Umpristi ongumKatolika owagcina eshiyile isonto, u-Ivan Illich wabhala ukuze akhiphe izixwayiso - abanye ososayensi, abanye abancane. Incwadi yakhe ka-1971 Inhlangano Yezemfundo ifuna ukukhuluma ‘nabafundile’, ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi umqondo ‘wokufunda’ indlela yethu eya emphakathini ongcono awusoze wasebenza. Ebhala ngesikhathi enza ngaso, umsebenzi ka-Illich ungena ekucabangeni kabusha okubanzi ngemfundo okwenzeka ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970. E-UK, u-AS Neale wabhala ngesikole esingenayo imithetho encwadini eqanjwe igama elibi Summerhill, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1960. Isikole saseSudbury Valley eMassachusetts sasungulwa ngezimiso ezifanayo ngo-1968 nguDaniel Greenberg. Imisebenzi kaJohn Holt, Indlela Izingane Ezihluleka Ngayo (1964) kanye Indlela Izingane Ezifunda Ngayo (1967) waphikisana ngentshiseko nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphoqwa ekufundeni futhi waba nethonya elinamandla umnyakazo 'wokungafundi esikoleni' e-US.
Umbono owumongo - wokuthi uhlelo lwezikole zase-US lubulala inkululeko futhi ekugcineni lufunde - usuqondwe izikhathi eziningi kusukela lapho, ngababhali abafana noJohn Taylor Gatto, Jonathan Kozol, Nikhil Goyal, kanye no-Alfie Kohn. Ukuthuthukiswa kombono ka-Illich kwakha ukugxeka okuphelele kanye nokwangempela. Njengomgxeki wazo zonke izikhungo, ukucabanga kuka-Illich kuhlonzwe nge-anarchism, futhi kusengumbono owusizo wokucabanga ngendawo ephelele yesikhungo esikuyo namuhla. Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi, i-apocalypse yezemfundo eyabikezelwa u-Illich isifikile. Kweminye - nakuba kungeyona yonke - yemininingwane yayo, kubukeka sengathi ubesaba ukuthi kuzoba njalo.
Uma singawuphonseli inselele umbono wokuthi ulwazi olubalulekile luyinto engase iphoqelelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuba ingene kumthengi, umphakathi uyokhula ubuswe izikole mbumbulu ezikhohlakele kanye nabaphathi bolwazi abangamashiqela… Abelaphi bezokufundisa bazosebenzisa izidakamizwa kakhulu abafundi babo ukuze bafundise. zibe ngcono, futhi abafundi bazozidakamisa ngokwengeziwe ukuze bathole impumuzo ezingcindezini zothisha kanye nomjaho wokuthola izitifiketi. Izibalo ezikhulayo zezikhulu zizothatha sengathi zizenza othisha.1
U-Illich wabikezela i-dystopia yezemfundo ye-commodity capitalism: "Isikole sithengisa ikharikhulamu-inqwaba yempahla eyenziwe ngenqubo efanayo futhi enesakhiwo esifanayo nezinye izinto ezithengiswayo." Umphumela uba imfundo “ebukeka njengazo zonke ezinye izinto eziyisisekelo zanamuhla. Kuyinqwaba yezincazelo ezihleliwe, iphakethe lamanani, impahla “okukhanga kwayo okunokulinganisela” kuyenza idayiswe ngenani elikhulu ngokwanele ukuze kuthethelelwe izindleko zokukhiqiza.” Wabhala ngaphambi kokuthathwa kwemfundo nge-neoliberalism, futhi eminye yemithetho ka-Illich ye-libertarian empeleni iqale ukusebenza ngezindlela ebezingahoxisa ukuthambekela kwakhe kokungahambisani nokugunyazwa.
I-Crisis of the Neoliberal University
Encwadini yakhe I-Science Mart: Ukwenza Isayensi YaseMelika Yangasese, isazi-mlando uPhilip Mirowski ulandelela imibuso emithathu yenhlangano yesayensi - ngakho-ke neyamanyuvesi - e-US. Umbuso wokuqala waqala cishe ngo-1890 futhi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba yiMpi Yezwe II. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinkampani zenze ucwaningo lwazo lwesayensi oluningi ngaphakathi endlini: ama-Bell Labs adumile kanye nama-Dupont Labs ayeyizibonelo. Yayingekho inqubomgomo kahulumeni yesayensi emaphakathi. Ngenkathi imfundo yezobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela yayikhula, njengoba kubhalwe nguDavid Noble in I-America by Design, imfundo ephakeme yayiyindaba ephambili efundisa ubuciko obukhululekile nokudala ukuxhumana phakathi kwesigaba esibusayo. UDavarian Baldwin ulandelela omunye umlando walesi sikhathi sokuqala encwadini yakhe Emthunzini Wombhoshongo Wendlovu: Indlela Amanyuvesi Aphanga Ngayo Amadolobha Ethu. Baldwin uphawula ukuthi kule nkathi, “imfundo ephakeme yayiwuhlobo ‘lokuqeda isikole,’ okwakuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa isimilo nokuthuthukisa inethiwekhi yabafundi besilisa kakade abasezikhundleni ezinhle emikhayeni yamandla nethonya.” Yakhelwe phezu kwenzuzo yokuhweba ngezigqila futhi yashaqa umhlaba wabomdabu, “lawa makhempasi aluhlaza, aluhlaza aphinde aqinisekiswa ezindaweni ezingasemakhaya, lapho umoya ohlanzekile nendawo evulekile kwakuhloselwe ukuthi kube namafutha ephunga elibi nalokho okuthiwa kuyingozi. amalgams ezinhlanga atholakala emadolobheni.”
