Umthombo: I-Globetrotter
I-MEDELLÍN, E-COLOMBIA - MEYI 12, 2021: Intsha evela “kumugqa wokuqala” enezithiyo emibhikishweni emigwaqweni yaseMedellin
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I-Colombia yabona uchungechunge lwe imibhikisho emikhulu ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kulandela isiteleka sikazwelonke edolobheni laseCali. Isaqhubeka, imibhikisho inezizathu eziningi: okusobala “ukuguqulwa kwentela” okwakuzodlulisela ingcebo eyengeziwe ngisho nangaphezulu kumaphesenti angu-1 eColombia; ukwehluleka kwezivumelwano zokuthula zakamuva; kanye nokungakwazi kohlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo oluzimele lwaseColombia ukuqukatha inkinga ye-COVID-19. Ukuphendula le mibhikisho eqhubekayo, uhulumeni usekwenzile yabulala inqwaba, anyamalala amakhulu, abeka imithetho yewashi emadolobheni amaningi, futhi abizela amasosha. Kodwa imibhikisho iyaqhubeka—ngoba, okungenani ngokwengxenye, iwukulahla ukufakwa kwezempi kwayo yonke into ezweni.
Ngemuva kokuvukela eColombia kukhona umbuzo womhlaba. Impi yombango ethathe iminyaka eyishumi iholele ekutheni izigidi zabalimi bakhishwe emhlabeni wabo, ogcine usezandleni zabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu noma osetshenziselwe amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezinkampani. Ekuthatheni umhlaba wezinkampani okuqhubekayo obekwenzeka e-Colombia eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kunesikhali esisha nesabisayo: umbutho wezempi wokongiwa kwemvelo. Ochungechungeni lwemikhankaso yezempi ezweni lonke eqala ngoFebhuwari, ebandakanya inqwaba yamasosha namaphoyisa, ibutho bathumbe abantu abangu-40, ummeli jikelele umsolwa wokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nezimayini ezingekho emthethweni, ezindaweni eziyisithupha ezahlukene ezweni. Ku-an ukusebenza kwangaphambili, ibutho lathumba abantu abane ngamacala athinta imvelo, ababizwe “njengabaphikisana namavukela mbuso e-Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)” nguMongameli waseColombia u-Iván Duque, ngokusho kombiko. esihlokweni e Mongabay. Komunye umsebenzi ngoMashi 2020, amasosha ayezama ukubamba abafuyi abangekho emthethweni eziqiwini zezwe wathatha abantu abangu-20, 16 kubo okwavela ukuthi kungabalimi abangenamhlaba noma izinkomo; ngokusho ku Mongabay. Ngokusho kwamasosha aseColombia, kwenziwa imisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili ngo-2020, lapho "ithole khona amahektha angaphezu kuka-9,000 ehlathi," ngenkathi ithumba abantu abangama-68, abangama-20 kubo bekuzingane, kusho i-athikili UMongabay.
Lokho amasosha akubiza ngokuthi ihlathi "elitholiwe" liyindawo ithululiwe ngabantu bayo. Uhlelo lonke, oluqale ngo-2019, lubhalwe ukuthi “Ukusebenza kuka-Artemis.” Isebenzisa ini isihloko esisodwa kuyi-City Paper (i-Bogotá) ibiza “ama-eco-warrior aseColombia agcwele insimbi” emzamweni wokunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi 50 amaphesenti, njengoMongameli Duque utshele Ama-Reuters.
Njengoba kuningi kangaka ukuzivikela kwezempi kwehlathi okwenzekayo, umbuzo ophakamayo uwukuthi, ingabe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkinga engaxazululeka ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali? Ingabe ihlathi lingasindiswa ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi? Ingabe lezempi efanayo ukuthi yabulala izinkulungwane zabantu abangenacala, kuhlanganise nabalimi, emzamweni wokwandisa izibalo zenani lemizimba yabo, bangathenjwa ukuthi bavikela imvelo?
I-Amazon Isengozini
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon kuyinkinga yangempela. The I-Amazon yaseColombia ihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angu-42 endawo yaseColombia namaphesenti ayisithupha ayo yonke indawo yase-Amazon, kanti iBolivia neVenezuela ngayinye yakha amanye amaphesenti ayisithupha, iPeru angu-6, neBrazil amaphesenti angu-6 ayo yonke indawo yase-Amazon.
