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Eminyakeni engu-XNUMX ngemva kokubulawa kwezifiki zase-Italy u-Sacco noVanzetti, uMbusi uDukakis waseMassachusetts wamisa ithimba ukuze lahlulele ukulunga kwecala, futhi isiphetho saba ukuthi la madoda amabili awazange akuthole ukuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kwavusa isiphepho esincane eBoston.
Incwadi eyodwa, esayiniwe uJohn M. Cabot, Inxusa LaseMelika Eselithathe Umhlalaphansi, yamemezela โintukuthelo yakhe enkuluโ futhi yaveza ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kukaMbusi uFuller ngesigwebo sentambo kwenziwa ngemva kokubuyekezwa okukhethekile โizakhamuzi ezintathu zaseMassachusetts eziqavile nezihlonishwayoโuMongameli Lowell. waseHarvard, uMongameli uStratton weMIT kanye neJaji Grant osethathe umhlalaphansi.
Lezo zakhamizi ezintathu โezihloniphekile nezihlonishwayoโ zazibhekwa ngendlela ehlukile nguHeywood Broun, owabhala kukholamu yakhe ethi Izwe laseNew York ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ithimba loMbusi lenze umbiko walo. Wabhala:
Akusona sonke isiboshwa esinoMongameli wase-Harvard University esimjikijela emshininiโฆ.Uma lokhu kuwukuzibulala, okungenani umdayisi wezinhlanzi nomngane wakhe isandla sefekthri bangase bakhiphele imiphefumulo yabo ukuthi bayofela ezandleni. yamadoda agqoke amajakhethi okudla kwakusihlwa noma izingubo zezemfundo.
U-Heywood Broun, omunye wezintatheli ezivelele zekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili, akazange ahlale isikhathi eside njengomlobi wephephandaba. I-New York Umhlaba.
Ngalowo nyaka wama-50 ngemva kokubulawa, i- New York Times ibike ukuthi: โIzinhlelo zeMeya uBeame zokumemezela ngoLwesibili oluzayo ukuthi โI-Sacco neVanzetti Dayโ sezihoxisiwe ngomzamo wokugwema izingxabano, kusho okhulumela iCity Hall izolo.โ
Kumelwe kube nesizathu esihle sokuthi kungani icala elineminyaka engu-50 ubudala, manje elingaphezu kweminyaka engu-75 ubudala, livusa umzwelo onjalo. Ngiphakamisa ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi ukukhuluma ngeSacco noVanzetti kuveza ngokungagwemeki izindaba ezisikhathazayo namuhla: isimiso sethu sobulungisa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwemfiva yempi nenkululeko yomphakathi, futhi okukhathaza kakhulu kunazo zonke, imibono ye-anarchism: ukuchithwa kwezwe. imingcele kanjalo nempi, ukuqedwa kobumpofu, nokudalwa kwentando yeningi egcwele.
Icala likaSacco noVanzetti lembula, ngamagama ahlabayo, ukuthi amazwi ahloniphekile abhalwe ngenhla kwezinkantolo zethu, โEqual Justice Before the Law,โ abelokhu engamanga. Lawo madoda amabili, umthengisi wezinhlanzi kanye nomthungi wezicathulo, abakwazanga ukuthola ubulungiswa ohlelweni lwaseMelika, ngoba ubulungiswa abuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwabampofu nabacebile, abomdabu kanye nokuzalwa kwamanye amazwe, ama-orthodox kanye nama-radical, abamhlophe. nomuntu webala. Futhi nakuba ukungabi nabulungisa kungase kubonakale namuhla ngobuqili nangezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okwenzeka ezimweni ezingcolile zecala le-Sacco ne-Vanzetti, ingqikithi yako isekhona.
Endabeni yabo, ukungalungi kwakusobala. Babequliswa amacala okugebenga nokubulala, kodwa ezingqondweni, nasekuziphatheni komshushisi, ijaji, kanye nejaji, into ebalulekile ngabo ukuthi babenjalo, njengoba u-Upton Sinclair akubeka encwadini yakhe ephawulekayo. Boston, โwops,โ abezizwe, izisebenzi ezimpofu, ama-radicals.
Nali isampula lokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa:
Amaphoyisa: Uyisakhamuzi?
Sacco: Cha.
Amaphoyisa: Ngabe uyiKhomanisi?
Sacco: Cha.
Police: Anarchist?
Sacco: Cha.
Amaphoyisa: Uyakholelwa kulo hulumeni wethu?
