NgoJanuwari 2023, ngemuva kwamaphoyisa amahlanu wabulawa Tire Nichols, uMongameli uJoe Biden wakhipha isitatimende ngokushesha icela ababhikishi ukuthi bangadlali. "Njengoba abantu baseMelika bedabukile, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wenza uphenyo lwawo, futhi iziphathimandla zezwe ziyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wazo, ngijoyina umndeni waseTire ekuceleni imibhikisho enokuthula," kusho uBiden. “Ukucasuka kuyaqondakala, kodwa udlame alwamukelekile. Udlame luyacekela phansi futhi luphambene nomthetho. Ayinandawo emibhikishweni enokuthula efuna ubulungiswa.”
NgoJuni 2022, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichitha Roe v. Wade, Biden wenze ucingo olufanayo kubabhikishi. “Ngicela wonke umuntu, noma ngabe usikhathalele kangakanani lesi sinqumo, ukuthi agcine yonke imibhikisho inokuthula. Inokuthula, inokuthula, inokuthula,” uBiden wathi. “Akukho ukwethuka. Udlame alusoze lwamukeleka. Izinsongo nokwesabisa akuyona inkulumo. Kumele simelane nodlame nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ucabangani.”
Kuwumbukwane omangalisayo ukuthi inhloko yombuso, enazo zonke izintambo zombuso, ingawasebenzisi lawo mandla ukuxazulula inkinga, kodwa kunalokho inikeze izeluleko kwabangenamandla mayelana nendlela yokubhikishela yona kanye nohlelo lukahulumeni oluphukile. UBiden, nokho, akakhombisanga manqikanqika ukusebenzisa lawo mandla ngokumelene nababhikishi. Ngesikhathi semibhikisho yeBlack Lives Matter yango-2020 ngemuva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, lapho uBiden esengumongameli, kwacaca ayefuna kwenzeke kulabo abangazange balalele ikhwelo lokungabi nabudlova: “Akufanele nanini sivumele okwenziwa emashini yokulwela amalungelo alinganayo kunqobe ukuthi siyini isizathu semashi. Futhi yilokho okwenziwa yilaba bantu. Futhi kufanele baboshwe—batholwe, baboshwe futhi baquliswe icala.”
Lapho ebhekene nezinyathelo zamaphoyisa zokubulala, uBiden wacela ababhikishi ukuba “nokuthula, ukuthula, ukuthula.” Ebhekene nababhikishi abangenalo udlame, uBiden ucele amaphoyisa ukuthi enze isiqiniseko sokuthi ababhikishi “zatholwa, zaboshwa futhi zaquliswa amacala.”
Ingabe ababhikishi e-United States (futhi mhlawumbe namanye amazwe lapho isiko lokubhikisha lase-US liqine kakhulu, njengeCanada) ligcinwe ezingeni elingenakwenzeka? Eqinisweni, amanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga awabonakali ezenza lezi zimfuno kubabhikishi bawo-cabanga ngoChristophe Dettinger, umshayisibhakela. owashaya iqembu lamaphoyisa abhikishayo aseFrance abehlome ngezikhali, ezivike nezigqoko baze bahoxa ekushayeni abanye ababhikishi ngesikhathi kunemibhikisho ye-yellow vest ngo-2019. UDettinger waya ejele kodwa waba iqhawe lesizwe kwabanye. Sasiyoba yini isiphetho sakhe e-United States? Ngokunokwenzeka, wayezophathwa ngesandla ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba izithombe eziyingcaca yokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa aseU.S kubantu abancane kakhulu nababuthakathaka kunokusikisela kukaDettinger ngesikhathi semibhikisho yango-2020. Ukube wasinda ekuhlanganeni namaphoyisa aseMelika, uDettinger ubezobhekana nokugxekwa ngaphakathi enhlanganweni ngokungasebenzisi izindlela ezinokuthula.
Kukhona indida lapha. I-United States, izwe elicishe libe Izisekelo zamasosha e-800 emhlabeni jikelele, izwe elawisa ibhomu lenuzi emadolobheni angabantu, kanye nezwe kudlula imali zonke izimbangi zayo zezempi zihlangene, ilindele ukuthi izakhamizi zayo zilandele izindinganiso eziqinile phakathi nemibhikisho uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Staughton no-Alice Lynd ohlelweni lwesibili lwencwadi yabo Ukungabi nodlame eMelika, eyakhululwa ngo-1995, yabhala ukuthi “iMelika iye yaba uthisha izikhathi eziningi kunomfundi wesimiso esingenabudlova.” I-Lynds icashunwe ngokungahambisani nomlobi we-anarchist uPeter Gelderloos encwadini yakhe Ukuthi Ukungabi Nobudlova Kuvikela Kanjani Umbuso, isikhalo kubabhikishi abangenalo udlame ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 abazithola besemigwaqweni nama-anarchists angazange ahlanganyele ukuzibophezela kwabo ekungabini nodlame. UGelderloos ucele ubumbano kwizishoshovu ezingenalo udlame, ezincenga ukuthi zingavumeli umbuso ukuthi uhlukanise umnyakazo ube “ababhikishi abalungile” kanye “nababhikishi ababi.” Leyo nhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi “i-antiglobalization” yashabalala lapho kubhekwa impi yamaphekula yangemva kuka-2001, ngakho-ke impikiswano ayizange ixazululwe ngempela.