UMongameli Jair Bolsonaro waseBrazil ukhankase ngesethembiso sokuthi “Ukuthuthukisa” i-Amazon futhi isithathile izinyathelo ezisheshayo ekwenzeni kanjalo. NaseColombia, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwenzeka ngokushesha, ngenani eliphakathi kwamahekthare angaba ngu-100,000 200,000 kuya kwangu-XNUMX XNUMX ngonyaka. njenge-2018. Izinjini ezinkulu zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukufuya, ukushiswa, ukutshalwa kwe-coca ne-poppy, kanye nokwandiswa komgwaqo nezimayini. Uma izinga “lokuthola kabusha”—elichazwa njengokukhipha abantu endaweni ngamandla ezempi—lilandela iphethini yowezi-2020 amahektha ayizi-9,000 ngonyaka, ibutho “i-full-metal eco-warriors” zisebenza kancane izikhathi ezingu-11 ukuze zinqande ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ngempela eColombia nokuthi kungani.
I-Amazon i evikelwe ngaphansi komthethosisekelo waseColombia, njengamalungelo endawo abantu boMdabu. Phakathi kwala malungelo kubalwa ilungelo lokuthola imvume yamahhala, yangaphambili, nenolwazi uma kwenzeka kunohlelo lwentuthuko. Kunezinkundla eziningi lapho abantu boMdabu bekwazi khona ukusebenzisa la malungelo. Lezi zihlanganisa I-mesa permanente, i-comisión nacional futhi Mesa Regional Amazon. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Amazon yaseColombia—ngaphezu kwengxenye-, ngokomthetho, ngaphansi kwamandla oMdabu.
Lezi zindawo zifiswa yizimfuno zezinkampani.
Amalungelo Abatshalizimali Aphonselwe Inselelo Ezinkantolo
Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuqhwagwa komhlaba ngokwezinkampani alizenzi sengathi livikela imvelo: liwuhlaka “lohwebo lwamahhala,” olufakwe ezivumelwaneni zamazwe ngamazwe, ezaphawula isazi solimi nesazi sefilosofi uNoam Chomsky. uphikisile kungabizwa kangcono ngokuthi “izivumelwano zamalungelo abatshalizimali.” Kodwa lolu hlaka luhlala lubhekene nenselelo yaboMdabu kanye nezinkantolo ezikwazi ukuzimela.
Ziningi izibonelo zokuthi aboMdabu baye enkantolo ukuze bahloniphe amalungelo abo ngomhlaba wabo. Ngenkathi inkampani yezimayini yaseCanada i-Cosigo Resources Ltd Wathola ukwenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni epaki likazwelonke lase-Amazon futhi kwaphenywa yiNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo YaseColombia, inkampani yathatha iColombia yayisa ku-arbitration eTexas, lapho udaba luzoqhutshwa ngokwemithetho ye-United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITL). I-Cosigo Resources Ltd. ifune ukuthi ukuvikelwa okungokomthethosisekelo kwase-Colombian e-Yaigojé-Apaporis National Natural Park kwephula izibopho zase-Colombia zokuvikela amalungelo abatshalizimali ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokuphromothwa Kwezohwebo sase-US-Colombia. Leyo mpi isaqhubeka.
Enye inkampani yezimayini yaseCanada, i-Auxico Resources, izama ukukhipha igolide ne-coltan (isithako esibalulekile kumaselula) ngaphansi kwe-Amazon. I-Auxico Resources isayine a Imemorandamu Yokuqonda nombusi waseGuainía, uJavier Zapata, "ngokukhiqizwa kwamaminerali," ngokusho eya eMinería Pan-Americana. Ngo-2018, uZapata wamemezela ukuthi amaphesenti angama-80 omhlaba anikezwe i-Auxico Resources. Manje uZapata usejele ngenkohlakalo. Kodwa i-Auxico isasebenza endaweni. Ngo-2019, uMongameli Duque wamemezela ukudalwa kwe- umasipala omusha waseBarrancominas eGuainía, ukukhipha ngaphambili uhlelo lwemiphakathi yomdabu (85 amaphesenti abantu baseGuainía aboMdabu) esifundeni ukuze bathole amalungelo abo omhlaba.
Inkampani yesithathu, i-Amerisur Resources (manje I-GeoPark), uthole ilayisensi ukuyohlola i-petroleum endaweni yaseSiona yasePutumayo eningizimu yeColombia (emingceleni yayo ne-Ecuador nePeru), umphakathi wabantu abangu-2,600 osekungamashumi eminyaka uhlaselwa ama-paramilitary nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa—amarekhodi amaphoyisa abonisa. Izibhicongo ezihlukene ezingama-23 ePutumayo phakathi kuka-1993 no-2014. Umphakathi wafunga ngo-2014 ukuthi ngeke uvumele ukuxhashazwa kwe-petroleum endaweni yawo. Ngo-2018, i-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights "yayala izinyathelo zokuphepha zokuvikela" iSiona, futhi ijaji laseColombia laphinde lamemezela ukuthi lokhu "kuthumele umyalezo ocacile" futhi yayala ukuthi i-Amerisur Resources imise umsebenzi wayo wokuhlola uwoyela lapho, ngokusho kombiko. i esihlokweni e-El Espectador. Ijaji likhiphe umyalelo wokuthi kumiswe amalayisensi azobhekwa kwesinye seziqiwi. I-Amerisur Resources yasheshe yamemezela ukuthi izoqhubeka nokumba izimayini ngoba “ukubonisana kwangaphambili,” ilungelo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo waseColombia, ngokusobala lase liqediwe. Impi isaqhubeka nanamuhla, inkampani isaqhubeka nokugcizelela ukuthi yayisifezile imfuneko yomthethosisekelo yemvume yangaphambili esikhathini esidlule.