Sacco: Yebo; ezinye izinto engizithandayo zihlukile.
Le mibuzo yayihlangene ngani nokugetshengwa kwemboni yezicathulo eSouth Braintree, Massachusetts, kanye nokudutshulwa kokhokhelayo nonogada?
I-Sacco yayiqamba amanga, kunjalo. Cha, angilona iKhomanisi. Cha, angiyona i-anarchist. Kungani engaqamba amanga emaphoyiseni? Kungani umJuda ayengaqamba amanga kumaGestapo? Kungani umuntu omnyama waseNingizimu Afrika eqamba amanga kwabamphenyayo? Kungani umuntu ophikisayo eRussia yaseSoviet angaqamba amanga emaphoyiseni omshoshaphansi? Ngoba bonke bayazi ukuthi abukho ubulungisa kubo.
Ingabe buke baba khona ubulungisa ohlelweni lwaseMelika kwabampofu, umuntu webala, i-radical? Lapho ama-anarchist ayisishiyagalombili aseChicago egwetshwa intambo ngemva kodlame lwaseHaymarket (isiphithiphithi samaphoyisa, okungukuthi) sango-1886, kwakungengenxa yokuthi kwakukhona ubufakazi bokuxhumana phakathi kwabo nebhomu elaphonswa phakathi kwamaphoyisa; kwakungekho nesicucu sobufakazi. Kwakungenxa yokuthi babengabaholi benhlangano ye-anarchist eChicago.
Lapho u-Eugene Debs nabanye abayinkulungwane bevalelwa ejele phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, ngaphansi koMthetho Wobunhloli, ingabe kwakungenxa yokuthi babenecala lobunhloli? Nakancane. BabengamaSocialists ababekhuluma ngokumelene nempi. Lapho eqinisekisa isigwebo seminyaka eyishumi sikaDebs, iJaji Lenkantolo Ephakeme u-Oliver Wendell Holmes wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi kungani uDebs kufanele abhadle ejele. Wacaphuna enkulumweni kaDebs: โIsigaba sabaphathi besilokhu simemezela izimpi, isigaba sabafundi besilokhu silwa izimpi.โ
U-Holmes, owayethandwa kakhulu njengomunye wosomthetho bethu abakhulu abakhululekile, wayenza yacaca imingcele yenkululeko, imingcele yayo ebekwe ubuzwe obuphindiselayo. Ngemva kokuba zonke izicelo zeSacco noVanzetti seziphelile, icala labekwa phambi kukaHolmes, ehlezi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Wenqaba ukubukeza leli cala, ngaleyo ndlela wasivumela isinqumo.
Esikhathini sethu, u-Ethel noJulius Rosenberg bathunyelwa esihlalweni sikagesi. Ingabe kwakungenxa yokuthi babenecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo kokudlulisela izimfihlo ze-athomu eSoviet Union? Noma ingabe kwakungenxa yokuthi babengamakhomanisi, njengoba umshushisi akwenza kwacaca, ngemvume yejaji? Ingabe futhi kwakungenxa yokuthi izwe laliphakathi kwesiphithiphithi esimelene namaKhomanisi, amakhomanisi ayesanda kuthatha amandla eShayina, kwaba nempi eKorea, nesisindo sakho konke okwakungathwalwa amakhomanisi amabili aseMelika?
Kungani uGeorge Jackson, eCalifornia, agwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi ejele ngecala lokugebenga elingamaRandi angu-70, wabe esedutshulwa wabulawa onogada? Ingabe kwakungenxa yokuthi wayempofu, emnyama, futhi eqinile?
Ingabe umSulumane namuhla, esimweni โsempi yokwesabaโ anganikezwa ubulungisa obulinganayo phambi komthetho? Kungani umakhelwane wami osezingeni eliphezulu, umBrazil onesikhumba esinsundu owayengase abukeke njengeSulumane LaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ekhishwe ngamaphoyisa emotweni yakhe, nakuba ayengazange aphule umthethonqubo, futhi wabuza futhi walulaza?
Kungani abantu abayizigidi ezimbili abasemajele nasemajele aseMelika, futhi abantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha abangaphansi kwe-parole, ukuvivinywa, noma ukugadwa, abantu abanemibala ngokungafani, bempofu ngokungenakulinganiswa? Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi u-70% wabantu abasemajele esifunda saseNew York bavela ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa zeDolobha laseNew York -izindawo ezingomakhelwane zobumpofu nokuphelelwa ithemba.
