Izishoshovu ziyahlangana ukuze zivikele ukuhushulwa kwezisu okuphephile nokusemthethweni e-San Francisco (Josh On | SW)
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Isikhathi esingaphambi kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. sango-1973 esigunyaza ukukhishwa kwezisu sitshela okuningi ngendlela esingakuvikela ngayo ukufinyelela ekuhushuleni izisu namuhla, kusho. Elizabeth Schulte.
KWAKUDINGEKA ukuvikela "izingane ezingakazalwa."
Lokho ukuzivikela ummeli kaScott Roederโowesilisa owadubula wabulala uDkt. George Tiller, omunye wodokotela bokugcina ezweni owakhipha isisu sekwephuzileโahlela ukuzisebenzisa ecaleni elizayo.
Ngasekuqaleni kwale nyanga, ummeli kaRoeder umemezele ukuthi ubefuna ukuzivikela ngokubulala ngokuzithandela, ngoba uRoeder wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kukadokotela kuzosindisa izimpilo ekugcineni.
Nakuba kusobala (kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwejaji laseKansas elamukela lesi sivikelo) ukuthi imibono kaRoeder isenqenqemeni yenkulumo-mpikiswano yokukhipha isisu, icala lakhe liqokomisa okunye okungalungile ngenkulumo-mpikiswano ngokwayo. Ukukhipha isisu akufanele kubhekwe, njengoba kwenza uphiko olulungile, "njengokubulala ingane engakazalwa" noma, njengoba inani elikhulayo labantu abangase bazicabange njengabasekeli bokuzikhethela benza, njengokukhetha okuyishwa okufanele kugwenywe.
Abesifazane abafuna ukuhushula izisu benza ngokwelungelo labo lokuzenzela izinqumo ngemizimba yabo kanye nekusasa labo. Lapho owesifazane engakwazi ukukhethaโngaphandle kwemikhawulo engokomthetho noma yezezimali futhi engenazingcindezi zangaphandle ezivela emndenini wakhe, umlingani wakhe noma inkoloโmayelana nokuthi uzosithwala kuze kube nini nanini, ngeke abhekwe njengokulingana noma mahhala.
UDkt. Tiller ugqoke inkinobho enomyalezo ofingqiwe othi: Thembelani abesifazane.
Ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo sika Roe v. Wade, kuhle ukuthi sibuyele kulokho okwakufanele kusitshele inkathi ngaphambi kokuba ukuhushula isisu kube ngokomthethoโngobude obuzothathwa abesifazane ukuze baqede ukukhulelwa, kodwa futhi nendima eyadlalwa izishoshovu ekuguquleni kakhulu indlela abesifazane namalungelo ethu okuzala ayebukwa ngayo. U.S. umphakathi.
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KUWO wonke umlando, abesifazane basazama ukuqeda ukukhulelwa, namanje basazama ukuqeda ukukhulelwa. Lapho ukukhipha isisu kungekho emthethweni noma kungafinyeleleki, abesifazane bayahlupheka. Ngaphambi kokuba ukuhushula isisu kube ngokomthetho, abesifazane babegogeka noma bafe bezama ukukhipha izisu emuva. Futhi lapho kubekwa imingcele ekufinyeleleni ekukhipheni isisu, abesifazane basabhekana nobunzima obukhulu, futhi kwezinye izimo ukulimala komuntu siqu ngokomzimba.
Ngaphambi Roe v. Wade, abesifazane babefuna ukukhipha isisu nganoma iyiphi indlela ababengayenza. Uma benemali eyanele, bebengahamba ngaphandle kwase-U.S. ukuze bahushule isisu ngokusemthethweni, noma bathole ukukhipha isisu kudokotela wase-U.S.โnakuba umphumela wawungathembeki ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba abesifazane babelandela imiyalo kadokotela. Izindlela zokuzenzelaโngokuvamile ezingasebenzi noma eziyingozi noma zombiliโzaziwukuphela kwenketho yabesifazane abaningi. Bekuhlanganisa ukudotshwa ngensipho noma i-bleach, noma ukujova i-lye noma ukufaka isiphanyeko sejazi ngocingo.