Ngo-2010 e-Ecuador, amasosha ehlongozwayo ukwakha ihlathi “elivikelwe” elilawulwa amasosha endaweni yaseSiona—iSiona yenqaba. NgoJulayi 2020, uMbusi waseSiona uSandro Piaguaje kumenyezelwe ku-GeoPark ukuthi “[Y] uzolahlekelwa, ngoba ngeke ukwazi ukuthola iconsi lamafutha endaweni yethu.” Kodwa manje izexwayiso zokugawulwa kwamahlathi zivela kulo lonke izwe laseSiona kanye imibiko yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa. AbakwaSiona besaba ukuthi lezi zixwayiso zizonikeza amasosha isizathu sokungena endaweni futhi azoqala inqubo ezofinyelela umvuthwandaba ekunikezeni indawo ku-GeoPark.
Lapho uxoxa ngezintshisekelo zebhizinisi e-Amazon, icala likaSteven Donziger kanye neChevron e-Ecuador akufanele lilibaleke. Ngo-1993, uDonziger wangenela isimangalo esingokomlando ngokumelene nesikhondlakhondla sikawoyela i-Chevron, esasingcolise i-Amazon e-Ecuador futhi sacekela phansi imiphakathi yaboMdabu lapho. Ngo-2011, inkantolo yase-Ecuador yakhipha umyalo wokuba uChevron akhokhe $9.5 billion ngomonakalo. UChevron akazange akhokhe—wabe esesebenzisa uhlelo lwezinkantolo zase-US ukushushisa u-Donziger, okumanje uhlala onyakeni wakhe wesibili eboshelwe endlini eNew York.
Amabhamuza Ezemvelo Asetshenziswa Ngokumelene Nabalimi
Nakuba ziphakeme kangakanani izindleko zezimpi zasezinkantolo, abantu boMdabu bafakazele ukuthi umzabalazo wabo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezinkantolo ukuvikela imvelo ngokuvamile ungaphumelela. Ezinkampanini ezilambele umhlaba, ukongiwa kwezempi kuye kwavela njengendlela ehlukile kunezimpi zasenkantolo eziyingozi. Kanye ne-Operation Artemis, iColombia ikhiphe isu “Amabhamuza Emvelo, ” Iqalile ngo-2016. Ngo-2017, amasosha aseColombia abamba iqhaza ochungechungeni lwezivivinyo zezempi e-Amazon ezibizwa ngokuthi “I-Operation United America,” ngokubambisana nohulumeni basePeru, eBrazil, eCanada, ePanama, e-Argentina kanye nase-United States—kodwa hhayi iBolivia (ngaleso sikhathi owayengumongameli u-Evo Morales wenqaba).
I-Environmental Bubbles yimisebenzi emangazayo, okwaziwa ngayo umphakathi ngemva kokuba amasosha enze umkhankaso wokuvikela indawo ethile ekwenzeni okungekho emthethweni. Isifunda ngasinye (umnyango) eColombia sithola a "amandla okusabela ngokushesha ukwenza imisebenzi yokuqapha, ukuvimbela, ukulawula kanye nokuqapha ngokumelene nezimbangela zokugawulwa kwamahlathi."
Ngo-2018, izinhlangano ze-campesino (abalimi) zafakaza phambi kwenkantolo #JuicioALaDeforestación (icala lokugawulwa kwamahlathi) mayelana okwenziwe yiziphathimandla kubo egameni lokulondoloza. E-La Paya National Natural Park, isithunywa esingumlimi esivela ku-Leguízamo Peasant Workers Association ngenkathi sibika “ngokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu okusolwa iziphathimandla ezindaweni” sathi, “Zonke izinto zabo, izindlu nezilwane zashiswa ngesikhathi sokungenelela. .” Uqhube wathi, “Thina abalimi asisona isizathu sokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Umnikazi womhlaba omkhulu, othathe amahektha ayinkulungwane epaki, uhambahamba ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kwenkinga.” Eminye imisebenzi emine yezempi yohlobo olufanayo yenziwa phakathi kuka-2018-19.