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lapho i-US ithatha isikhundla seBrithani njengomholi wama-impiriyali womhlaba, amanyuvesi athatha uhlobo olusha, okuyinto othisha abaningi abasayicabanga. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwangeniswa emanyuvesi. Uxhaso lwezempi olungenamkhawulo lugxilise inqubomgomo yesayensi nezimboni. Kwabelwana ngenkambiso yobuzwe phakathi kocwaningo nokufundisa: umbono wawuwukuthi igunya lalizoveza izakhamuzi zentando yeningi ezazizovikela kokubili isizwe futhi zakhe isizwe okufanele sisivikele. Izimiso zezemfundo zokubuyekezwa kontanga, inkululeko yezemfundo nokuhlala, kanye nengxube yocwaningo olumsulwa oluqhutshwa ilukuluku nocwaningo oluthakaselwayo kazwelonke nesemphakathini - lezi zici zenyuvesi zikhonjwa nguMirowski njengeziyingxenye yale yesibili, iMpi Yezwe II-Yokubandayo. Umbuso wempi.
Lowo mbuso wavumela lokho esiphila kukho namuhla: lokho uMirowski akubiza ngokuthi “umbuso womhlaba wonke wokwenza izinto ezizimele”. Kulolu hlelo olusha, ucwaningo lubuyiselwe ezinkampanini - i-Facebook, i-Google, i-Microsoft yenza ucwaningo lwazo lobunikazi ngaphandle kwegunya noma okulindelekile ukwenza imiphumela yabo ibe sesidlangalaleni. Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezenhlalo lwenziwa ezindaweni zokucabanga, ezitshela abaxhasi babo lokho abafuna ukukuzwa. Ucwaningo lwesayensi nentuthuko kungabuye kukhishwe ngaphandle. Ngaleso sikhathi ucwaningo lwasenyuvesi “lushicilelwe” ohlelweni oluvaliwe lwamajenali adla ezinye,2 kuyilapho abacwaningi bekhuthazwa ukuba bathole abalingani bemboni ezimele futhi bathuthukise amabhizinisi aphumayo ngempahla yawo yengqondo.
Ukufundisa kuphinde kuhoxiswe kusetshenziswa izindlela zokufundisa eziku-inthanethi kanye nobuhlakani benkontileka ukuletha iningi lemfundo ekilasini labafundi eliboleke izigidigidi zamadola ukuze likhokhele lezi zifundo futhi likhokhe imali mboleko emabhange amashumi eminyaka ngemuva kokushiya inyuvesi. Abasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele emanyuvesi baya ngokuya bephethe. Igunya lokushisekela izwe alisekho: imfundo inikezwa njengendlela yokuthi umuntu athuthuke, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-neoliberal emininingwaneni okuwukutshalwa kwezimali kuyena. Abantu abasebenza noma abafunda kulezi zikhungo balahlekile ngokwengqondo. Ubuqotho begunya lomphakathi leNyuvesi Yezempi Yomshoshaphansi babuhlale bungabaza, kodwa amanyuvesi e-neoliberal awazami ngisho nokuzama ukufuna igunya elinjalo. Futhi njengoba u-Baldwin ebonisa, njengeziphakamiso zebhizinisi, amanyuvesi e-neoliberal azama ukuhwebelana ngalokho okusele emsebenzini wawo womphakathi - ikakhulukazi isimo sawo sokukhululwa enteleni kanye nomhlaba wamahhala anikezwe wona ukuze aqhubekisele phambili lelo gunya - ukwenza amadili ezindlu nomhlaba anenzuzo esekelwe "isigaba sobuciko" kanye "namadolobha ahlakaniphile" hype.
Ngokususwa kokuthanda izwe kwezemfundo, uxhaso lukahulumeni lwamanyuvesi nalo luyanqanyulwa. Encwadini eguquguqukayo ebhalwe ngusolwazi kanye nomgxeki wasenyuvesi uChris Newfield “umgibe wokufunda”, amanyuvesi adala ukushoda kwezimali zikahulumeni ngokunyusa imali yokufunda, okukhombisa ohulumeni ukuthi amanyuvesi angasebenzisa ngempela ukufundisa ukuvala lesi sikhalazo, esikhuthaza ohulumeni. ukuphoqelela ukusikeka okwengeziwe, okuholela ekukhushulweni okwengeziwe kwezifundo. Umphumela uba ukuthi abafundi abanezikweletu eziningi ezibophweni ezijulile zezezimali emabhange, kuyilapho amanyuvesi eqhubeka nokukhulisa imali yokufunda ezama ukuthola iphuzu lezezimali labafundi (kanye nabazali babo).