Encwadini Amagumbi Angemuva: Amazwi Avela Enkathini Yokuhushula Izisu Okungemthetho ka-Ellen Messer noKathryn May, uKathleen, owesifazane okwadingeka akhiphe izisu ezimbili ezingekho emthethweni ukuze aqede ukukhulelwa kwakhe ngo-1969, wachaza isinqumo sakhe: โCishe okuwukuphela kwento eyanginika amandla okukhipha isisu ukuthi nganginomuzwa wokuthi ngangizokhipha isisu. ngokushesha nje ngife njengoba uvaleleke ebumpofu kanye nokuba ngumama, futhi yilokho okwakuyoba yikho. Ngangingacabangi ukuthi kwakuyoba ukuphila okunobulungiswa kwengane noma kumama."
Kwakukhona abesifazane abambalwa ababengayazi indaba efana nale, noma abazibonela mathupha bezama ukukhipha isisu. Nokho ngokwengxenye enkulu, lezi zindaba zabelwana ngokuyimfihlo, uma kunjalo. Kamuva, babezoba nendima ebalulekile ekusizeni ekuqedeni ukuvinjelwa kokukhishwa kwezisu.
Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ikhipha isinqumo sayo Roe ngo-January 22, 1973, ushintsho lwazwakala ngokushesha. Nakuba kusazobonakala ukuthi ukuhushula isisu kungaba okufinyeleleka noma okuthengekayo kangakanani kwabesifazane abaningi, ukuhushula isisu kuyeka ukuba yingozi edingekayo kwabesifazane abaningi.
Kodwa Roe akwenzekanga ngokuhlukana. Ngaphambi kwesinqumo seNkantolo, izifunda ezingu-17 zaziphasise imithetho evimbela noma egunyaza ukuhushulwa kwezisu ngokusemthethweni, futhi imithetho emelene nokuhushulwa kwezisu yaphonswa inselelo kwezinye izifundazwe ezingu-29 kanye neSifunda saseColumbia.
Isinqumo seNkantolo senzeka ngesikhathi soshintsho olukhulu emibonweni yomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo mayelana nesimo sabesifazane emphakathini. Izenzo zezishoshovu zidlale indima enkulu ekuguquleni leyo mpikiswano.
Abantu abaningi ababamba iqhaza emzabalazweni wenkululeko yabesifazane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-70 babenolwazi lwangaphambilini lokuhlela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokulwa nobumpofu. Lezi zishoshovu, izimfuno ezicindezelayo eziphonsela inselelo isimo esikhona sokuhlukaniswa nobumpofu, nazo zaqala ukubhekisisa ukucwasa ngobulili kwansuku zonke ababhekana nakho. Kwezinye izimo, izishoshovu kwadingeka zithathe ubulili, njengoba kubonakala kwezinye izinhlangano, futhi zilwele ukubeka inkululeko yabesifazane ohlwini lwezimfuno.
Lapho izishoshovu zidalula futhi zibhikishela lokho kungalingani, umbono womphakathi wawushintsha kakhulu, nawo.
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ELINYE lamathuluzi anamandla enhlangano yenkululeko yabesifazane kwaba ukukhuluma, lapho abesifazane babexoxela khona izindaba zabo ngokuhushula izisu okungekho emthethweni. Kwaqala ngesikhathi iqembu labesifazane liphahlaza ukulalelwa kwesinqumo mayelana nodaba lokuguqulwa komthetho wokukhishwa kwezisu eDolobheni laseNew York ngoFebhuwari 1969, lathola ukuthi ubufakazi obubodwa obethulwa kwakungobabesilisa abayi-14 nowesifazane oyedwa (indelakazi).
Ngemuva kokuthi ikomiti lenqabile ukulalela abesifazane, banqume ukuhlela obabo ubufakazi esidlangalaleni. Abantu abangaba ngu-300 balalela lesi nkulumo yokuqala ngo-March 1969. Izinkulungwane zabantu zezwa ngakho futhi zahlela ukwenza okufanayo.
Encwadini yakhe I-Tidal Wave: Indlela Abesifazane Abayishintsha Ngayo IMelika Ekupheleni Kwekhulu Leminyaka, uSara Evans ucaphuna ukuqaphela kwentatheli uGloria Steinem: โNgokokuqala ngqรก, ngaqonda ukuthi ukukhipha isisu engangikuthulele ngendlela ehlazisa kangaka iminyaka eminingi kwakuyisenzakalo okungenzeka ngangisihlanganyele okungenani owesifazane oyedwa kwabane baseMelika bazo zonke izinhlanga namaqembu. ."
