I-neo-liberalism, njengekati edumileyo, ibonakala ngathi inobomi abalithoba ePoland. Iinzame zokucutha urhulumente kwaye unike amandla entengiso ngokukhululekileyo uye wafumana amava amathathu aphantse afa. Indlela yokuqala โyonyango lokothukaโ eyaphunyezwa nguLeszek Balcerowicz kurhulumente wokuqala womanyano lweSolidarity ngo-1990 yavelisa intswela-ngqesho ephezulu kangako kunye nokungoneliseki kwezentlalo kangangokuba abavoti babagxotha aba bezopolitiko bokuqala beniyo-liberal eofisini kwaye endaweni yabo bafaka abo babesakuba ngamaKomanisi. Kodwa kwavela ukuba amaKomanisi angaphambili avuyiswa kakhulu ukuphumeza uhlobo olufanayo lohlaziyo lwemarike ye-austerity njengabo bangaphambili - kunye neziphumo ezifanayo. Kwaye nabo ekugqibeleni bakhutshwa kwiofisi.
Ingxaki yezemali yehlabathi eye yatshayela ihlabathi emva kuka-2007 bekufanele ukuba ibesisikhonkwane sokugqibela semodeli ye-neo-liberal, kuba ngaba urhwebo olungalawulwayo luphantse lwathumela uqoqosho lwehlabathi ukuba lube ngumsila ongajikiyo? Kwaye okwangoku, kwihlabathi jikelele, i-neo-liberalism ayizange ife. Oku kwakungenxa yoko uColin Crouch, kwincwadi yakhe UkungaFa okumangalisayo kweNeo-Liberalism, ibiza โiKeynesianism yabucala.โ Indibaniselwano yokupheliswa kolawulo lukarhulumente kunye nezixhobo zentengiso ezitsha zibonelele ngetyala elilula kwabahluphekileyo nabakumgangatho ophakathi kunye "nemveliso" enengeniso kwizityebi. Nangona ezi ndlela zathatha inyathelo ngexesha lobunzima, ziye zahlala zinjalo, zithatha indawo yenkqubo yenkxaso karhulumente kwixesha elidlulileyo.
IPoland, kwangaxeshanye, ikwazile ukunqanda ezona mpembelelo zimbi zentlekele yezemali. Ngokwenene, uqoqosho lwasePoland lwade lwakhula ngokuthozama ngexesha laxa phantse yonke iYurophu yadodobala. Kodwa ke iPoland yayinomthombo owongezelelweyo wemali efihliweyo yaseKeynesian: iYurophu.
"EPoland, urhulumente unentetho ye-neoliberal kodwa i-Keynesian practice," kuchaza uMichal Sutowski kudliwano-ndlebe kwi-cafรฉ yaseWarsaw ngo-Agasti 2013. "Sine-Keynesian engenayo imali evela eYurophu: i-2.3 yepesenti ye-GDP yasePoland minyaka yonke iyeza. unyaka ngamnye ukusuka kwi-EU. Kodwa urhulumente usavakala ene-neoliberal ngenxa yeqhayiya lakhe lokuba nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oludityanisiweyo kwaye usephantsi ngokwentelekiso ematyaleni oluntu. Amatyala oluntu kwiGDP amalunga nama-53 ekhulwini.โ
I-Sutowski iphezu kwabasebenzi be Krytyka Polityczna, umbutho wasekhohlo wasePoland uzinikele ekucingeni nzulu nakwizenzo zezobupolitika. Ugxininisa kakhulu kule mihla kwiingxaki zesakhiwo soqoqosho lwasePoland.
โUkhuphiswano lwasePoland lusekwe kubasebenzi abanexabiso eliphantsi, hayi kwizinto ezintsha, ezibonwa njengengozi kakhulu kwaye ziyabiza,โ wandixelela. โKuluhlu lwemveliso yehlabathi, sikwindawo ephantsi kakhulu. Senza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kuba asinayo i-Euro. Ixabiso le-zloty beliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ilungile kushishino lokuthumela ngaphandle. Kwelinye icala, sithumela kakhulu eJamani njengeekontraki ezingaphantsi koshishino lwaseJamani, ezithumela kwamanye amazwe kwakhona. Impumelelo yokuthumela ngaphandle kweJamani iyonakalisa yonke i-EU, kodwa kwixesha elifutshane ineenzuzo ePoland. Ukuba benza kakuhle, nathi sisebenza kakuhle.โ
Ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente kutyalo-mali kwi-R & D, ukuvumela ngokufanelekileyo imarike yaseYurophu ukuba inqume indawo ephantsi yasePoland kwisikali semveliso, igcine i-neo-liberalism iphila ePoland kodwa ngexabiso elikhulu.
