"A ukwenyuka okumangazayo kokubulawa kwabantu ngemuva kweminyaka yokwehla," waxwayisa i New York Times ku-athikili yango-Agasti 31 ethi amazinga okubulala ayenyuka emadolobheni amakhulu ase-US, kuhlanganise ne-St Louis, i-Baltimore, ne-Washington DC. Okutholwe esihlokweni, okuveze ukukhuphuka okungamaphesenti angama-60 kusuka ngonyaka owedlule eSt Louis kanye nokugxuma okungamaphesenti angama-76 eMilwaukee, kwabe sekutholwa ezinye izitolo zezindaba ezifana neBBC kanye Washington Post.
Isikhathi se-athikili besiphelele uma inhloso bekuwukuchezukisa ukunaka komphakathi kubhubhane lokubulalana kwamaphoyisa anobandlululo - okuyinto Guardian ubeka ku abangaphezu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili kuze kube manje kulo nyaka.
Izama ukuchaza ukwanda kobugebengu, i Times isihloko saphakamisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “Umphumela weFerguson“: isimangalo sokuthi amaphoyisa ayangabaza ukumisa ubugebengu ngoba abhekene nokubhekwa kakhulu — futhi abantu abenza ubugebengu sebezethemba kakhudlwana ukwenza lokho. I Times i-athikhili iphinde ihambisane nemibiko yokuthi kukhona ukwanda okukhulu ekubulaweni kwamaphoyisa, okuyinto abanye abahlaziyi ulahlwe ohlelweni lweBlack Lives Matter.
Kodwa ngenkathi isikhathi sasiphelele ngokombono othile, Times'Ukuhlaziya kwakungekho lutho.
Lesi siqeshana sibike ukwanda kobugebengu emadolobheni angamashumi amathathu ase-US, kodwa hhayi wonke amadolobha amakhulu ase-US. Ngamanye amazwi, yeqa kalula kulezo zindawo lapho izinga lokubulala lingakhuphukanga khona. Le datha ekhethiwe inikeze abafundi umbono osontekile wezinombolo.
Njengoba uJim Naureckas waphikisana kwi-media watchdog FAIR:
Ubufakazi baleli gagasi okuthiwa lokubulala kubonakala kuyizimpendulo Times ithole ngesikhathi ibiza iminyango yamaphoyisa ezweni lonke. Ngemva kokuba incwadi ehamba phambili yendaba ichaze kabanzi ukwanda kokubulawa kwabantu eMilwaukee, le ndaba yaqhubeka: “Amanye amadolobha angaphezu kuka-30 nawo aye abika ukwanda kobudlova kusukela esikhathini esingangonyaka odlule.”
Lokho kungamaphesenti angama-30 enani New York Times ayivezi, iyenza inombolo engenalo inani—yize indaba ibhekisela ezingeni (elizinzile) lobugebengu eNewark, okuyidolobha lama-69 ngobukhulu ezweni, ngakho kuya ngokuthi inhlolovo ye-Times beyicolise kangakanani, kungenzeka. ukuthi ingxenye noma ngaphezulu yamadolobha eyaxhumana nawo ayizange ibike noma yikuphi ukwanda kobudlova.
UBruce Frederick we-Vera Institute of Justice Uphendule kuya Times ngokuthatha amahora ambalwa ukubheka idatha yamadolobha ayishumi nesithupha kwamashumi amabili anabantu abaningi - futhi wathola ukuthi "amathathu kuphela ahlangabezane nokwenyuka okuthembekile ngokwezibalo." Uphinde waphawula ukuthi ukwenyuka konyaka owodwa akuhlanganisi noma iyiphi inkambiso ephusile, kodwa kungase kube ukushintshashintsha konyaka nonyaka.
UJohn Roman, isikhulu esiphezulu e-Urban Institute's Justice Policy Center, naye ube nokuphikisa. "The New York Times indaba . . . igxile emadolobheni asethole ukunakwa kakhulu ezweni lonke ngokuba nodlame kulo nyaka kunangonyaka odlule,” kusho uRoman. Kodwa le ndlela yokwenza “ayikutsheli lutho ngobugebengu eMelika iyonke.”