Lezi zenzo azizange zibe nomthelela ekucindezeleni osopolitiki namajaji ukuba benze okufanele, kodwa zibe nomthelela obanzi ekudonseleni ukunaka kokukhathazeka kwangempela kwabesifazane emphakathini wonkana. Abesifazane ababa nengxenye kulezi zenzakalo noma abezwa ngazo manje base benobufakazi bokuthi babengebona bodwa kulokho ababhekana nakho bezama ukukhipha isisuโfuthi akufanele babe namahloni.
E-New York, eziningi zalezi zindaba kamuva zasetshenziswa enkantolo, njengeziphakamiso Abramowicz v. Lefkowitz, icala lango-1972 elabekela inselele futhi lachitha ukuvinjelwa kokukhishwa kwezisu kwesifunda saseNew York. Abantu babegcwele enkantolo bezolalela ubufakazi babesifazane, njengoBarbara Susan, owachaza ngokuzama ukukhipha isisu, kodwa njalo lapho ehlela ukubonana nodokotela ohushula izisu owayethi ungudokotela, babengafiki.
โNgazama ukuthola okhipha izisu, kodwa njengoba, esifundazweni saseNew York, ukukhipha isisu akukho emthethweni futhi ngangingesona isigebengu futhi ngangingazi noma yiziphi izigebengu, kwaba nzima ukuyithola,โ kusho yena. USusan wagcina ebeke imfundo yakhe phansi, washada nensizwa ayengafuni ukuyishada futhi abe nengane. Wezwa sengathi konke kubekwe phezu kwakhe.
Ebufakazini bakhe, obucashunwe kwekaJennifer Nelson Abesifazane Bebala kanye Nomnyakazo Wamalungelo Okuzala, uSusan wathi, "[T] uthi wayesohlangothini lwabantu ababesekela ukushada kwami, hhayi ohlangothini lwami lokunquma ukuthi ngenzeni ngokuphila kwami." Wagcina enikele ngengane yakhe ukuba itholwe, kodwa kwadingeka akhokhe imali kadokotela neyommeli.
Ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane okuzala akuzange kuphelele emalungelweni okukhipha isisu. Izishoshovu nazo zathatha ilungelo labesifazane lokuba nezingane uma bekhetha ukwenza lokho. Ukuvalwa inzalo okuphoqelelwe noma okuphoqiwe kwabamukeli bezenhlalakahle kanye nabanye besifazane abampofu, ikakhulukazi abantu besifazane baseLatinas nabaNsundu, kwakuwumkhuba ovamile kuze kube ngawo-1970. IKomidi Lamalungelo Okukhipha Izisu kanye Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwenzalo (i-CARASA) liphenye futhi labhala izinkulungwane zamacala okuvalwa kwenzala ngenkani.
Ezimweni eziningi, abesifazane babesatshiswa ngokuhoxiswa kwezinzuzo zabo zezenhlalakahle uma bengavumelani nenqubo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuvala inzalo kwenzeke ngaphandle kolwazi noma imvume yabo.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1930 no-1970, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu besifazane abaneminyaka yobudala yokuzala e-Puerto Rico, lapho ukuhushula isisu kwakungekho emthethweni, babulawa inzalo. Njengoba kwaphawulwa ephepheni le-CARASA lango-1977 lika-Joan Kelly, "UMnyango Wezempilo, Wezemfundo Nenhlalakahle wase-U.S. waxhasa lezi nzalo, wakhokhela amaphesenti angama-80 esabelomali sesikhungo esikhulu sasePuerto Rico esibulala amagciwane, iNhlangano Yokuhlela Umndeni."
Ukufuna ukuthi kuqedwe lokhu kuvalwa ngenkani kwabesifazane kwahambisana nomqondo wokuthi abesifazane, kanye nabesifazane bodwa, banelungelo lokusho ukuthi benzani ngemizimba yabo. Njengoba isitatimende se-CARASA sango-1979 sathi, "Inkululeko yokuzala isho inkululeko yokuthola kanjalo nokungabi nabantwana."
I-Young Lords Party, inhlangano yasePuerto Rican eyazenza imodeli yeBlack Panthers, nayo yathatha isidingo senkululeko yokuzala yabesifazane, ingxenye enkulu ngenxa yezingxabano zamalungu abo besifazane, abanye babo ababehileleke ekuhleleni abantu besifazane e-CARASA.
