Omunye Umlando Wezabasebenzi: Ukulawulwa Kwabasebenzi kanye Nentando Yeningi Yasemsebenzini. Ihlelwe nguDario Azzellini. London: Izincwadi ze-Zed, 2015, 324pp, $95.00
New Izinhlobo Zenhlangano Yabasebenzi, I-Syndicalist kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwe-Autonomist Yomzabalazo Wekilasi Ubumbano. Ihlelwe ngu-Immanuel Ness. Isandulelo sikaStaughton Lynd. Oakland: PM Press, 2014, $24.95.
Umbuzo omdala: ingabe kukhona "ukukhuthala" okubalulekile, okuziqondisayo futhi okungokwemvelo, ngaphandle kwamaqembu ezombusazwe, amakhomanisi noma amanye asele futhi angenza izinguquko ezinkulu, abambe amandla endaweni yokusebenza noma edolobheni noma ezweni lezwe? Umbuzo ubuyela kahle, emlandweni wezenhlalakahle, eminyakeni yangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho ukunyakaza okukhulu kwabasebenzi abangenamakhono, abahola kancane eNyakatho Melika nasezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zeYurophu bedelela izingcingo zezenhlalakahle zokulinganisela nokulawula, okungukuthi, ngobuholi beqembu elishiya. . Ngomlando oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu Wangakwesokunxele ezindaweni ezifanayo nasemhlabeni wonke, imibuzo eminingi efanayo iyabuya. Abadabukileyo (ama-proletarians) omhlaba, abavame ukuphuma emaphandleni, bashikashikeka ngokushesha, ngesibindi esikhulu, befuna intuthuko, futhi ekugcineni baphindiselwa emuva. Izinhlangano zeSocialist kanye nezamaKhomanisi zifuna ukuhlanganisa amandla kodwa ngokuvamile ziyehluleka futhi ekuhlulekeni (noma okubi nakakhulu: ukukhaphela imizabalazo) zilethe ukunqotshwa kanye nokululaza phezu kwazo.
Umbuzo manje, cishe ngokuqinisekile, ubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho obukuyo ezizukulwaneni ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha, ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Amaqembu eSocialist, Labour kanye namaKhomanisi ayevame ukuqondisa, ngokuvamile ahlele izikhungo zezabasebenzi, futhi ethule izimfuno zawo ngokwepolitiki, ne-USA kanye nobuholi bayo obungavumelani nesocialist, ubuholi bezabasebenzi obusekela umbuso okuhlukile. Futhi-ke la maqembu aNxele aba buthaka aba yimishini yokhetho, alahlekelwa ukwesekwa okudumile, abheka kanzima izifunda zesigaba esingasebenzi (ezemvelo, ukulingana kobulili, njalo njalo), futhi aba buthaka kakhulu aba izithunzi ezisekela ubudlabha zabaphikisi bazo abalandela imithetho. Uma umsebenzi uzophinde uzuze ukuma, kufanele ngokusobala usebenze wodwa, ngezinga elithile elikhulu, futhi wakhe ukwesekwa okudumile ngesisekelo esisha.
Akukho lutho lapha olula, kunjalo. Ukunyakaza kwama-Anarcho-syndicalist ngokwawo, esikhathini sokukhula kwawo, ngokuvamile (njengaseFrance) kwakumela izisebenzi ezinamakhono aphakeme kakhulu, ezikwazi cishe ukuzinqumela ezazo izimo zezimboni kuyilapho zishiya abasebenzi abangenamakhono ebuphofini nasekuhluphekeni. โUkusebenzaโ ngendlela evamile ngokuvamile kuye kwawela ngaphansi kwesandla sabahlubuki abanezisusa zobuhlanga noma zobuhlanga, noma ngaleyo ndaba nomaโikakhulukazi eYurophu ka-1914โngokulangazela kwaholela amalungu empini ebhubhisayo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukulwela amandla abasebenzi kusuka phansi bekubalulekile futhi kuyaqhubeka nokuba semqoka kunoma yiliphi ithemba lentando yeningi yangempela, uguquko lwangempela.
