Isabelomali senkululeko sabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Ngu-Paul LeBlanc noMichael D. Yates. I-New York: I-Monthly Review Press, i-245pp, i-paperback ye-$ 19.95
Leli bhuku elimangalisayo libuyisela ekubukeni kombono oqinile wokunqoba phakathi kweqembu elivamile, elihlome ngohlobo lokulindela okufingqiwe kafushane emncintiswaneni wokhetho lwango-2008 kodwa kulokhu ngaphandle kokusekelwa inhlangano yamabanga aphansi kudala yashabalala.
Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu, ebizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi "i-Freedom Movement" ngabahlanganyeli ngokwabo, yayizakhele inhlokomo ngoMashi we-1963 eWashington muva nje ezindabeni futhi kamuva nje, ngemicimbi yeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kepha ngisho nalo mfutho ubungeke uchaze ngokulindelwe, ngesikhathi esengeziwe sezepolitiki, ukuthi amaDemocrat angafuna ngesibindi ukuqeda ubumpofu. Umfutho wawusesikhundleni esimangalisayo songqondongqondo wesocialist oyingqayizivele, uMichael Harrington, owathi kanye nabalandeli bakhe bathola ithuba lokusebenzisa imibono yabo yenguquko yenguquko yezenhlalo kumathemba angokoqobo (noma abonakala engokoqobo) phambi kwabo.
Asikho isikhathi sepolitiki saleli khulunyaka, ngisho neminyaka yawo-1930, esasiyinqaba njengalesi. UMongameli uJohn Kennedy, iQhawe Elibandayo elizimisele elidale amaGreen Berets futhi wathembisa igagasi lezomnotho lenzuzo ku-Wall Street egeleza ehlela ku-Main Street, nokho kwabonakala kuwucwaningo olusheshayo kwezinye izindaba zomphakathi zasekhaya. Umholi Omusha Kwesokunxele u-Tom Hayden wamenywa e-White House (uhambe ephoxekile); umbhangqwana wasebukhosini uKennedy waya kuNdunankulu we uSpartacus, ifilimu kuthiwa yephula i-Hollywood Blacklist kulokho esingase sikuthathe njengokukhothamela uphiko lwamasiko oludala lwe-Old Left; bese kuba khona JFK ufunda Harrington of The Enye iMelika, umlando oyindida mayelana nokuphikelela kobumpofu phakathi kwenala.
Kwakungeyona yonke isibopho se-noblesse. I-Liberal Democrats kanye namanye amaRiphabhulikhi ayenamahloni kakhulu ngobubanzi bokuhlupheka kwaseMelika kanye nokuphikelela kokuhlukaniswa. Kwazi bani ukuthi u-Jacqueline, umfundi wezincwadi womndeni, kungenzeka ukuthi uye wathatha isinqumo sokukhomba umbhali-ngaphandle uma kwakungumbuyekezi wencwadi, u-Dwight Macdonald, ngaleso sikhathi owaba ngumamukeli omkhulu wezinzuzo ze-ejensi yezobunhloli (ezinhlakeni zomhlaba wonke zeCongress. for Cultural Freedom) kanye naso leso sikhathi isibalo se-avuncular sikhuthaza ukuthi i-Students for a Democratic Society, inhlangano entsha yabashisekeli bentsha, ukuba ibe khona.
Ngemuva kuka-Harrington kwakumi insalela yeQembu LamaSocialist elake lanamandla, ngesikhathi sokugcina somlando obabazekayo kwesinye isikhathi. Ngalesi sikhathi yayisilahlekelwe yimishini yayo yokhetho yendawo eyayisaphila ezizukulwaneni zangaphambili, evelele kakhulu eMilwaukee, futhi yabonakala incishisiwe yaba abantu abambalwa abeqile kanye nenhlangano yentsha. Empeleni, nokho, i-SP yayinabasebenzi ngaphakathi enhliziyweni yezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu, ngokufanayo naku-Student Peace Union, ophikweni lwezinguquko olungakwesokunxele lweqembu leDemocratic Alliance futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ku-AFL-CIO. Iminyaka embalwa ngaphezulu, yayibuye ibe noNorman Thomas, “Mnu. I-Socialism” esizukulwaneni noma ngaphezulu samaMelika. Ukube wayengenaso isisekelo sangempela esisele cishe kwabangu-900,000 abamvotela ngo-1932, uThomas cishe wayesazocashunwa encwadini. New York Times ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene. Emjikelezweni wedili lenhlangano yezabasebenzi nezinguquko, uHarrington wayesemenyezelwe kakade njengendlalifa kaThomas.