E-U.S., i-UK, kanye nabaningi ababambisene nabo, impikiswano ngodlame lwezombangazwe ibuyela emuva mhlawumbe kuze kufike kuma-white pacifist aqinisekisa abafowabo abamhlophe, besaba i-Haitian Revolution, eyaphela ngo-1804, ukuthi ukuchithwa kwakungasho ukukhuthaza. wagqilaza abantu ukuthi bahlubuke noma balwe. Nakuba babephupha ngekusasa elingenabo ubugqila, ama-pacifists ama-abolitionist ekhulwini le-19 kuqondwe, njengabantu bakubo ababeyizigqila, ukuthi indima yabantu abagqilaziwe kwakuwukuhlupheka njengamaKristu alungile futhi balindele ukukhululwa kukaNkulunkulu kunokuba bahlubuke. Nakuba kancane kancane wawushintsha umqondo wakhe, uWilliam Lloyd Garrison owayelwela ukuqedwa kwezimali ngekhulu le-19 ekuqaleni waphikelela ekungabini kobudlova kubantu abagqilazwayo. Lapha u-Garrison ucashunwe encwadini kaKhomanisi wase-Italy ongasekho u-Domenico Losurdo Ukungabi Nobudlova: Umlando Ongaphezu Kwenganekwane: “Njengoba ngikwenyanya ukucindezelwa okwenziwa isigqila saseNingizimu, ungumuntu, ongcwele phambi kwami. ungumuntu, hhayi ukuba alinyazwe ngesandla sami noma ngokuvuma kwami. Ngaphandle kwalokho, wanezela, “Angikholelwa ukuthi izikhali zenkululeko ziye zaba, noma zingake zaba izikhali zobushiqela.” Njengoba isimo esibucayi sijula ngoMthetho Wezigqila Ezibalekile, uLosurdo waphikisana, abalandeli bokuthula abafana noGarrison bakuthola kuba nzima ukubiza abantu abagqilaziwe ukuthi babuyele ezigqileni zabo ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Ngo-1859, uGarrison waze wazithola ayikwazi ukugxeka ukuhlasela kukaJohn Brown kuHarpers Ferry.
Ubunzima bokuziphatha obuhilelekile ekungabini kodlame enhlanganweni emelene nempi bavunywa isazi solimi, isazi sefilosofi, kanye nesishoshovu sezombusazwe uNoam Chomsky impikiswano yango-1967 nesazi sefilosofi sezombangazwe uHannah Arendt nabanye. UChomsky, nakuba engumkhulumeli wokungabi nabudlova ngokwakhe engxoxweni, waphetha ngokuthi ukungabi nabudlova ekugcineni kwakuyindaba yokholo:
“Indlela elula yokusabela ngayo iwukusho ukuthi bonke ubudlova buyenyanyeka, ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zinecala, nokuhlukana ngokugcina ukuhlanzeka kokuziphatha komuntu nokuzilahla zombili. Lena impendulo elula futhi kuleli cala ngicabanga ukuthi nayo iyafaneleka. Kodwa, ngenxa yezizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kunezimpikiswano zangempela futhi ezivuna amaphekula ase-Viet Cong, izimpikiswano ezingeke zikhishwe kalula, nakuba ngingacabangi ukuthi zilungile. Enye ingxabano iwukuthi lobu budlova obukhethayo—ukubulala izikhulu ezithile nokwethusa abanye—buvame ukusindisa abantu ebugebengwini obudlulele bukahulumeni, ukwesaba okuqhubekayo okuba khona lapho isikhulu esikhohlakele singenza izinto ezisemandleni aso esifundazweni ukuthi singakwazi ukwenza izinto ezisemandleni aso. izilawuli.”
“Bese kuba nohlobo lwesibili lwengxabano… engicabanga ukuthi ngeke lushiywe kalula. Kuwumbuzo oyiqiniso wokuthi isenzo sodlame esinjalo siyamkhulula yini owomdabu ebuthakathakeni bakhe futhi simvumele ukuthi angene empilweni yepolitiki. Mina ngokwami ngithanda ukukholwa ukuthi akunjalo. Noma okungenani, ngingathanda ukukholelwa ukuthi ukusabela okungenabudlova kungazuza umphumela ofanayo. Kodwa akulula kakhulu ukwethula ubufakazi balokhu; umuntu angaphikisa kuphela ukwamukela lo mbono ngezizathu zokholo.”