Amandla ala mavolumu amabili athakazelisayoโaxhumene ngokomqondo futhi u-Azzellini wayengumhleli ngokubambisana wevolumu yangaphambili no-Immanuel Nessโawukucaciswa kwawo ngokuqondile, icala ngalinye, kunanoma yiziphi iziphetho zezombusazwe noma zezomnotho ezikhulayo. Izinhlobo Ezintsha Zenhlangano Yabasebenzi ihlukile ekugcizeleleni kwayo imisebenzi yabasebenzi ngaphandle kwezinyunyana ezikhona kanye namathonya angaphandle kweqembu le-Leftwing, into ngokusobala ebalulekile e-US (lapho i-Left ibe buthaka ngezindlela eziningi) kodwa nakwezinye izindawo, ngenxa yokuthi i-Lefting yezombusazwe iphukile futhi , ngempela, kwakungavamile ukumela izigaba eziphansi zabasebenzi (nabangasebenzi) ngaphandle kwamazwi futhi ngezinye izikhathi emibonisweni yasemgwaqweni. Enye indlela Umlando Wezabasebenzi ngokwengqondo ibanzi, iyachaza futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke umlando. Ivolumu ngayinye inenani layo.
Obani ababhali? Kungumbuzo omuhle Amafomu Amasha ikakhulukazi, ngoba ngisho nesishoshovu sezemfundo noma sezepolitiki esinozwela sibona lezi zindaba ngaphandle, kungenakwenzeka ukuthi sizijoyine impilo yonke. (Kunezincwadi ezinothile ezivela kwa-Old Left and New ezivela kulabo abachitha iminyaka embalwa noma amashumi eminyaka โemsebenzini,โ ikakhulukazi abasebenzi basezimbonini). Lawa maningi amathuba okuba izifundiswa, uhlobo lwezazi ze-anthropologists zasemadolobheni ngendlela esemthethweni noma engekho emthethweni, ezama kanzima ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwesimo, ngokuvamile isimo esingazinzile kakhulu, esivela ngaphandle. Izifundiswa ze Umlando Wezabasebenzi ngokuvamile bayizishoshovu, okungenani ingxenye yempilo yabo, futhi. Ababhali kuyo yomibili imiqulu bayakholisaโngaphakathi kwemingceleโngoba bafuna ukubheka ngokucophelela. Ngokubona kwami, abanakekeli kangako isiko, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga nobulili kunokuba bebengaba, akungabazeki ukuthi izindaba zikhula kalula kangangokuthi amaphuzu abalulekile okuhlaziya angalahleka. Akuwona umkhawulo owanelisa ngokuphelele, kodwa akufanele kusivimbe ekwaziseni okufezwe ngababhali.
Umhleli u-Azzellini uveza iphuzu elibalulekile lokuthi phakathi namashumi eminyaka amuva nje, imibuzo yokulawulwa kwabasebenzi yaphakama kakhulu eLatin America, phakathi nokuphoqelelwa kwezixazululo ze-neoliberal emikhandlwini yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Amaqembu amaKhomanisi ayeshabalala, ngokuvamile ayelinganiselwe ekusekelweni kwawo yizifunda, ngokobuhlanga noma ngezinye izindlela, ayevule indawo yabashokobezi futhi ngalezo ezazichotshozwa, isidingo esiphuthumayo sento entsha sase sisobala. Kodwa kwakuyini? Ngisho nangaphakathi kweLatin America-izindatshana zihlanganisa i-Uruguay, iMexico, iChile neBrazil-izimo zomlando zihluke kakhulu, kumbalwa okujwayelekile okusebenzayo. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lapha nalaphaya, izinyunyana ziba yingxenye kahulumeni, futhi zihlupheke ngenxa yemiphumela kanye nokuzuza ekuxhasweni: kufanele zifundise abasebenzi abahlelekile noma zilahlekelwe izinzuzo zazo, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa izinzuzo zomuntu siqu ebuholini.
