemibhalo ka-Sartre noma u-Fanon, egameni lezisulu zomhlaba eziqoqwe yikoloni. U-Rosa Luxemburg wayehlongoze, izizukulwane ezimbalwa ngaphambili, ukuthi umbuso wandise ubunxiwankulu ngokunengqondo, ngendlela yabo ehlanekezelwe, futhi ngonya, ukuxhaphaza izinsiza zabantu nezemvelo zomhlaba โosemuvaโ kakhulu kuze kufike ezingeni lokukhathala. Lokho kuhlaziya bekulokhu kuningi kakhulu ukuthi abavikeli bombuso waseMelika bangakwazi ukukuthwala.
Yindaba endala manje. โUbumsulwaโ baseMelika kwakuwumbono othethelelayo wanoma yimaphi amaphutha, ePentagon, CIA kanye nabo bonke osonkontileka, sebevele bedlala indima enkulu empilweni yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi imfundo yasenyuvesi, ngesikhathi abafundi bevukela. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezihlukene nezibizwa ngokuthi, ezixhaswe ngamathimba acabangayo kanye nezikhungo ezixova amalungu ebhodi emuva naphambili evela ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni eziphakela ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile izinkontileka ze-ejensi yezokuvikela nezobunhloli, kwakulindeleke umhlaba kaSamantha Power futhi ngokungangabazeki, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka. Ukulungiswa kwemibono kokuziphatha kwe-US kuyibhizinisi elidingekayo lomsebenzi. Lindela okwengeziwe, okuningi kakhulu, ku-Clinton Administration, njengoba amabhomu ewa ngamanani amakhulu, umbimbi namaSaudis luyaqina, futhi amasosha amasha nganoma yiziphi izinhloso ezibekwe "njengezokuvikela" noma "ezosizo lwabantu." Amandla kanye noClinton, ikakhulukazi ekuvimbeleni ukucabanga lokho ababonakala belangazelela ukukuchaza njengokuqothulwa kohlanga okungaba khona - njengaseLibya ngaphambi kokuhlasela - kuzosindisa lesi sizathu esiphakeme samaphrojekthi amakhulu, amakhulu.
UFranz Kafka kungenzeka ukuthi wabona ukujula kwakho konke, njengoba kwakungenzeka ngesikhathi sakhe u-Walter Benjamin (ebekwe kahle eduze komunye nomunye, ekwelapheni kuka-Lowy), ukube babephile ngokunqotshwa kweNazi kanye nokuvela kwezwe leMpi Yomshoshaphansi. . Lobo mbuso onyantisayo obusuka ePentagon kanye naseWhite House kuya ekomkhulu le-CIA eVirginia, amakhaya okuhlela i-megadeath kanye namanga apholile mayelana nemibono yaseMelika emhlabeni esiwazwa njalo-funda i-Kafka bese uphinda uzibuze ngemibono ebukhali yombhali wakudala. .
SNOWDEN, umuntu onesibindi kanye nefilimu ethatha igama lakhe, inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwezimfihlo ezingemuva kweKhetheni, ngokungangabazeki amakhethini ayingozi kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba. Ngaleso sizathu, futhi njenge-CITIZEN FOUR, ifilimu ka-Stone yona ngokwayo a esiyingozi indalo, iyingozi, okungukuthi, kwabanamandla. Hamba uyokubona, ngikutshele abangani lapha nakwamanye amazwe, ngethemba ukuthi izoheha izethameli zomhlaba wonke futhi ishukumise abahlakaniphileyo yonke indawo ukuze benze amaqiniso amabi nokuxhumana kwaziwe emphakathini, naphezu kobungozi obusobala kubo. Mfundi, ngenkathi ukuyo, thola i-Franz Kafka ehlonzwe nguMichael Lowy, ewusizo olukhulu ekuxazululeni izindida zombuso zesikhathi sethu.##
Ithiphu yesigqoko ku-Kathryn R. Gines, U-Hannah Arendt kanye nombuzo wamaNegro (I-Indiana University Press, 2014).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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