Amanyuvesi aphinde aphendukele kubafundi bakwamanye amazwe, abangakhokhiswa imali ephakeme kunaleyo yasekhaya. “Ukuze kugcinwe ukubhaliswa kwabafundi abaneziqu, iminyango eminingi yesayensi yaqala ukuvuma izilinganiso ezikhulayo zabafundi bakwamanye amazwe. Nakuba lokhu kube nomthelela omuhle esimweni esibucayi samadolobha amaningi asenyuvesi yaseMelika, kuphinde kwaba nomthelela omubi wokuveza ukuqothuka okubalulekile kwezizathu zemfundo ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi njengokufeza izinhloso zokwakhiwa kombuso. Abafundi abaningi ezindaweni zesayensi/zobuchwepheshe babengezona izakhamuzi zase-US, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile omunye wezombangazwe wayefuna ukwazi ukuthi amanyuvesi enzani ngokuqeqesha abasebenzi abangase baqhudelane ngezindleko zaseMelika.”3 Omunye wezombangazwe onjalo kwakunguTom Cotton osanda kufika wathi “Uma abafundi baseShayina befuna ukuza lapha bazofunda iShakespeare kanye neFederalist Papers, yilokho okudingeka bakufunde eMelika. Abadingi ukufunda i-quantum computing kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa obuvela eMelika. ” UCotton wayekhathazekile ngokuthi abafundi “bazobuyela eChina bayoqhudelana ngemisebenzi yethu, bathathe ibhizinisi lethu, futhi ekugcineni bantshontshe impahla yethu futhi baklame izikhali nezinye izinto ezingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nabantu baseMelika.” Ngokuphawulekayo, i-US isiba yindawo enobutha kubafundi nabacwaningi baseShayina, nge amakhulu ososayensi abaphenywayo, ukubulawa okungakaxazululwa kwabacwaningi baseShayina , Futhi udlame olumelene nobandlululo lwase-Asia. Njengoba Amanyuvesi aseChina athuthuka, ukufundisa kwabafundi baseShayina kungase kugcine kuhlala ekhaya. Lokhu kuzojulisa kuphela inkinga yenyuvesi.
Namuhla i-right-wing ihlasela amanyuvesi njengezisekelo zomcabango ongakwesokunxele. Umbhedo lo. Awekho ama-bastion anjalo. Amanyuvesi asebenzela abantu abaphakeme kanye nophiko lwabo lwesokudla, hhayi itulo elithile lenyuvesi eliphiko kwesokunxele. Basebenzela amakhosi abo ezinkampani kangcono ngezinga lokuthi abafundi bakhuliswe ngamazinga ezikweletu amakhulu nokuthi amakharikhulamu abambekile futhi aqondiswe ezintweni eziza kuqala zebhizinisi.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano yanamuhla mayelana nenkululeko yezemfundo nokubaluleka kwenyuvesi (uMirowski athi inkululeko ehambisana nemodeli yasenyuvesi ye-Cold War) ilindelwe ngu-Illich, ophetha ngokuthi ngokulingana, ukuphikisa kanye nomcabango okhululekile ophuma emanyuvesi cishe akufanele. : “Akukho ukungabaza ukuthi okwamanje inyuvesi inikeza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezimo ezivumela amanye amalungu ayo ukuba agxeke wonke umphakathi. Inikeza isikhathi, ukuhamba, ukufinyelela kontanga nolwazi, kanye nokungajeziswa okuthile… kodwa… kuphela kulabo asebengene ngokujulile emphakathini wabathengi.” Njengencwadi ebalulekile kaJeff Schmidt Izingqondo Eziqondile, eveza ukucatshangelwa kwe-elitist efihliwe ohlelweni lwezifundo kanye nezivivinyo zokungena ezikoleni ezithweswe iziqu nezifundiswayo, u-Illich uphikisa lapha ukuthi inyuvesi idala abantu abasebenzisa ngokwethembeka ubuhlakani babo ekukhonzeni abaphezulu, hhayi enkonzweni yabacindezelwe.