Umbhali wezincwadi u-Elise Danielle Thorburn ufuna ukudweba izingqikithi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ukubaluleka โkomhlangano wabasebenziโ phakathi kwedolobha, isifunda, noma izwe, konke lokhu ngaphakathi kwemakethe yomhlaba. NjengaseCanada, lapho esebenza khona, umhlangano ungaba uhlobo lwesikhungo sokuhlela esijwayelekile sezinyunyana nabangahlangene ngokufanayo, uqhubeke nezingxoxo phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zezishoshovu zesokunxele, futhi ufune ukuthuthukisa amasu phakathi kwalawo ahlukaniswe ngokwehlukana okubalulekile okuvelayo. njengabafuduki bakamuva kanye nezakhamuzi zesikhathi eside. Ilinganiselwe kodwa futhi inikezwe amandla yindlela yesikhungo yesikhashana, izikhungo zabasebenzi ezinjalo zivela ngezikhathi ezibalulekileโฆ.futhi ngeshwa, zivame ukunyamalala kuze kufike umzuzu onjalo olandelayo. Lokhu kukude nokuqina kwezikhungo zabasebenzi nezokuhlalisana ngamahhovisi nezisebenzi zazo, kodwa ngokungangabazeki zifanele isikhathi sethu.
Izinhlobo Ezintsha Zenhlangano Yabasebenzi yenza izimangalo ezigqamile, engcupheni yomqondo. Kukhulu okukhulunywa ngakho lapha, njengasendabeni kaSteven Manicastri mayelana nezinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye neziqondiso eminyakeni engazinzile yenhlangano yezabasebenzi yase-Italy, 1960s-70s. Ukwehluleka kwenguquko yezenhlalakahle noma into efana nayo, nokho, kubonakala kuwukuntula nje intando, noma mhlawumbe amandla emikhuba yokuphatha, ngokufanayo ukwehla okukhulu kweNxele lezombangazwe njengokuzimela ekuguqukeni kwemboni kanye nabasebenzi base-Italy. Umbono wama-โCobras,โ izinhlangano zabasebenzi ezinyunyaneni ezihlukahlukene, uyakhuthaza kodwa ukukhanga kwawo akude neze endaweni yonke, imininingwane engabaza ukuthi umnyakazo ofisayo ungahamba ungakanani ngaphandle kokuzalwa kabusha kweNxele lepolitiki.
Lona umbuzo oqhubeka uvutha kulo mqulu ikakhulukazi. Ukwehluleka kwezikhungo zabasebenzi ezikhona kubonakala kaningi, futhi ngokufanayo izikhathi ezishukumisayo zobumbano. Izenzo ezingachazwa njengezinguqulo ezintsha ze-syndicalism, njenge-IWW yangempela e-US (ezitolo zamasemishi ka-Jimmy John) kanye naphakathi kwabahlanzi bamahhovisi e-UK, zinikeza ugqozi. Kodwa ngisho nasekuhambeni kwesikhathi kusukela ekulotshweni kwezindatshana zevolumu kuze kube kubhalwa lokhu kubuyekezwa, imizamo eminingi eyayithembisa ngaleso sikhathi iye yashabalala, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamandla amakhulu emali. Izenzo zanamuhla zokudla okusheshayo e-US zithole ukuvezwa kwazo esidlangalaleni futhi zisekelwa ngokuphelele emkhakheni wezabasebenzi, i-SEIU ehlaselwe ezingxenyeni zesokunxele njengomthetho ongenathemba, ubufakazi be-sclerosis ezinsalela zezisebenzi ezihleliwe.
Inkinga yezabasebenzi ayinakuphikwa, ukwehla kwenhlangano yeningi yentando yeningi ekhona kanye namaqembu ezisebenzi kuyindida enkulu yezikhathi zethu, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezikhungo zabasebenzi nokulawulwa kwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Inkinga iwukuthi, iziphetho eziqinile zihlala zithandabuza. Noma kunjalo, abafundi bazophuma kule miqulu befunda okuningi, futhi bagqugquzelwe ngaphezu kokuncane.##
Izincwadi eziningi zikaPaul Buhle ezikhuluma ngezabasebenzi nakwesobunxele zihlanganisa i-Taking Care of Business (1999), umlando we-American labour bureaucracy.
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