Ukungalungi kwekilasi kunqamula ishumi ngalinye leminyaka, ikhulu ngalinye lomlando wethu. Phakathi necala likaSacco Vanzetti, indoda ecebile edolobheni laseMilton, eningizimu yeBoston, yadubula yabulala indoda eyayitheza izinkuni endaweni yayo. Wahlala izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ejele, wabe esededelwa ngebheyili, wangashushiswa. Ummeli wesifunda ukubize ngokuthi โukubulala okunobulungiswa.โ Umthetho owodwa wabacebile, umthetho owodwa wabampofu - isici esiqhubekayo sohlelo lwethu lobulungisa.
Kodwa ukuba mpofu kwakungelona icala elikhulu likaSacco noVanzetti. BabengamaNtaliyane, abokufika, ama-anarchists. Kwakungaphansi kweminyaka emibili kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Babebhikishele impi. Babenqabile ukubuthwa. Babona intukuthelo ikhuphuka ngokumelene nama-radicals kanye nabokufika, babona ukugasela okwenziwa yi-Attorney General Palmer's agents eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa, abagqekeza ezindlini phakathi kwamabili ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezigunyaza, babamba abantu incommunicado, futhi babashaya ngezinduku nangezinja.
EBoston, abangu-500 baboshwa, baboshwa ndawonye, โโfuthi bamasha emigwaqweni. U-Luigi Galleani, umhleli wephepha le-anarchist I-Cronaca Sovversiva, lapho u-Sacco noVanzetti ababhalise khona, balandwa eBoston futhi baxoshwa ngokushesha.
Kwenzeke okunye okwesabisa kakhulu. U-Andrea Salsedo, owayengumshicileli we-anarchist we-Sacco noVanzetti, ogama lakhe lingu-Andrea Salsedo, owayehlala eNew York, wathunjwa amalungu e-Federal Bureau of Investigation (ngisebenzisa igama elithi โukuthunjwaโ ukuze ngichaze ukushaqa umuntu ngokungemthetho), futhi wabanjwa. emahhovisi e-FBI esitezi se-14 sePark Row Building. Wayengavunyelwe ukubiza umndeni wakhe, abangani, noma ummeli, futhi waphekwa ngemibuzo futhi washaywa, ngokusho kwesinye isiboshwa. Ngesonto lesishiyagalombili eboshiwe, ngoMeyi 3, 1920, isidumbu sikaSalsedo, esaphahlazeka saze satholakala endaweni egandayiwe eduze nePark Row Building, futhi i-FBI yamemezela ukuthi uzibulele ngokugxuma esuka esitezi se-14. ifasitela lekamelo ababemgcine kulo. Lokhu bekusele izinsuku ezimbili ngaphambi kokuthi kuboshwe u-Sacco noVanzetti.
Siyazi namuhla, ngenxa yemibiko kaCongressional ngo-1975, yohlelo lwe-FBI lwe-COINTELPRO lapho ama-FBI agqekeza ezindlini zabantu nasemahhovisi, enza ama-wiretap angekho emthethweni, abandakanyeka ezenzweni zodlame kwaze kwaba sekufeni, futhi asebenzisana neqembu. Amaphoyisa aseChicago ekubulaweni kwabaholi ababili beBlack Panther ngo-1969. I-FBI kanye ne-CIA baphule umthetho kaninginingi. Akukho ukujeziswa kubo.
Kube nesizathu esincane sokuba nokholo lokuthi inkululeko yabantu kuleli zwe izovikelwa emkhathini wesiphithiphithi owalandela u-9/11 futhi usaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ekhaya kube nokuqoqwa kwabokufika, ukuboshwa isikhathi eside, ukudingiswa, kanye nezinhloli zasekhaya ezingagunyaziwe. Kwamanye amazwe kunokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, impi, nemisebenzi yezempi.
Ngokunjalo, ukuqulwa kwecala likaSacco noVanzetti kwaqala ngokushesha ngemva koSuku LweSikhumbuzo, unyaka nesigamu ngemva kwesenzo sokufa nokushisekela izwe okwakuyiMpi Yezwe I, lapho amaphephandaba esanyakaza ngomculo wezigubhu kanye nezinkulumo ze-jingoist.
Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nambili kuqulwa icala, abezindaba babika ukuthi izidumbu zamasosha amathathu zazisusiwe ezinkundleni zempi zaseFrance zayiswa edolobheni laseBrockton, nokuthi idolobha lonke lalihambele umcimbi wokushisekela izwe. Konke lokhu kwakusemaphepheni amalungu ejaji ayengawafunda.