The icala likaLabarce, emnyangweni waseColombia waseSucre, nayo iyafundisa. Abantu base-Afro-Colombia, eminye imikhaya yabo eyayifike kule ndawo ekuqaleni kuka-1916, babona izindawo zabo ziba ingxenye yepaki—iSantuario de Flora y Fauna el Corchal—ngo-2002. izindawo “ezingenalutho”—imfundiso efanayo eyasetshenziswa ukuqhwaga aboMdabu emazweni abo kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika, kuhlanganise ne-United States neCanada lapho izimboni zezimayini zikomkhulu. Abalimi baqhamuke ngobuqotho ukubambisana nalolu hlelo futhi banamalungelo ngaphansi komthetho. Emashumini eminyaka ababehlala lapho, babevikele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo futhi balondoloze indawo ezungezile ngaphandle kokudlulela ehlathini. Noma kunjalo, babebhekwa njengabantu abahlala ezindaweni zabo ngokungemthetho. Ziningi ezinye izehlakalo zokuthi abalimi bamenyezelwe ngokungazelele njengabahlanganyeli, izizukulwane emva kokuba okhokho babo bekhuthazwe ukuba “bakoloni” imihlaba.
I-Environmentalism Kumele Isuswe Amasosha
Ukuthatha indawo yokongiwa kwemvelo ngamabutho ezempi akutholakali eColombia kuphela—isazi saseKenya Mordekayi Ogada ubhale ngokuguquguquka okufanayo emazweni amaningi e-Afrika. Ubhala kweyakhe iwebhusayithi, “Uthando lomuntu wesinye isizwe ngezilwane zethu zasendle ngokuvamile luyisilinganiso senzondo yabo ngabantu boMdabu.” Uma “ukongiwa kwemvelo” kunganikezwa njengesiqubulo sokuxosha aboMdabu, sekuyisikhathi sokucabanga kabusha ngalo mqondo. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi lahla i-Malthusianism, iphupho “lamazwe angenalutho,” kanye i-apocalypticism lokho kusekela ukucabanga okuningi kwemvelo.
I-Amazon ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engu-13,000 XNUMX ubudala, futhi le ndawo isikhona kuhlalwa iminyaka eyizi-19,000 XNUMX noma ngaphezulu—kunesizathu, ngamanye amazwi, sokucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi ihlathi lemvula elinamandla kunawo wonke ongalicabanga liyiqiniso. indawo yamasiko edalwe ngokuhlanganyela abantu nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezisebenza ndawonye. Encwadini 1491: Izambulo Ezintsha Zamazwe AseMelika Ngaphambi kukaColumbus, umbhali uCharles Mann unikeza eziningana izilinganiso ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ye-Amazon eyadalwa abantu boMdabu; okunye ukulinganisa okuqaphile ukuthi “cishe amaphesenti angu-12 amahlathi ase-Amazon angakhukhulwanga ayevela kumuntu—adalwa abantu ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile”; omunye umcwaningi umtshela ukuthi “konke kwadalwa umuntu”; futhi ngokomunye umcwaningi, “Inkulumo ethi ‘indawo eyakhelweyo…
Njengoba igunya leNational Natural Parks yaseColombia lisetshenziselwa ukuxosha abalimi, esinye isiphakamiso sempumelelo kule ngxabano sithi “Izindawo zokuhlala e- Campesinos” (Parks with Peasants) umqondo—okungenza abalimi babambisane kwezokongiwa kwemvelo, kunokuba ubamise njengezitha zemvelo.
Isikhali esikhulu sokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi akusona neze isikhali. Kuwukunikeza abalimi ukuphepha kobunikazi bomhlaba, ukuqalisa kabusha imikhuba eqhubekayo eye yalondoloza i-Amazon enkulukazi nekhazimulayo. Uhlelo lwamanje lweNtuthuko lukazwelonke ngaphansi kwe-Operation Artemis okuhloswe ukuthi lusebenze “ukulondolozwa” imigomo izowubona wehliswa ube iqoqo lezindawo ezivikelwe ezinqanyuliwe, ezinqanyulwe imigwaqo, zizungezwe ama-petroleum blocs, amadamu aphehla ugesi ngamanzi, izindawo eziphehlwa yimfucuza nezimayini, njengoba amamephu ethulwe yizishoshovu embukisweni we-Amazon Forest Protection Program. Ukuba khona kwemiphakathi nabanakekeli emhlabeni—hhayi “ama-eco-warrior ensimbi egcwele”—ukuphela kwendlela enokwethenjelwa yokunqanda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Indlela yokulondoloza iplanethi iwukuba isikhungo esibhubhisa kakhulu emhlabeni—ibutho lezempi lanamuhla—sidale “amagwebu” angenamuntu, bese sinikeza izinkampani zikawoyela nezimbiwa phansi lowo mhlaba. Indlela yokusindisa iplanethi iwukubuyisela umhlaba kubantu abamikhuba yabo yaqinisekisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangalisayo esiye sazijabulela izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
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Nikela