[Ingcaphuno evela esiqeshini eside sango-1960 sika-Howard Zinn no-Paula Giddings esithunyelwe ku- TomDispatch.com zivela Nation umagazini Ukukhishwa Okukhethekile Kokugubha iminyaka engu-150 ezindlini zezindaba ngo-Ephreli. Bavela lapha ngemvume yomusa yabahleli balowo magazini.]
Ukuqeda Isikole Sokukhetha
By Howard Zinn (Agasti 6, 1960)
Ngenye intambama emasontweni adlule, i-dogwood ekhempasini yase-Spelman College isanda kuqhakaza futhi notshani busondelene futhi bunuka kamnandi, intombazane ekhangayo, enesikhumba esinsundu yawela utshani eya endlini yayo yokulala ukuze ibeke isaziso ebhodini lezaziso. Ibifundeka kanje: Izintokazi Ezingakhetha Ngicela Zisayine Ngezansi.
Isaziso sembula, ngolimi lwaso oluvamile, ukuthi phakathi nokuvukela okumangalisayo kwabafundi basekolishi lamaNegro eNingizimu namuhla kunesinye isenzakalo esiye senzeka. Lokhu ukukhuphuka kowesifazane osemusha, ofundile waseNegro ngokumelene neseluleko sezizukulwane zabadala bakhe: yiba muhle, uziphathe kahle futhi ube njengowesifazane, ungakhulumi kakhulu, futhi ungangeni enkingeni. Esikhungweni sekolishi elihamba phambili lesizwe labesifazane abasebasha abangamaNegro - abangcwele, abapholile, abahlanganiswe namasiko okuziphatha okuhle nokulinganisela - lezi zikhuthazo, okokuqala ngqa, zenqatshwa ngokuqinile.
Amantombazane ase-Spelman College 'asemahle,' kodwa akwanele ukuwavimba ukuba angahambi ehla enyuka, ephethe izimpawu zokuqopha, phambi kwezitolo ezinkulu enhliziyweni ye-Atlanta. Baziphethe kahle, kodwa lokhu kuthenjiswa ngandlela-thile isimemezelo sakamuva sokuthi bazosebenzisa zonke izindlela ezishoda ngobudlova ukuze baqede ukuhlukana. Mayelana nokuphuma enkingeni, bebeqhuba kahle kwaze kwaba yile ntwasahlobo, lapho abayishumi nane kubo beboshwa futhi bagqunywa ejele ngamaphoyisa ase-Atlanta. Izithunywa zevangeli zabesifazane zaseNew England ezasiza ekutholeni iSpelman College emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1880s cishe zizocindezeleka kulokhu kuphenduka kwezehlakalo, futhi abagcini bezikhathi zanamuhla kwezokuphatha nobuhlakani bacasukile. Kodwa ukuhlonipha akusahlonishwa phakathi kwabesifazane abasha abangamaNegro abafunda ekolishi namuhla.
"Ungahlala utshela intombazane yakwa-Spelman," alumni kanye nabangane basekolishi sebeziqhenye iminyaka. โIntombazane yakwaSpelmanโ yayihamba kahle, ikhuluma kahle, iya esontweni njalo ngeSonto, ithele itiye ngobunono, futhi inazo zonke izici zomkhiqizo wokuqeda isikole esihle. Uma ubuhlakani kanye nethalente kanye nokuqonda komphakathi kwenzeka futhi, kwaba, ngokwezinga elishaqisayo, yimikhiqizo.
Lokhu kuyashintsha. Kungaba ihaba ukuthi: โUngahlala utshela intombazane yakwaSpelman โ iboshiwe.โ Kodwa la mazwi anesilinganiso esithile seqiniso.
UHoward Zinn (1922โ2010) wabhala The Nation kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-2008. Lezo zihloko ziqoqwa ku Amanye amaqiniso awabonakali ngokwawo: Izindatshana eziseSizweni Samalungelo Abantu, iVietnam kanye โNempi Yobuphekula.โ (i-eBookNation, 2014).
Ukufunda Ukungathembeki
By U-Paula J. Giddings (Mashi 2015)
Kule nkathi yamanje โye-lean-inโ feminism kwenye ingxenye ye-spectrum kanye nenkulumo โephikisana nokuhloniphekaโ kwenye, indaba kamufi u-Howard Zinn isikhumbuza incazelo yangaphambili yenkululeko yabesifazane.
U-Zinn wayengowomlando wamaJuda-Russian, isazi-mlando esinamandla futhi, ngo-1960, enguprofesa othandekayo e-Spelman College, isikhungo somlando sabesifazane abamnyama edolobheni lase-Atlanta elalihlukaniswe ngaleso sikhathi. Incazelo "yokuqeda isikole" esihlokweni yazuzwa kahle: Amantombazane akwa-Spelman, izincwadi zawo zokwamukela zazihlanganisa nezicelo zokuletha amagilavu โโamhlophe namabhande ekhampasi, abunjwa ukuze ahloniphe izimfanelo "zobufazi beqiniso": ukuzinikela, ubumsulwa. , umkhaya, nokuzithoba.
Noma kunjalo, ngo-1960, abafundi bakaZinn base beguqukile besuka โemihleni, eziphethe kahle futhi enjengentokaziโ baya kubabhikishi abazimisele ababeqola, bahlele ukuhlala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baboshwa futhi bagqunywe ejele ngenxa yemizamo yabo. โUkuhlonishwa akusahlonipheki phakathi kwabesifazane abasebasha abangamaNegro abafunda ekolishi namuhla,โ kuphetha uZinn.