U-Aaron Swartz uzame ukwenza izindatshana zejenali zeMIT zitholakale obala ku-inthanethi. Waboshwa, wasatshiswa ngokugwetshwa iminyaka engu-35 ejele, futhi wagcina efunwa umshushisi waseMelika ukuba azibulale. U-Alexandra Elbakyan ukwazile ukufeza iphupho lika-Swartz ku-Sci-Hub. Ngaphambi kokuqubuka kwezinkampani zamajenali ezidla ababodwa kanye nomzabalazo wokulwa nazo, u-Illich wayekhathazekile ngokuthi isayensi efakwe esikhungweni isivele ibukela phansi amathuba okufunda okukhulu kwesayensi nokuthuthuka ngokuvalela isayensi ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme: “Kuze kube muva nje isayensi bekuyinkundla eyodwa ebisebenza njenge-anarchist's. iphupho. Indoda ngayinye ekwazi ukwenza ucwaningo ibe nethuba elifanayo lokufinyelela kumathuluzi ayo kanye nokulalelwa komphakathi wontanga. Manje ukugunyazwa kanye nokuhleleka kubeke ingxenye enkulu yesayensi endaweni engafinyeleleki komphakathi… amalungu kanye nezinto zobuciko zomphakathi wesayensi zivalelwe ezinhlelweni zikazwelonke nezamabhizinisi eziqondiswe ekufezeni impumelelo ebonakalayo, ekuhluphekeni okukhulu kwamadoda asekela lezi zizwe nezinkampani. .”
Uhlelo lwesikole, njengohlelo lwenyuvesi, lushintshiwe kusukela ekulotshweni kuka-Illich. E-US, imfundo yomphakathi iye yacekelwa phansi kakhulu futhi izinyunyana zothisha zaphulwa kakhulu. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Teach For America ziguqule umsebenzi okufanele uhlinzeke ngokuziphilisa okuhle kwaba wuhlelo lwamavolontiya, olufana nenhlangano esiza abantulayo - ukungenelela kokusiza abantu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezingaziwa. Ukuhlola inzuzo kanye nomgomo ongenangqondo ngokuphelele wokuzama ngokuqhubekayo ukukhulisa isilinganiso samaphuzu okuhlolwa esikole ngokuhlobene nezinye izikole kubusa yonke ingxoxo yezikole, ukufundisa, nemfundo. Womabili amaqembu ezepolitiki aseMelika, amaDemocrats namaRepublicans, awaboni lutho ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zezepolitiki ngokuhlasela imfundo yomphakathi. Abantu abaphezulu bathumela izingane zabo ezikoleni ezizimele, kuyilapho izingane zesikole zikahulumeni, abazali bazo, othisha bazo kanye nezinyunyana zothisha ziyisifunda esingenawo amandla, esibhekwe kalula ngenxa yezinkinga zomphakathi.
I-libertarian streak kanye neminyaka yawo-1970 kwaholela u-Illich enkolelweni yokuthi izici ezithile zemakethe zingasebenza njengesheke ngokumelene nenani lezikhungo zombuso. Wayenephutha. Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka kamuva, yimakethe ehlanganisa yonke into, ngokuphatha kukahulumeni kanye nosopolitiki benza inzuzo yangasese. Isikhathi sabafundi, amandla okusebenza othisha, izicucu, kanye nezinhlangano zobungcweti konke sekudliwe abantu ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese, futhi isikole ngokwaso siya ngokuya singabi namsebenzi emhlabeni wangemva kobhubhane lapho izingane zivaleleke emakhaya nasezikrinini zamakhompiyutha, ezilawulwa ukuze kuzuze izinkampani ezizimele zemfundo nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe. Uguquko olwengeziwe, olubekwe phezu kwezinguquko zangaphambili ebezingalindelwe ngu-Illich, selwenzekile: osozimali abazimele, ikakhulukazi uBill Gates kanye noMark Zuckerberg, abaqongelela ingcebo ngokuxhaswa nguhulumeni, manje sebethathe izintambo zokubumba ikharikhulamu nokuhlolwa kwezikole zikahulumeni. . UTanner Mirlees ubhala ngalokhu ku Inkampani engu-Edtech, Inc. Njengoba i-Edtech ithembisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha maduze nje - maduze nje - hhayi okwamanje - umzuzu wamanje ugcwele ukunganaki kwabaningi, kanye nemfundo enkulu yenkululeko yabacebile.
Ukugxeka Okujulile: U-Illich Ukhomba Isikole Njengokuphikisana
UMirowski kungenzeka uye wenza ihaba ngomehluko phakathi kwalezi zimo ezintathu zamanyuvesi. Ku I-America by Design, isazi-mlando uDavid Noble sicaphuna umongameli weStevens Institute Alumni Association ngo-1896: “Uhlangothi lwezezimali lonjiniyela luhlala lubaluleke kakhulu… UNoble uyaqhubeka: “Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni, unjiniyela wayesebenzisa imali, futhi, akumangalisi ukuthi kuye imithetho yayo yayingokwemvelo njengemithetho yesayensi... umklamo wakhe wemishini, ngokwesibonelo, wawuqondiswa onxiwankulu badinga ukunciphisa kokubili izindleko kanye nokuzimela kwabasebenzi abanamakhono njengesifiso sokusebenzisa kahle kakhulu amandla ento namandla.” Uma u-Illich eqinisile, inyuvesi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi ibingeyona imodeli yemfundo futhi ukuzama ukubuyela kuyo akufiseleki njengoba bekungaba yize.
Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu singene embusweni we-neoliberal, yini esingazuza ekugxekeni kwenkululeko ka-Illich? Ngo-2020, isitatimende sokuthi isikole akufanele sibe khona izwakala ingenangqondo, isho nokusabela. Kodwa ukugxeka kuka-Illich kujulile kangangokuthi ukukunaka kungasisiza sigweme amaphutha esikhathi esidlule njengoba sizama ukubona ngeso lengqondo okuthile okudlula imodeli yamanje ye-neoliberal.
U-Illich uhlukanisa imfundo yesikole (engadingekile) nokufunda (edingekayo) kanye nokufundisa (okusebenza kwayo okungaphikiswana ngakho): “Ukufundisa, kuyiqiniso, kungase kube nengxenye ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokufunda ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Kodwa abantu abaningi bathola ingxenye enkulu yolwazi lwabo ngaphandle kwesikole, futhi esikoleni uma nje isikole, emazweni ambalwa acebile, sesiyindawo yabo yokuvalelwa phakathi nengxenye ekhulayo yokuphila kwabo.” Ngamanye amazwi, abantu bafunda noma yikuphi lapho bekhona. Uma kwenzeka befunda esikoleni, lokho kungenxa yokuthi yilapho bebambeke khona. Futhi othisha bavamise ukuba yizithiyo ekufundeni njengoba bengabenza bakwazi lokho. U-Illich uchaza okuwukuphela kwemvume yakhe mayelana nenzuzo yokufundisa, yokuthi “ingaba nengxenye ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokufunda ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile”: “Umfundi ozimisele kakhulu obhekene nomsebenzi wokuzuza ikhono elisha neliyinkimbinkimbi angase azuze kakhulu isiyalo manje esihlotshaniswa nothisha oyisidala owayefundisa ukufunda, isiHeberu, ikhathekizimu, noma ukuphindaphinda ngekhanda.”
Uma othisha benamathela kulokho abakwaziyo ngempela - amakhono okubhola nabafundi abagqugquzelekile - banikeza okuthile okubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1956 iqembu lentsha ekhuluma iSpanishi lafundisa othisha abangamakhulu amaningana ngezinyanga eziyisithupha lisebenzisa incwadi yeSpanishi yase-U.S. Foreign Service Institute. “Alukho uhlelo lwesikole”, u-Illich uyaphawula, “ebengafana nale miphumela.” Ngeshwa, lapho bethi baneqhaza eliphakeme kakhulu lezenhlalo ngalokho abakwenzayo, othisha babalekela ukufundisa okuwusizo ukuze bakhethe uhlu olukhula njalo lwezindlela eziyisimfashini zemfundo. Okubi nakakhulu, baneqhaza emfundweni yesikole nasekwakheni izingqondo ezifundile. ”Izikole zakhiwe ngokucabangela ukuthi kunemfihlo kuyo yonke into empilweni; ukuthi izinga lempilo lincike ekwazini leyo mfihlo; ukuthi izimfihlo zingaziwa kuphela ngokulandelana okuhlelekile; nokuthi othisha kuphela abangadalula kahle lezi zimfihlo. Umuntu onengqondo efundile ucabanga umhlaba njengephiramidi yamaphakheji ahlukanisiwe afinyeleleka kuphela kulabo abaphethe omaka abafanele. "
Njenganoma iyiphi impahla, imfundo yesikole ikhuphuka ngenani kanye nokushoda. Ukushoda ngokwako kudaleka ngoba abantu bezama ukuvikela imisebenzi yabo emiqhudelwaneni, “ukwenza amakhono abe yivelakancane futhi awagcine eyivelakancane, kungaba ngokunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwawo okungagunyaziwe nokudluliselwa kwawo noma ngokwenza izinto ezingasetshenzwa futhi zilungiswe yilabo kuphela abakwazi ukufinyelela. amathuluzi noma ulwazi olugcinwa luyindlala. Ngakho izikole zikhiqiza ukushoda kwabantu abanamakhono.”
Ukuthola izitifiketi kungenye inkinga, ku-Illich: “[i]ukugcizelela ekutholeni izitifiketi zothisha kungenye indlela yokugcina amakhono eyindlala. Ukube abahlengikazi bebekhuthazwa ukuba baqeqeshe abahlengikazi, futhi ukube abahlengikazi bebeqashwa ngesisekelo sekhono labo eliqinisekisiwe lokujova, ukugcwalisa amashadi, nokunikeza imithi, bekungeke kube khona ukuntuleka kwabahlengikazi abaqeqeshiwe.” Ukwabelana ngolwazi lomuntu kufanele kube ilungelo, kodwa lelo lungelo lithathwa ngesitifiketi, ukuze “linikezwe abasebenzi besikole kuphela.” Ngo-2021, phakathi kwe-“microcredentials” imfashini - ukuthengisa imininingwane ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isiqinisekiso solwazi - ukugxeka kuka-Illich ngesitifiketi kuyasangulukisa.