Futhi njengoRichard Rosenfeld Wephrojekthi Yezigwebo wabonisa, idatha ngokwayo, ehlinzekwe yi-Bureau of Justice Statistics kanye ne-FBI, isekude ukuphelela. Ngamanye amazwi, u-Rosenfeld uyabhala, “idatha yawo wonke umuntu iyi-anecdotal, intokozo yomuntu okhetha ama-cherry. Uma ufuna ukuxoxa indaba yokwanda kobugebengu, ungakwazi. Uma kungenjalo, khetha nje esihlahleni esihlukile.”
Ukushaya intukuthelo ngobugebengu akulona neze iqhinga elisha. Osopolitiki kanye nabezindaba bebelokhu bekwenza iminyaka ukuze bathole ukwesekwa kwamaphoyisa aqinile, imithetho “eqinile phezu kobugebengu,” kanye nezinye izinqubomgomo zokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Kodwa namuhla, futhi kuyingxenye yemizamo yokususa udlame lwamaphoyisa emehlweni omphakathi - kuyilapho kugcizelelwa udlame olusolwa ngabantu abamaphoyisa.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sigubhu sokubulala sinomthelela endleleni umphakathi ocabanga ngayo ngobugebengu, abantu abathweswe amacala, amaphoyisa nemithetho.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, osopolitiki ababezama ukuhlehlisa izinzuzo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezatholwa izinhlangano zabasebenzi nezenhlalo ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye nawo-1960 basebenzisa inkulumo-ze mayelana “nezigebengu ezikhohlisayo” njengezaba zokuhlakaza izinhlelo zenhlalo ehlukahlukene futhi baqalise kanzima- izinqubomgomo zobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinqubomgomo ziqondise abamnyama abampofu emadolobheni ase-US - ngenkathi zisusa intukuthelo ebuphofini kuhulumeni kanye "nezigebengu."
Umbono ophindwaphindwaphindwa kaningi wokuthi amaphoyisa amaningi kanye nemithetho eqinile iyona kuphela izixazululo ezinkingeni zobumpofu, ukunganakwa kukahulumeni, kanye nobugebengu kube nomthelela ezweni lonke: kuyilapho ama-Afrika aseMelika - okuhlosiwe okungenakulinganiswa kwalezi zinqubomgomo ezinzima - emuva kwezinyathelo zokujezisa Izinga eliphansi kakhulu kunelabamhlophe, ukungabikho okucatshangwayo kwezinye izixazululo kusho ukuthi azixoshwa ngokuphelele.
Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lukazwelonke olwenziwa phakathi kuka-2000 no-2001 wabuza ngokwesekwa kwemithetho “yeziteleka ezintathu futhi uphumile” - ebeka izigwebo zodilikajele eziyisibopho kubantu abalahlwe icala lesithathu elibi. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-70 abamhlophe namaphesenti angu-52 abamnyama azwakalise ukuvunyelwa kwawo.
Enkulumweni yakhe eya kwiNgqungquthela Yenqubomgomo Yezindlu Zomnyango Wezezindlu Nokuthuthukiswa Kwamadolobha Okufanelekile ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, Ummeli Jikelele u-Loretta Lynch. kuxhunyiwe isibhicongo sobandlululo samakholwa esonto eCharleston, SC; ukudutshulwa emoyeni kwezintatheli ezimbili zaseVirginia; kanye nokubulawa kwephoyisa kwakamuva; siphetha ngokuthi:
amadolobha ethu amaningi abona ukwanda kodlame esikubhekisisa kakhulu. Lobu budlova obubanzi kithina sonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimuphi omunye wethu esigqoka umfaniswano, kufanele buphele. Izingxoxo zethu kufanele zigxile ekugwemeni ubugebengu obunodlame njengoba buthinta thina sonke.