Ayikho ingxenye encane yendaba eyembuleka ngokucophelela Isabelomali Senkululeko ihlala emhlabeni wezisebenzi. Ongoti bezepolitiki abagxile ekugcwaliseni izikhala zezikhungo, idlanzana labantu abasha bezenhlalakahle ikakhulukazi eNew York banikeze amandla kanye nokuxhumana. Ongaziwa namanje, owabonwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, abantu ababalulekile balo mbuthano baba amaqhawe abandayo abandayo eVietnam, bashintsha ubungcweti babo babenza imisebenzi kaGeorge Meany kanye "noSenator waseBoing," uScoop Jackson, ephika ama-peaceniks, abashisekeli bezinguquko zezabasebenzi. , kanye nanoma ubani onozwela kuGeorge McGovern. Kodwa siyobe senza iphutha uma sihamba phambili ngendaba, ngisho sazi njengoba sibona ukuthi kwahamba kanjani.
Imininingwane yeSabelomali seNkululeko esafufusa, esathuthukiswa phakathi kosonhlalakahle futhi esabekwa phambili ngokusemthethweni nguBayard Rustin ngo-1967, inothile futhi isamema. Kunenkulumo uJohn Lewis abehlose ukuyethula ngoMashi On Washington, ngokwesibonelo. Umkhiqizo ohlangene wokukhuluma ohlakaniphe ngokuthula bezenhlalakahle ezungeze uRustin, uhlaka olusabalalisiwe lwashaqisa i-White House. UMbhishobhi Omkhulu uPatrick O’Boyle usabise ngokuthi uzohoxa emicimbini kunokuba enze isicelo, njengoba ayethembise ukwenza ngaphambilini. U-Rustin kanye nompetha wezabasebenzi u-A. Philip Randolph bayithambisa futhi bayifushanisa inkulumo, nakuba okusele kunamandla anele ezikhathini—futhi kwaba inhloso yesu lezinhlelo ze-FBI (noma iziza). Ukugcizelela kuka-MLK ukuthi umzabalazo weNkululeko wawungowemisebenzi kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuhlanga nakho kuza ngoMashi, uma kwenzeka nje. Kunjalo-ke, uma nje ngokucatshangelwa, ukuqaphela kweNkosi kamuva ukuthi wayengayizwanga intukuthelo ezwiwa abantu abasha, abantu abamnyama basemadolobheni esimweni sabo. Isikhathi sase siphelile.
Ukulamula okuyimpumelelo kobudlelwano phakathi kwabamnyama “abamaphakathi” (okwenza ukuthi labo abagcina ibhizinisi bagxile ebhizinisini) be-Urban League kanye ne-NAACP edla lubi nabaholi abahlukene bamalungelo omphakathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Administration kanye nabalandeli bayo abakhululekile kolunye, babukwe. ngaleso sikhathi njenge-stroke ye-genius. Ngempela, uMashi kwaba umzuzu omuhle emlandweni waseMelika, owaziwa kanjalo emhlabeni wonke, ngaleso sikhathi namanje. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-power elite, njengoba ababhali bechaza, banqume ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ikakhulukazi kube yisibopho, ikakhulukazi uma kungenjalo kuphela ukuncintisana namaRussia ngenxa yokuzwelana kwabantu abangewona abamhlophe bezwe lesithathu elivusayo. Amadoda anegunya kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho ayezimisele ukusekela ukulingana okukhulu kwezinhlanga ngandlela thize, ngokwemvelo ngezindlela ezingazisoli.
U-Stokely Carmichael, osevele engakhululekile ohlangothini olulondolozayo lwempumelelo ebonakalayo, wabonisa izindleko ezifihliwe zomfelandawonye owenze ukuthi uMashi uphumelele: yonke into elandelayo izodinga ukugunyazwa kwaMadoda kaMongameli. Lokhu kube ucezu olumisiwe lokuningi okwalandela eminyakeni embalwa emisha, kodwa uma sibuka iqiniso leqiniso ngokuzidelela, siphuthelwa isikhathi esibalulekile somlando wangakwesokunxele kanye nomlando waseMelika wonkana.