Kulandela ukuhlukana okuzenzelayo komphakathi: “imfundo iba okomhlaba futhi izwe liba elingenamfundo.” Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukufunda kuwumsebenzi owenziwa yonke indawo, wemvelo womuntu, ukufunda kuphela ezikoleni kudinga ukwakhiwa kabusha okubanzi komphakathi wonke hhayi nje isikole kuphela. “Emphakathini waseMelika, izingane azifakwa ezintweni eziningi nasezindaweni ngenxa yokuthi ziyimfihlo… Kule ndima ungabona ukuthi umhlaba ka-Illich uhluke kanjani kowethu. Kubantu abazalwa ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1970 noma 1980, umqondo wokufinyelela egcekeni likaloliwe noma esiteshini somlilo kunoma yini enye ngaphandle kohambo lwesikole olulawulwayo uzwakala ungenakwenzeka njengokuvakashela iColosseum yaseRoma ukuze ubukele umjaho wezinqola bukhoma. Izinto eziningi u-Illich ayezama ukuzigcina kuzo Inhlangano Yezemfundo balahleke ngokuphelele.
Ukugxekwa kwemfundo yesikole kuholela ekugxekweni okubuhlungu kwenyuvesi, osekudlulele phambili ekufundeni. U-Illich ulinganisela ukuthi imfundo yomfundi wase-US ibiza ngokuphindwe ka-5 "imali engenayo yempilo emaphakathi yesigamu sabantu", futhi umfundi wasenyuvesi yaseLatin America "unemali esetshenziswa umphakathi ngokuphindwe ka-350 emfundweni yakhe njengaleyo yezakhamuzi zakubo zeholo elimaphakathi." Umphumela uba ukwakhiwa kwezicukuthwane emhlabeni wonke: “Umfundi othweswe iziqu eyunivesithi evela ezweni elimpofu uzizwa ekhululeke kakhudlwana lapho ekanye nozakwabo baseNyakatho Melika nabaseYurophu kunabanye abangafundile.”
Umshini wokufundisa nawo ungumshini wokuhlanganisa: “Ukuba nomthwalo wemfanelo kukho kokubili izinsiza zokufunda kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezindima zomphakathi, inyuvesi ibamba umtholi kanye nalowo ongase abe umphikisi.” Futhi ikharikhulamu efihliwe yaseyunivesithi iyimfundo ekusetshenzisweni, "ibeka izindinganiso zabathengi emsebenzini nasekhaya". Ukufundisa abantu abasezingeni eliphezulu (futhi ngokwanda koquqaba) ngokusetshenziswa enyuvesi kuyinto entsha uma kuqhathaniswa ehambisana nokwanda kwemfundo yasenyuvesi. U-Illich ukhala ngokubusa kwamanje futhi ulindele inyuvesi ye-neoliberal lapho eyiqhathanisa nozakwabo weNkathi Ephakathi: “Ukuba isifundiswa ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwakusho ukuba mpofu, ngisho nesinxibi… Inyuvesi endala yayiyindawo ekhululekile yokutholwa kanye nezingxoxo imibono emisha nendala… Inhloso yesakhiwo senyuvesi yesimanje ayihlangene kancane nemfuno evamile… Abafundi babheka izifundo zabo njengotshalomali olunembuyiselo ephezulu yemali.”
Ingabe I-Ilich Ingasisiza Sicabange Imfundo Ngalé Kwe-Neoliberalism?
Kubonakala sengathi inyuvesi ye-neoliberal ibonakala ingapheli. Izitayela - ukukhuphuka kwemfundo ekhokhelwa abafundi abanezikweletu, othisha benkontileka yesikhashana, ibutho elikhulayo labaphathi, ucwaningo oluzimele - konke kuyaqhubeka. Imfundo ephakeme eningi nayo cishe izoqhubeka nokuba khona ngandlela thize, nokho ibe neoliberalized. Inhlangano kaBernie Sanders ihlongoze ukukhululeka kwezikweletu zabafundi ngaphambi kokuthi kukhishwe uBiden; amaRiphabhulikhi njengamanje aqhuba umkhankaso ogxilile omelene nemfundo esebenzisa isiqubulo esithi ‘ithiyori yohlanga olubucayi’ njengesitha. Noma iyiphi indlela enhle yokuphuma ohlelweni lwe-neoliberal kuzodingeka ibhekane nokubuswa kwezimali kwayo yonke into, egxekwa (kuhlanganise nobukhulu bayo babafundi) nguMichael Hudson encwadini. Ebulala uMphathi. Imfundo yamahhala izoba nezindlela ezithile eziholela emfundweni encishisiwe kanye ne-definancialized. Ukudilizwa kwezindlu emadolobheni nakho kuzohamba ibanga elide ekukhipheni amanyuvesi emdlalweni we-real estate.