USacco uphekwe ngemibuzo umshushisi uKatzmann:
Umbuzo: Ingabe wawuthanda leli zwe ngesonto lokugcina likaMeyi, 1917?
Sacco: Lokho kunzima kimi ukukusho ngegama elilodwa, Mnu. Katzmann.
Umbuzo: Kunamagama amabili ongawasebenzisa, Mnu. Sacco, Yebo or cha. Yini enye?
Sacco: Yebo
Umbuzo: Futhi ukuze ubonise uthando lwakho ngale United States of America ngenkathi izokubiza ukuthi ube yisosha wabalekela eMexico?
Ekuqaleni kwecala, iJaji uThayer (owayekhuluma nomuntu ayejwayelene negalofu, owayebize abamangalelwa ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala ngokuthi โlabo bantu abayizixhwanguxhwanguโ) wathi kumajaji: โMadoda, ngiyanicela ukuba nenze le nkonzo lapha. ukuthi nibizelwe ukuba nidlale ngomoya ofanayo wokushisekela izwe, isibindi, nokuzinikela emsebenzini njengoba kwaboniswa abafana bethu abangamasosha ngaphesheya kwezilwandle.โ
Imizwelo eyavuswa ibhomu elaqhuma emzini ka-Attorney General Palmer ngesikhathi sempi -imizwa efana nempi eyathukululwa udlame lwangomhla ka-9/11 -yadala isimo sokukhathazeka lapho inkululeko yomphakathi yafakwa engcupheni.
U-Sacco noVanzetti baqonda ukuthi noma yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho abameli babo abangaziveza zazingeke zinqobe iqiniso lokungabi nabulungisa kwesigaba. USacco utshele inkantolo, ngesikhathi ekhipha isigwebo: โNgiyazi ukuthi isigwebo sizoba phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, abacindezelwe kanye nabacebileโฆ Yingakho ngilapha namuhla kuleli bhentshi, ngokuba ngingowesigaba esicindezelwe.โ
Lowo mbono ubonakala uqinile, ulula. Akuzona zonke izinqumo zenkantolo ezichazwa yiyo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuntula ithiyori ehambisana nawo wonke amacala, umbono we-Sacco olula, oqinile ngokuqinisekile uwumhlahlandlela ongcono wokuqonda uhlelo lwezomthetho kunalowo othatha umncintiswano phakathi kwabalinganayo ngokusekelwe ekufuneni iqiniso.
UVanzetti wayazi ukuthi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zazingeke zibasindise. Ngaphandle kokuba isigidi saseMelika sihleliwe, yena nomngane wakhe uSacco babezofa. Hhayi amazwi, kodwa ukuzabalaza. Hhayi izikhalazo, kodwa izimfuno. Hhayi izicelo eziya kumbusi, kodwa ukuthathwa kwamafekthri. Hhayi ukugcoba imishini yesistimu okuthiwa ilungile ukuze isebenze kangcono, kodwa isiteleka esivamile sokumisa imishini.
Akukaze kwenzeke lokho. Izinkulungwane zabonisa, zamasha, zabhikisha, hhayi nje eNew York City, eBoston, eChicago, eSan Francisco, kodwa eLondon, eParis, eBuenos Aires, eNingizimu Afrika. Bekungenele. Ngobusuku bokubulawa kwazo, izinkulungwane zabhikisha eCharlestown, kodwa zavinjelwa umhlangano omkhulu wamaphoyisa kude nejele. Kwaboshwa ababhikishi. Izibhamu zomshini zaziphezu kophahla futhi izibani ezinkulu zokusesha zazishanela indawo yesigameko.
Isixuku esikhulu sabuthana e-Union Square ngo-August 23,1927, XNUMX. Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa phakathi kwamabili, amalambu asejele afiphala njengoba la madoda amabili ebanjwa ugesi. I Izwe laseNew York wachaza lesi sigameko: โIsixuku saphendula ngokukhala okukhulu. Abesifazane baquleke ezindaweni eziyishumi nanhlanu noma ezingamashumi amabili. Abanye, nabo banqotshwa, bawela onqenqemeni futhi bagqiba amakhanda abo ezandleni zabo. Amadoda ancika emahlombe omunye komunye akhala.โ
Ubugebengu babo obukhulu kwakuwukungalaleli kwabo, umbono osathuse nanamuhla njengombani ngenxa yeqiniso lawo elibalulekile: sonke simunye, imingcele yezwe nenzondo yezizwe kufanele iphele, impi ayibekezeleleki, izithelo zomhlaba kufanele zabiwe. , futhi izwe elinjalo lingaba khona kuphela ngomzabalazo ohleliwe wokulwa negunya.