Imibhalo eminingana iye yazwakalisa isixwayiso sokuthi imfundiso yokungabi nabudlova iye yalimaza abacindezelwe. Lezi zihlanganisa I-Pacifism njenge-Pathology nguWard Churchill, Ukuthi Ukungabi Nobudlova Kuvikela Kanjani Umbuso futhi Ukwehluleka Kokungabi Nobudlova nguPeter Gelderloos, Ukungabi Nobudlova: Umlando Ongaphezu Kwenganekwane nguDomenico Losurdo, kanye ne izingxenye ezimbili uchungechunge "Umenzeli Wokushintsha: I-Gene Sharp's Neoliberal Nonviolence" kaMarcie Smith.
Ngisho nokunqoba okuyingqopha-mlando kwemizabalazo engenabudlova kwakunesici esihlomile ngemva kwenkundla. Umsebenzi wakamuva wokufunda ubuyekeze umlando wokungabi nabudlova emzabalazweni wamalungelo abantu base-U.S. Imibhalo ebalulekile ihlanganisa ekaLance Hill The Amadikoni Okuvikela, Akinyele Omowale Umoja's Sizodubula Emuva, kanye noCharles E. Cobb Jr Lezi Zinto Ezingenalo Ubudlova Zizokwenza Ubulawe. Le milando iveza ukuphikiswa okuqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa ukuzivikela kuhlonyiwe, kwabantu abamnyama e-United States.
Ngisho nangaphambi kwale milando yakamuva, sinembali ephawulekayo nefushane kaRobert Williams ebhalwe ekudingisweni, AmaNegro Ngezibhamu. UWilliams waxoshwa ku-NAACP ngenxa Bethi ngo-1959: “Kumelwe sizimisele ukubulala uma kudingekile. Ngeke sibayise enkantolo laba bantu abenza okungalungile. … Ngokuzayo kuzofanele sizame futhi sibagwebe laba bantu ngaso leso sikhathi.” Waphawula kabuhlungu ukuthi nakuba “imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi engenalo ubudlova yanda kuyo yonke imiphakathi yabaNsundu [, akukho neyodwa eye yasungulwa emiphakathini yabamhlophe onobandlululo ukuze kunqandwe udlame lwe-Ku Klux Klan.
Njengoba bezulazula emaphandleni aseNingizimu ngemikhankaso yabo yokucwasa abantu, izishoshovu ezingenalo ubudlova zenhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu zazivame ukuthola ukuthi—ngaphandle kokucela kwazo—zinesivikelo esihlomile emaphoyiseni ashiseka ngokweqile nakubaqaphi abanobandlululo: ogogo ababegade kuvulandi ebusuku bephethe izibhamu. ukuzungeza ngenkathi izishoshovu ezingenabudlova zilele; Amadikoni ezokuVikela asabise amaphoyisa ngokudubulana namaphoyisa uma ezama ukuvulela amapayipi amanzi kubafundi abangenalo udlame bezama ukuhlukanisa i-swimming pool. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinzuzo zomthetho ezenziwa inhlangano engenalo udlame ngokuvamile zihlanganisa usongo noma iqiniso lezibhelu ezinodlame. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-May 1963 eBirmingham, e-Alabama, ngemva kwemashi engenabudlova. ochotshoziwe, kwalandela isiphithiphithi sabantu abangu-3,000 XNUMX. Ekugcineni a isivumelwano sokuhlukaniswa yanqotshwa ngoMeyi 10, 1963. Isibukeli esisodwa waphikisana ukuthi “zonke izinsuku zezibhelu zazifanele unyaka wokubhikisha kwamalungelo abantu.”
Njengoba uLance Hill ephikisana Amadikoni Okuvikela:
"Ekugcineni, ukuhlukaniswa kwavumela ukuphoqa okuningi njengoba kwenza ekuheheni ukuziphatha. Udlame olufana nezibhelu zasemgwaqweni kanye nokuzivikela kuhlonyiwe kwabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqedeni ukuhlukana kanye nokucwasa ngokwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1965. Kungemva kokuvela kosongo lodlame lwabamnyama lapho umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi wahambela phambili ohlelweni lukazwelonke. ”
Izingcingo zikaBiden eziqhubekayo zokungabi nodlame ngababhikishi ngenkathi evumela udlame lwamaphoyisa zicela okungenzeki kanye nomlando. Ezikhathini ezibalulekile zomlando wase-U.S., ukungabi nabudlova bekulokhu kuphumela odlameni.
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