Ubugebengu obunobudlova busithinta sonke, ngokusho kukaLynch. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi alisithinti neze sonke ngokulinganayo.
Ngo-2011, izinga lokubulawa kwabamnyama laliphindwe izikhathi ezingu-6.2 kunelabamhlophe, igebe waphikelela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Ngo-2012, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babengamaphesenti angu-66 amathuba okuba izisulu zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukugetshengwa, ukuhlaselwa okubi kanye nokuhlaselwa okulula. Lokhu kuhlukana kuyiqiniso emacaleni anobudlova obuncane. Ngo-2008, abantu abamnyama basethubeni lokugqekezwa emakhaya ngamaphesenti angama-78 kunabantu abamhlophe kanti ngamaphesenti angu-133 amathuba okuba izimoto zabo zebiwe.
Uma kukhulunywa ngobugebengu bamaphoyisa, ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga kugqame kakhulu. Abansundu maningi amathuba okuthi bavinjwe futhi bahlukunyezwe amaphoyisa ngenxa nje yokuthi basendaweni yangakubo, behamba emgwaqeni. A uphenyo lwakamuva lwe-ACLU kwamaphoyisa eChicago okugcwele abantu abamnyama iWest kanye neSouth Sides kukhombise ukuthi amaphoyisa amise abantu abayingxenye yesine yesigidi esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezine ngo-2014 ngaphandle kokubabopha.
Abamnyama abaqondiswe amaphoyisa kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke uhlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu. Nakuba abamhlophe bahlanganisa iningi labasebenzisi bezidakamizwa nabadayisi e-US, babengamaphesenti angu-30 kuphela abantu basejele abagwetshwe yizidakamizwa ngo-2011. Cishe amaphesenti angu-60 amadoda ase-Afro-American aneminyaka ephakathi ngaphandle kweziqu zesikole esiphakeme asebenze isikhathi ejele.
Kuyicala lokubeka eqhulwini okusontekile emphakathini wase-US ukuthi okuwukuphela kwesixazululo sawo sobugebengu obunobudlova ubugebengu obunobudlova - obenziwa amaphoyisa. Ukube uhulumeni wethu uzimisele “ngegagasi lobugebengu,” uzosebenzisa imali emoshwe emsebenzini wamaphoyisa nokunye okuningi ezinhlelweni nemigomo engenza umehluko ezimpilweni zabantu abajwayelekile njengezikole nemisebenzi.
Ngonyaka odlule, imibhikisho eFerguson nasemadolobheni ezweni lonke zivezile ubugebengu bamaphoyisa anobandlululo kanye neqiniso elisontekile lomthetho nokuhleleka eMelika. Sebedale isibalo esandayo sabantu ukuthi bangagcini nje ngokubuza ukuthi amaphoyisa abalekela kanjani ukubulala, kodwa ukuthi yini esingayenza ukukuqeda.
Ukuze kwehliswe amandla e-Ferguson Effect - nokho idlalwe, kodwa ngokwezibalo kuyangabazeka - Abakwesobunxele kufanele baphikise ngokunamandla ngenye indlela ekhiqiza imiphakathi ephephile engenawo amaphoyisa amaningi namajele.
Ikhishwe kusuka Usonhlalonhle.
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ingabe lokho "kudutshulwa emoyeni kwezintatheli ezimbili zaseVirginia" akudalulwanga njengenkohliso? noma ingabe lokho kunyamalele ku-msm? njengendiza ye-malasian engu-17, njengoba indaba elula yase-russia-ingabe ayinabo ubufakazi bokuyisekela?
okufanayo nezindaba zokulwa namaphoyisa ezivele kamuva nje, eziphikiswa ngama-#'s wangempela, njengoba kubikwe ophiko lwamaphoyisa, okukhombisa ukuthi u-2015 ungomunye weminyaka ephephe kakhulu kumaphoyisa kula mashumi eminyaka ambalwa edlule?
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