Ngo 2004, Ngixoxile umqondisi we-Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela. Wasikisela ukuthi ngicabange amathuba uma wonke umuntu emphakathini enemfundo yasenyuvesi. U-Illich mhlawumbe angaphikisa ukuthi lokhu kungaba ukumosha izinsiza. Kodwa ake sithi, ngomzabalazo omkhulu, singakwazi ukuzuza uhlelo lwemfundo olwalungavumelani ne-neoliberal noma oluhlangene nama-impiriyali, ama-ajenda eMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Isimiso esinjalo sasiyokwenzani, futhi sasiyokwenzelani? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, singenza kahle ngokuphinda sithathe u-Illich.
Singacabanga kanjani ukuphuma kweyethu i-dystopia yezemfundo? Ingabe sidinga ukufana nabashisekeli bezinguquko kwezemfundo abagconwa u-Illich, labo “abazizwa beshukumiseleka ukuba balahle cishe yonke into ebonakala ezikoleni zanamuhla—futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo basikisele izikole ezintsha”?
U-Illich uhlongoza uchungechunge lwemithetho - okungenzeka ukuthi kufanele iphasiswe ngokufanelekile ngohulumeni - ukuze kuqedwe imfundo njengoba sikwazi. Ukuze siqale, "sidinga umthetho owenqabela ukubandlulula ekuqasheni, ekuvoteni, noma ekungeneni ezikhungweni zemfundo ngokusekelwe emfundisweni wangaphambilini wekharikhulamu ethile." Esikhathini esizayo, ukubuza othile ukuthi wafunda kuphi kuzobhekwa njengento engafanele, “njengokubuza ngeqembu lakhe lezombangazwe, ukuya esontweni, uhlu lozalo, imikhuba yobulili, noma uhlanga.”
Umphakathi ubungaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi abantu banamakhono adingekayo, kungaba ukushayela indiza noma ukuhlinzwa, ngaphandle kwesikole? I-Illich ingathanda ukuthi simiselele amanyuvesi omphakathi izivivinyo ezixhaswe ngumphakathi. Funda noma yikuphi lapho uthanda khona: imininingwane yakho izovela ekuphumeleleni ukuhlolwa. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lwaluyisisekelo sokungena embusweni wamaShayina izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngohlelo oludumile lokuhlolwa. Lolo hlelo lokuhlola lwalethwa eYurophu ngamaJesuit ngo-17th ekhulwini leminyaka futhi kwabahlaba umxhwele abasePrussia, abakha isimiso sabo semfundo nxazonke zalo. Abanye eYurophu balingisa abasePrussia. Ngemuva kuka-1911, imibuso yama-impiriyali yaphoqa iShayina ukuthi ilahle uhlelo lwayo lwesivivinyo "yendabuko" futhi yamukele uhlelo lwemfundo "yaseYurophu" - olwaluhlanganise izingxenye ezivela eShayina emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili, kodwa lase lizogcizelela ukuthi umfundi kufanele afunde ikharikhulamu ngokuthatha isivivinyo. ekugcineni. U-Illich usikisela ukuba kuthuthukiswe isimiso samaShayina enkathini yanamuhla: “Ezinkulungwaneni ezintathu zeminyaka, iChina yavikela imfundo ephakeme ngesehlukaniso esiphelele phakathi kwenqubo yokufunda nelungelo elinikezwa izivivinyo zesiMandarin.”
Ohlelweni luka-Illich, ukuhlolwa kufanele kube yinkonzo yomphakathi futhi ubuqotho bayo kufanele buqinisekiswe. Ngemva kwengxoxo ethile, u-Illich ekugcineni uphetha ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kuyadingeka, ngisho noma kufanele kukhawulelwe. Kodwa ukuhlolwa kuka-Illich okuhlongozwayo kuhluke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zethu zesikole eziqhutshwa ukuhlolwa. Ohlelweni lwethu, izimo zombuso ezixhasa othisha ngemali yokuthi abafundi basebenze kahle kangakanani ezivivinyweni ezikhiqizwa ngasese, ezilawulwa uhulumeni - abafundi kufanele bafakazele umbuso ukuthi benze kahle ngaphandle kokukopela. Ohlelweni lwezivivinyo zaseShayina, ukuba semthethweni kombuso kwakusekelwe esiqinisekweni sabafundi sokungakhethi ekugredisheni nasekutholeni amaphuzu - umbuso kwadingeka ubonise kubafundi ukuthi amaphuzu abo okuhlolwa asekelwe ngokuphelele ekusebenzeni kwabo.
Ukutholwa kwamakhono nakho kufanele kuxhaswe ngumphakathi. I-Illich iveza amazinga amathathu okuthi uhlelo olunjalo lungasebenza kanjani.