Ukulibeka ngamafuphi leli qhinga: Iqembu leDemocratic Alliance lizoguqulwa lapho kuqala uguquko lwamalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nenhlangano yabasebenzi, okwenza iqembu lingakhululeki kuDixiecrats kangangokuthi bazozishiya ngokuthanda kwabo (okungenani lokhu. ingxenye ivele inembile). Lokhu “kulungiswa kabusha” kwamaDemocrats kungaphendula iqiniso elivelayo: ukuthi ukuhlala ngaphakathi, iFreedom Rides kanye nezinkulumo ezihlukahlukene okuhlanganisa noNdasa akuzange kuziguqule ngempela izimpilo zansuku zonke zabantu abavamile base-Afrika baseMelika eNingizimu noma eNyakatho, ngaphandle kokuthi bazenze. ngokuqhubeka nokucasuka ngesimo sabo futhi baqiniswe yi-Movement.
Isabelomali seNkululeko sabekwa engqungqutheleni yango-1966 eyabizwa i-A. Philip Randolph Institute esanda kwakhiwa, isikhungo sokucabanga esikhululekile/sabasebenzi esingazange sibe nento enkulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. Umbhalo onamakhasi angama-84, okuhloswe ngawo ukuqeda bonke ubumpofu base-US ngo-1975, empeleni wawuyiqoqo elibanzi leziphakamiso zokuvuselela Isivumelwano Esisha. Ibhalwe amasocialists kanye nezifundiswa (isazi sezomnotho u-Leon Keyserling wayephawuleka). Izohlinzeka ngokuqashwa ngokugcwele, iqede imijondolo, ihlinzeke ngosizo lwezokwelapha oluphelele, ikhuthaze ukulingana kuyo yonke imikhakha futhi ifake ngisho nokungcoliswa komoya namanzi. I-AFL-CIO yasigubha lesi simemezelo, incwadi yephephandaba yeSocialists ephuma kabili ngesonto ngokuziqhenya yabhala ngesihloko esithi “Class Struggle,” kwathi uLyndon Johnson, ngokweqiniso ngesizinda sakhe saseTexas iNew Dealish kunoKennedy, wabonakala ehamba ohlangothini olufanayo, noma umkhondo owakhe. Kwakuyisinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo esivela ku-Civil Rights Act.
Kodwa kwakungekho ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi mayelana nalesi simemezelo, futhi ukulinganiselwa okwalandela kwabonakala ngokushesha. Isabelomali sasingakafinyeleli kumaphephandaba lapho izihloko zezindaba zigxila egameni elilodwa elithi: “Vietnam.” ISabelomali Senkululeko ngokusobala sizodinga izindleko ezilingana nalezo ezihlelwe abeluleki be-FDR "Brains Trust" ngenkathi Yesivumelwano Esisha. Imali, njengoba wonke umuntu azi ngo-1966, yayiyi-Going to War. Eminyakeni emibili nje ngaphambili, i-LBJ yayigijime kulokho okungachazwa njengokuthula noma okungenani umkhankaso wokulwa nempi ngokumelene no-Barry Goldwater, owadlalwa ngelentengiso edumile ye-"Daisy" kodwa futhi nangezifungo zikaJohnson-ekhumbula ukungathandwa okujulile kwengxabano yaseKorea-hhayi thumela amaMelika ezinkundleni zempi ezingenazithelo e-Asia.
Ngokushesha, ngokushesha, izinto zawohloka kancane kancane. Ubuholi be-AFL-CIO bazibonakalisa bunokonga ngokujulile ngezindlela eziningi, benqaba ngokuqinile, ngokwesibonelo, noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa “okuphoqelelwe” kwemizimba yayo ehlukene (ukuhweba ngesakhiwo sikaGeorge Meany phakathi kwezimelana kakhulu noshintsho). Emazingeni ayo aphezulu, ike yazibandakanya ngokujulile ebudlelwaneni bomhlaba wonke ne-CIA ngokumelene nemithelela yamaKhomanisi kusukela eYurophu kuya e-Asia, e-Afrika kuya eNingizimu Melika. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, u-Meany wayesole u-Randolph ngokwakhe ngokukhononda ngokuzwakalayo ngokubandlululwa kwabasebenzi futhi manje wakwenza kwacaca: ukunqoba eVietnam kwakuyinto ehamba phambili.
Abaningi kuCongress babefuna ngabomvu abaphathi ukuthi benze okuthile, ngaphezu kwakho konke ukususa iMpi emakhasini angaphambili. Namuhla, ngesabelomali sezempi esiphezulu esibhakabhakeni kanye nobumpofu obukhulayo ekhaya, kusafanele ukubuza umbuzo owabuzwa maphakathi nawo-1960: ingabe imali yeMpi Eyandisiwe Yobumpofu yayingekho ngempela, ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali eMpini? Noma ingabe ukwehluleka ukubhekana nenkinga yabampofu ngempela kwakuwukwehluleka kwentando yezombangazwe ngaphezu kwezinsiza ezikhona?