Okuza kithi namuhla ecaleni likaSacco noVanzetti akuyona nje inhlekelele, kodwa ugqozi. IsiNgisi sabo sasingaphelele, kodwa lapho bekhuluma kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lwezinkondlo. UVanzetti wathi ngomngane wakhe uSacco:
ISacco yinhliziyo, ukholo, isimilo, indoda; indoda ethanda imvelo nesintu. Indoda eyanikela ngakho konke, edela konke ngenxa yenkululeko nothando lwayo ngesintu: imali, ukuphumula, izifiso zezwe, umkakhe, izingane zayo, yona kanye nempilo yayoโฆ. Oh yebo, ngingase ngihlakaniphe kakhulu, njengoba abanye besho, ngingumuntu obhibhidlayo ongcono kunaye, kepha izikhathi eziningi, lapho ngizwa izwi lakhe lenhliziyo likhala ukholo oluphakeme, ekucabangeni ukuzidela kwakhe okukhulu, ekhumbula ubuqhawe bakhe. ngazizwa ngimncane, ngimncane phambi kobukhulu bakhe, futhi ngazithola ngiphoqeleka ukuba ngilwe emehlweni ami izinyembezi, ngicime inhliziyo yami ishaya emphinjeni ukuze ngingakhali phambi kwakhe - le ndoda ebizwa ngokuthi induna nombulali futhi igwetshiwe.
Okubi kunakho konke, babengama-anarchist, okusho ukuthi babenombono ongasile wentando yeningi egcwele lapho kungeke kube khona ubuzwe noma ubumpofu, futhi babecabanga ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zishoshovu, impi phakathi kwezizwe izophela unomphela. Kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke kuzomele kuliwe nezicebi kuphucwe ingcebo yazo. Lowo mbono we-anarchist uwubugebengu obubi kakhulu kunokuphanga i-payroll, ngakho kuze kube namuhla indaba kaSacco noVanzetti ayikwazi ukukhunjulwa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okukhulu.
USacco wabhalela indodana yakhe uDante: โNgakho-ke ndodana, esikhundleni sokukhala, qina, ukuze ukwazi ukududuza unyokoโฆ mthathe uhambo olude ezweni elithule, uqoqa izimbali zasendle lapha nalapha, uphumule ngaphansi komthunzi. zezihlahlaโฆKodwa khumbula njalo, Dante, kulo mdlalo wenjabulo, ungazisebenziseli wena kuphelaโฆsiza abashushiswayo kanye nezisulu ngoba bangabangane bakho abangconoโฆ. Kulo mzabalazo wempilo uzothola uthando olwengeziwe futhi uzothandwa.โ
Yebo, kwakuwukungalaleli kwabo, uthando lwabo ngesintu, okwabalahla. Lapho uVanzetti eboshwa, wayephethe ipheshana ephaketheni lakhe elikhangisa ngomhlangano owawuzoba ezinsukwini ezinhlanu. Liyipheshana elingasakazwa namuhla, emhlabeni wonke, njengoba lalifaneleka manje njengoba kwakuwusuku lokuboshwa kwabo. Yayifundeka kanje:
Ulwe zonke izimpi. Usebenzele bonke onxiwankulu. Uzulazule kuwo wonke amazwe. Ingabe usuvune izithelo zokukhandleka kwakho, inani lokunqoba kwakho? Ingabe okwedlule kuyakududuza? Ingabe lesi sikhathi siyamamatheka kuwe? Ingabe ikusasa likuthembisa okuthile? Ingabe ususitholile isiqeshana somhlaba lapho ungahlala khona njengomuntu futhi ufe njengomuntu? Kule mibuzo, kule mpikiswano, futhi kulesi sihloko, umzabalazo wokuba khona, uBartolomeo Vanzetti uzokhuluma.
Lowo mhlangano awuzange ube khona. Kodwa umoya wabo usekhona nanamuhla nabantu abakholwayo futhi abathanda nabazabalaza emhlabeni wonke.
Lesi siqephu sencwadi ka-Howard Zinn, Amandla Ohulumeni Abakwazi Ukucindezela, eshicilelwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngu Izibani Zedolobha. Ukuze uthole uhlelo oluzayo lokukhuluma luka-Howard, bheka isizindalwazi se-City Lights: http://www.citylights.com.
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