Lawa mantombazanyana azalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1940s, futhi noma ngabe isiphi isizinda sabazali bawo (okungase babe ngabahlanganyeli, othisha, noma odokotela), isizukulwane sawo sasimiselwe ukuba sibe ingxenye entsha yamaMelika: โoBourgeoisie Abamnyama,โ njengesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu. E. Franklin Frazier wayibiza. Isigaba sezomnotho "esiphakathi" phakathi kweqembu elincane elimnyama kanye nesixuku esinsundu, leli qembu lavela ngokungencane ngenxa yenani elingakaze libonwe labesifazane abafundile, ababengafakwa ezikhundleni ngokomlando opinki, manje base bekwazi ukufinyelela. hhayi kuphela emisebenzini esezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa nasekuqhubekiseleni phambili imisebenzi yokuphatha, yobufundisi, neyezinkonzo zomphakathi.
Kwabesifazane abansundu, abasindwa yizinkolelo-ze zobulili obudlulele, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwakusho okungaphezu kokunqoba kokuhamba kalula komphakathi. Ngemfundo, amantombazane engeziwe manje angabalekela umsebenzi wasekhaya nowomuntu siqu owawuwenza axhashazwe ngokobulili abaqashi nabanye. Ukuze ngikwazi ukugwema ikusasa elibulala umphefumulo elinjalo kwakuyiphupho lezizukulwane zomama ngamadodakazi abo - engangivame ukukuzwa kugogo wami, owayefudukele enyakatho ukuze umama abe ngowokuqala emndenini ukuthola umklomelo. imfundo yasekolishi. Amandla okusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo la mathuba amasha abephezulu ngempela futhi agcwele incazelo nemizwelo ejulile.
Ngo-1960, uSpelman, njengezinye izikole zabamnyama - kuhlanganise nalezo ezafundisa futhi zaqasha abameli abakhulu bamalungelo omphakathi kanye nezihlakaniphi zangaleso sikhathi - akazange akwazi ukubekezelela imisebenzi yabafundi eyayikhuthazwa uZinn futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayeyihola. Kwakuyinto eyodwa ukweseka ukuhlanganiswa nokulingana, futhi okunye ukugunyaza ukuhlala emtatsheni wezincwadi ohlukanisiwe noma ukuthukuthelisa osopolitiki abanamandla ngokuhlala esigabeni esivakashelwa abamhlophe kuphela esiShayamthetho saseGeorgia. Nakuba lezi zenzo zazingezinhle njengezenzakalo ezinobudlova esizijwayele, laba besifazane abasebasha nabo babebeka ukuphila kwabo engozini. Ukuxoshwa, ukulahlekelwa umfundaze noma ithuba lokufunda umsebenzi, kungasho ukuphela kwamathemba ekusasa elivikelekile - nelivikelwe -.
Noma kunjalo, lesi kwakuyisizukulwane sakwaSpelman esasihlanganisa abafundi abafana noRuby Doris Smith Robinson, owayeyi-debutante owayeqonda ukuthi ikusasa lesikhathi eside labanye lalibaluleke ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle yakhe yamanje. Ushiye isikole wajoyina iFreedom Rides; waba umholi wenhlangano ethi โJail, No Bailโ; futhi wayengowesifazane wokuqala ukuhola iKomidi Lokuxhumanisa Elingenalo Udlame Lwabafundi (SNCC), inhlangano yentsha ephambili.
Abantu besifazane namuhla bangase bacabangele ukuqonda kukaZinn ukuthi abafundi bakhe โabalungile, abaziphatha kahle, nanjengentokaziโ abazange bakulahle kangako ukuhlonipheka njengoba bekuchaza kabusha. Babone isikhathi lapho ubuhle budinga ukulingisa, ukunganciki phakathi, nalapho ukulungiswa kokuvinjelwa okwengeziwe kwakungekona ukuboniswa kokuziphatha komuntu okungavinjelwe okuqinisa imibono eyimfihlo eyingozi.
Abafundi bangaphambili be-Spelman u-Alice Walker, umbhali wezincwadi owawine uMklomelo we-Pulitzer, kanye no-Marian Wright Edelman, umsunguli weSikhwama Sezokuvikela Sezingane, batusa u-Zinn njengokhiye wezinguquko zesishoshovu sabo. Uhlobo lomlando alubhala futhi wafundisa amasiko ahlakaniphile okuphikisa abantu abamnyama futhi, njengoba u-Edelman ekhumbula, wabakhuthaza โukuba bacabange ngaphandle kwebhokisi futhi babuze kunokuba bamukele ukuhlakanipha okuvamile.โ Ku-Walker, naphezu kokwesaba kwakhe okungapheli kokulahlekelwa umfundaze odingekayo, iqiniso lokuthi uZinn akagcinanga nje ngokusekela kodwa wahlanganyela emibukisweni yabafundi kwamkhuthaza ukuba โaqhubekeโ naphezu kobungozi.
Uprofesa naye wayezifaka engozini, futhi ngo-1963 waxoshwa eSpelman ngenxa yokungalaleli. โNgiyalivuma icala,โ ephendula ngokuziqhenya, futhi ekugcineni bobabili abafundi nothisha baba ngcono kulolo lwazi. Engxoxweni, uZinn wake wathi iminyaka yakhe eSpelman โcishe yayiyiminyaka ethakazelisa kakhulu, ejabulisa kakhulu, neyokufundisa kakhulu kimina. Ngifunde okuningi kubafundi bami kunalokho abakufunda kimina.โ
U-Paula J. Giddings, uprofesa we-Afro-American Studies e-Smith College, ungumhleli we-anthology Burning All Illusions: Writings From the Nation on Race (2002). Usebhalile Ida: Inkemba Phakathi Kwezingonyama, phakathi kwezinye izincwadi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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