Izikhungo zamakhono zamahhala: “Enye indlela kungaba wukusungula ukuhwebelana ngamakhono ngokwakha izikhungo zamahhala ezivulekele umphakathi. Lezi zikhungo zingasungulwa futhi kufanele zisungulwe ezindaweni ezinezimboni, okungenani kulawo makhono ayizimfuneko ezibalulekile zokungenela ukuqeqeshwa okuthile—amakhono anjengokufunda, ukuthayipha, ukugcina ama-akhawunti, izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ukuhlela amakhompyutha kanye nokukhohlisa izinombolo, ukufunda izilimi ezikhethekile njengalezo. wamasekhethi kagesi, ukuxhashazwa kwemishini ethile, njll. ”
Imali yemfundo: "Enye indlela kungaba ukunikeza amaqembu athile phakathi kwenani lemali yokufunda okuhle ukuze aye ezikhungweni zamakhono lapho amanye amakhasimende kuzodingeka akhokhe amanani okuhweba."
Ibhange lokushintshisana ngamakhono: “Isakhamuzi ngasinye sizonikezwa isikweletu esiyisisekelo esingazuza ngaso amakhono abalulekile. Ngale kwalokho okuncane, amanye amakhredithi azoya kulabo abawathole ngokufundisa… yilabo kuphela ababefundise abanye isikhathi esilinganayo ababeyoba nesicelo ngesikhathi sothisha abathuthuke kakhulu. Kuzokhushulwa iqembu elisha ngokuphelele, iqoqo lalabo abathole imfundo yabo ngokwabelana ngayo.”
Ngaphandle kokufundisa nokuhlola amakhono obuchwepheshe agcina umphakathi wesimanje usebenza, ingabe u-Illich uhlinzeka nganoma iyiphi indima yemfundo ngomqondo obanzi? Isifundo somlando, ifilosofi, izibalo, umculo, ubuciko, idrama? Ku-Illich, lezi zindlela zokufunda eziphakeme kakhulu kufanele kube ezona ezihlelekile, okungenani ezihlotshaniswa ‘nesikole’. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lokufunda “luncike ekumangalisweni kombuzo obungalindelekile ovulela lowo obuzayo nomlingani wakhe iminyango emisha.” Kunendima kathisha lapha, kodwa njengomhlahlandlela: “Igayidi yezemfundo noma inkosi… ifanisa abantu abaqala kweyabo imibuzo engaphenduleki… isiza umfundi ukuthi axazulule inkinga yakhe njengoba isitatimende esicacile kuphela esizomnika amandla okuthola ulwazi. umdlalo wakhe, ushukunyiswe njengaye, okwamanje, ukuze ahlole udaba olufanayo endaweni efanayo.” Ubone ngeso lengqondo okuthile okuhlinzekwa kalula yi-Internet namuhla, “inethiwekhi yemfundo noma iwebhu yokuhlanganisa izinsiza ezilawulwa umfundi.”
Lo mbono wezemfundo uzodinga uchungechunge lwezinguquko zomphakathi. Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe kanye nokuba yimfihlo kwezimboni kuzodingeka kunikeze indawo umnotho wezimpahla “ezihlala isikhathi eside, ezilungisekayo, nezisebenziseka kabusha”. Izikhungo ezivela emagcekeni esitimela nasezikhungweni zezicishamlilo, izishayamthetho namafekthri zavulwa: “Ukukhipha imfundo yobuciko kuzodinga ukwenziwa kwezinto zobuciko nezinqubo kutholakale—kanye nokuqaphela ukubaluleka kwazo kwezemfundo.”
I-Illich's libertarian streak ingase ingabakhangi labo abaphoxekile ngeminyaka engama-50 ye-neoliberalism ehlasele umhlaba wonke kusukela abhala le ncwadi. Noma kunjalo, umbuzo oqinile mayelana nokuqedwa kwesikole ngokwakho uyisiqalo esingcono kunokubheka ukucabangela uhlelo olunamaphutha ajulile. Amanyuvesi nezikole zomphakathi cishe zinendima emphakathini omuhle, kodwa u-Illich uqinisile ngokuthi ukuya esikoleni okuyimpoqo kanye nemakethe yemisebenzi ezungeza imininingwane evela ezikhungweni zokuzenzisa azikwenzi. Ukuthola indlela esuka lapha iye ohlelweni lwezemfundo oluhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi kuyilapho kuhlonishwa inkululeko yamalungu ayo kusazokwenziwa. U-Illich usiphonsela inselelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono yethu iyaphumelela ekuhlolweni kwenkululeko.
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U-Illich akazange alishiye ibandla. Wayethembekile futhi engumlandeli wokholo, kodwa engakwazi ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhungo, waqhubeka njengomKristu ovamile, nakuba engazange abulahle ubupristi bakhe. U-Illich wayeyindoda eyinkimbinkimbi edidayo futhi edidayo futhi ecabangayo, kodwa inhlakanipho eyayinokuqonda okuqinile njalo kusekelwe okholweni lwakhe lobuKristu.