Lapha, ucwaningo olukhulu olwenziwa ababhali u-LeBlanc kanye no-Yates benza umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu kulokho esikwaziyo. Ingcebo yemininingwane, ebuyiselwe ngokuzwelana kwangempela ngamazwi nezenzo zalabo abazohamba ngokushesha, ibuyisela ukugqama kwesikhashana kanye nezisusa zabadlali. Inhlekelele yomuntu siqu kodwa futhi yezombusazwe ka-Bayard Rustin, isibonelo, lapha iba sobala kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha zangaphambilini. Indatshana yakhe edumile yango-1965, ethi, “Kusuka Embhikishweni Kuya Kwezepolitiki,” yagomela ngokuthi inhlangano yamalungelo abantu isiseduze nokuletha umfelandawonye omusha wenkululeko ezungeze i-LBJ. Ibhalwe ngaphambi nje kokudlondlobala eVietnam, kwabonakala kuyigqiba indaba yempi ngokuphelele, uma kungenjalo yamukela ukwesekwa kwama-liberals kwempi ekhulayo. URustin, isihlabani somzabalazo esidumile, kungenzeka ukuthi wayezikhohlisa ngaphezu kwabangane bakhe abamelene nempi. Ephonselwa inselelo kuleli phuzu, wagcizelela ukuthi iSabelomali seNkululeko esihlongozwayo kufanele sibe nemali yokushushiswa kweMpi yaseVietnam noma kwakungeke kube nengqondo, “Kwakungesikho ukuthi sasifuna bakwenze, kodwa bekufanele senze umqondo ophusile. linganisela.” Abangane bakhe bakudala, kuhlanganise no-A.J. UMuste, uStaughton Lynd noDavid McReynolds, abazange bancengwe.
Abasondelene naye abasha, ama-protégés kanye nabalandeli besikhathi sakudala i-Trotskyist/socialist strategist kanye ne-faction-fighter uMax Shachtman, bebelokhu befaka inkatho yabo noGeorge Meany. Nakuba ababhali bengasho kanjalo, abalandeli abakhuphuka ngokushesha bemibono yempi kaMeany ngaphakathi kwezabasebenzi, i-AFT ka-Albert Shanker ikakhulukazi, izohlinzeka ngaphezu kwabambalwa kulo mbuthano ngezikhundla zomsebenzi wokuphila, njengoba nje izinsuku zabo eziqinile ziphelile. I-LeBlanc kanye ne-Yates abakaze bathinte omunye umthombo wezingxabano ezizayo: i-Israel, indaba eyinhloko yalabo ababheke ukusekelwa kwezenzo ze-Jewish State ukuze bafune nokusekelwa kweMpi YaseVietnam, futhi bangakukhathaleli ukungathandwa kwengxabano yaseVietnam phakathi kweningi AmaJuda aseMelika. URustin, iqhawe elake lalwa nempi, wayesezochitha wonke umsebenzi wakhe e-Freedom House-umsebenzi we-neoconservative okuxhumene ne-ejensi yezobunhloli kwakunamahemuhemu abanzi-ngenkathi ethumela iminikelo yonyaka ku-War Resisters League. Indoda ehlukane kabi imelene nayo, uRustin wayecwila ekusithekeni okungafanelekile, ngaphandle kokusekelwa sekwephuzile kweGay Liberation.
Ababhali basuka kule mininingwane yezombangazwe baye esisekelweni sokuhlaziya seSabelomali uqobo, futhi lapha banebalazwe lomqondo elihlukile ukuze balihlole futhi balichaze. ISabelomali sakuphawula ngokusobala ukuthi ubumpofu buvela, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Eyabhalwa eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuvalwa kwamafekthri aseMelika, icabanga ukuthi kukhona okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi ekhokha kahle, ehlanganisiwe, neminye imisebenzi efakwe ngaphansi komthetho wamaholo aphezulu. Kanti abanye abantu baseMelika, ngaphandle kwemakethe yemisebenzi, bazonikezwa usizo—oluyimali eqinisekisiwe, nakuba ingekho igama elisetshenzisiwe. Izindlu ezintsha, ezakhiwe yilabo abadinga imisebenzi, imizamo emisha kwezempilo, imfundo nokuqeqeshwa, ingasaphathwa eyezinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo zezimali kanye nezezimali. Lezi zinhlelo noma imibono yayinamandla amaningi eSivumelwano Esisha, kanye nobunye ubuthakathaka, ikakhulukazi inkomba engaqondile yokugijima ngendlela efanele, ngoba ukuhlasela okuqondile kokucwasa ngokwebala kungabulala noma yimuphi umfelandawonye.