Ngeso elibheke engozini yangempela yezibhedlela zabesifazane basePuerto Rican, i-Young Lords yenza Iphuzu lesi-6 lohlelo lwazo olunamaphuzu ayi-13:
"Sifuna umphakathi ulawule izikhungo zethu nomhlaba wethu." Lokhu kusho ukuthi sifuna izikhungo, njengezibhedlela lapho odade beyohushula izisu, zibe ngaphansi kwesandla sabantu bakithi ukuze sibe nesiqiniseko sokuthi ziyasifeza ngempela izidingo zethu. Kuze kube yilapho silwela ndawonye ukushintsha isimo sethu samanje, abesifazane ngeke bavunyelwe ukuba nezingane abangazondla ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela.
Isiqubulo sabo sasithi "Qeda konke ukubulawa kwabantu. Ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngumphakathi."
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NJENGOBA ukuzethemba kwenhlangano yabesifazane kwanda, nezimfuno zakhula. Ngakho lapho kubizwa iStrike Yabesifazane Yokulingana kuzwelonke ngo-August 26, 1970, izimfuno zazihlanganisa inkokhelo elinganayo, ukukhipha isisu kwamahhala uma kudingeka nokunakekelwa kwamahhala kwezingane. Abesilisa nabesifazane ababalelwa ku-50,000 baphume emibhikishweni ebibizwe emadolobheni ezweni lonke.
USharon Smith ukhombisa Abesifazane Nezenhlalakahle: Izindatshana Ezimayelana Nenkululeko Yabesifazane:
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunezinombolo zangempela ezidonswe enhlanganweni, imibono yenkululeko yabesifazane yathola izethameli eziningi kakhulu kubantu abaningi. Ukunyakaza komphakathi okusebenzayo kunomthelela oguqulayo embonweni odumile. Imiphumela yokunyakaza kwabesifazane yayifinyelele kude ekukhuliseni ukwazi nokulindelwe izigidi zabasebenzi besifazane nabafundi. Ngo-1976, inhlolo-vo yakwaHarris yabika ukuthi amaphesenti angu-65 abesifazane baseMelika asekela โimizamo yokuqinisa nokuguqula isimo sabesifazane emphakathini.โ
Kuyashaqisa ukucabanga ngoshintsho okubonakala sengathi lwenzekile esikhathini esifushane, kodwa bekuseminyakeni eyandulela ngaphambili.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulwa kwakusekude ukuphela. Ngenkathi Roe ngempela kwashintsha yonke into, kwashiya umnyango uvuliwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlaselwa kwamalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, njengokuvinjelwa kwezinqubo zesikhathi sekwephuzile. Ngemva Roe, kwakusenjalo ukuthi abesifazane abampofu babenokufinyelela okuncane kwangempela kokukhipha isisu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudlula kwe-Hyde Amendment ka-1976 evimbela abesifazane abampofu ekusebenziseni izimali ze-Medicaid ukuze bakhiphe izisu.
Namuhla, njengoba sibhekene nokuhlaselwa okunonya kwelungelo lowesifazane lokukhethaโezikhulwini ezikhethiwe kanye nasemaphethelweni elungelo lenkoloโkuningi esingakufunda ezinsukwini ezedlule. Roe.
Umbono womphakathi ungashintshwa ukuze usekele ilungelo labesifazane lokukhipha isisu lapho abantu bewazi amaqiniso. Izishoshovu kufanele zidalule amanga abaphikisi abahushula izisu abawaqambayoโukuthi abesifazane "balinyazwa" ngokukhipha isisu, isibonelo, noma ukuthi omunye umuntu kufanele anqume iphuzu lapho evunyelwe ukusikhipha.
Ngaphambi kwenhlangano yenkululeko yabesifazane, imibono mayelana "nendawo yowesifazane" yayingeyona into ecasulayo. Kodwa inhlangano yabeka irekhodi ngokuqondile, yabeka izimfuno zayo futhi yasiza ukudala uguquko lolwandle emibonweni mayelana nabesifazane namalungelo abo okuzala.
Ilungelo labesifazane lokukhipha isisu liyindaba yenkululeko yethu nokulingana. Inhlangano yabesifazane yama-1960s kanye nama-70s yalwa impi-uhlangothi lwethu lwanqoba, futhi kufanele senqabe ukubuyela emuva.
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