Abalobi be Isabelomali Senkululeko ekugcineni, izahluko ezilandelayo ezikhuluma ngokubhidlika komzamo kanye nemiphumela yesokunxele noma owayekade Kwesokunxele, zinikeza ukugxeka okuqinile kwezinkinga zanoma yisiphi Isabelomali esinjalo sanamuhla. Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1960, ngokungangabazeki ukuphela kweNkathi Yegolide yonxiwankulu bangemva kwempi, izinhlangano zahlehla kanzima, zatshala ifulegi lazo lemibono enama-rightwing tank tanks, ahlawuliswa owayengusocialist u-Irving Kristol phakathi kwabanye, kodwa futhi zaqoqa izinsiza kanye namadlelandawonye ukuze ahlasele okuvamile. ngokumelene nokunyakaza kwezinguquko jikelele. Ukungalingani kweholo kwakhuphuka ngokushesha kwakhuphuka, futhi abantu abasha bokufika (abaza nezinguquko zomthetho ngo-1965) babengenazo ngisho nenkumbulo yezikhathi ezilinganayo. Ukuqashwa ngokugcwele kade kwaba yinto engacabangeki, futhi ngalelo qiniso, okunye okuningi embonweni omkhulu kuvele kwawa.
Ingabe kungaba nesabelomali esisha seNkululeko? Umbuzo ubaluleke kakhulu. Kuphi lapho ithimba losopolitiki abanamandla ukweseka lezi zinyathelo ezinesibindi, bona ngokwabo befuna ukuxhumana nokusiza ekwakheni isifunda ukuze kwenzeke? Mhlawumbe ukunqoba okubili kwakamuva okhethweni lukamongameli lwamaDemocrat kwaba yizikhathi ezilahlekile ngokushesha, noma okungenzeka ukuthi, ukuvukela okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Occupation, akuzange kuthandwe kakhulu amaDemocrats. (Ekhulumela iWisconsin, u-Obama "wabiza" ukweseka kwakhe Ukuvukela Kwango-2011 ngokumelene neRiphabhulikhi ehlaselayo.) Naphezu kwe-Obamacare (ecabanga ukuthi iyasebenza) kanye nokwenyuka okulindelwe kweholo elincane, amathemba angempela abonakala egxile emadolobheni afana ENew York naseBoston. Ezingeni likazwelonke, abagqugquzeli bezinguquko ababuka ngasese iminyaka ka-Obama njengokuphoxeka kobuholi bukamongameli banentula yokunambitha isikhundla sikamongameli u-Hilary Clinton eduze nokuthi bazobona ukubuyela eminyakeni yawo-1990, hhayi nje kuphela ekunciphiseni kodwa nasekuzameni kwezempi okuhlukahlukene. Izibhamu zanqoba ibhotela eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, futhi zizokwenza lokho futhi, ngokwesekwa yizinhlangothi ezimbili, njengoba amahlazo ezinhloli ehlazisa uMbuso Wezokuphepha wonkana. Yebo, ukuwa kwezomnotho nezenhlalo okungangonyaka ka-1929 kusengenzeka, futhi ngawo, amacebo amasha, amakhulu omphakathi ohlukile angase afezeke—ngaphandle uma kwenzeka okuthile okubi kakhulu.
Izazi-mlando zezinhlangano zomphakathi zaseMelika zizothola le ncwadi iwusizo kakhulu, iqala ngokungabi bikho kweSabelomali seNkululeko kuma-akhawunti abo (ngingasho, ethu) awo-1960 ngaphambili. Isabelomali asenzekanga-ukusho okuncane-futhi ngisho nombono kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyi-phantom, i-wisp yomcabango oseduze kwesokunxele wezenhlalakahle. Kodwa ukufunda ngakho kusinikeza okuthile okubalulekile okufanele sikucabangele njengoba izinhlaka zomphakathi eziseduze nakude zibonakala zisondela ekuwohlokeni futhi njengabantu abayingozi, abakhululekile nabalandela imithetho ngokufanayo, beqhubeka nokubheka ezimpini eziningi nezingcono ukuze kugcinwe izinto ndawonye.
Paul Buhle unguMfundisi Omkhulu osethathe umhlalaphansi eBrown University. Okwamanje uBuhle uhlela amabhuku obuciko bamahlaya. Eyakhe yakamuva inesihloko esithi RADICAL JESUS (Herald Press).
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