"Ukuba uzama ukukhuphisana nabasebenzi abancinci, udala ingxaki yesakhiwo," utshilo uSutowski. โSinezinga eliphezulu lentswela-ngqesho, ngaphezulu kwe-13 leepesenti (kunye nangaphezu kwama-20 epesenti kubantu abatsha). Kukho imfuno yasekhaya ebuthathaka kakhulu kuba baninzi abantu abangaphangeliyo abathi, xa besebenza, barhole imali encinci. Ngexesha elide, ukuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi kudityaniswe nemivuzo ephantsi kutshabalalisa inkunzi yabantu. Abantu bayafuduka, befuna imisebenzi okanye ukuba baneminqweno emikhulu yokuzifundisa. Bangaphezu kwesigidi esi-1.5 abantu abaye bafuduka besuka ePoland: elona nani likhulu labantu abafudukayo ngexesha loxolo ePoland. Yisangqa esikhohlakeleyo. Uhlawula abantu imivuzo ephantsi kakhulu, kwaye abananto ibakhuthazayo ukuba bazifundise ngakumbi. Ngoko awukwazi ukwenza uqoqosho olusekelwe kulwazi kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngexesha elifutshane, imarike eguquguqukayo inceda, kodwa imbi kwixesha elide. Ibeka emngciphekweni inkqubela phambili kuqoqosho olunenqanaba eliphezulu lokusungula izinto ezintsha.โ
Sathetha ngendlela awabandakanyeka ngayo kwi-Krytyka Polityczna, kutheni engathandi igama elithi "uluntu lwasekuhlaleni," kwaye kutheni ecinga ukudalwa kwe-European Union enye yezona zinto zintsha kwimbali.
Udliwano-ndlebe
Ungene njani kwiKrytyka Polityczna okokuqala?
Krytyka yavela esidlangalaleni ngowama-2002. Ngelo xesha ndandineminyaka eli-17 ubudala. Ndisuka kwisixeko esiphakathi kunxweme lolwandle lweBaltic: Koszalin. Ndandisesikolweni ngelo xesha. Ngo-2003-4, ndabona inqaku lesine okanye lesihlanu Krytyka kwenye ivenkile yeencwadi. Ndandinomdla kwezobupolitika, yaye ndandifuna ukuqalisa ukufunda okungakumbi ngoko kwakusenzeka. Le yayiyingxaki kwi-European Union, eyayingumxholo omkhulu ngelo xesha. Yayingunyaka apho iPoland yangena kwi-EU. Ndandiqala ukubona eli phephancwadi.
Emva kweminyaka emibini, ndaya kufunda eWarsaw kwi-Interfaculty College of Humanities. Ubukhulu becala ndandifunda inzululwazi yezopolitiko. Emva konyaka wokuqala, ndadibana noSlawek Sierakowski, owayengumhleli oyintloko we Krytyka. Abalingane abambalwa kunye nam sasinomdla-unomdla ngakumbi kunokubandakanyeka-kwezopolitiko. Sasingabantu abashiyekileyo be-leftist okanye be-centrist leftist. Salungiselela iqela labafundi saza saseka iingxoxo ezithile. Uninzi lwamalungu yayingamagqwetha aselula. Ndandingekho emthethweni, kodwa ndandinomdla kwizihloko ezifana nenkululeko yokuthetha. Siye sadibana noSlawek. Undincedise kancinane ngokuququzelela intlanganiso, endinika unxibelelwano nomntu endifuna ukummema โ Kinga Dunin โ kunye nokumeyisela ukuba athathe inxaxheba. Kunyaka olandelayo, ndaya kwisemina ayiququzelelayo malunga nembali kunye nentanda-bulumko yeembono eKhohlo, ukusuka eHegel ukuya kumasoshiyali angasekhoyo e-19.th ngenkulungwane.
Emva koko, ndaqala ukuza kwiintlanganiso kunye neengxoxo zeKrytyka. Bandibiza-ndithi "bona" โโkuba ndandingaphandle ngelo xesha - xa babezama ukuququzelela uqhanqalazo olukhulu eyunivesithi ngokuchasene nomphathiswa wezemfundo osekunene, uRoman Giertych. Isiganeko asizange senzeke, kodwa sekunjalo ndathatha inxaxheba kwintlanganiso enye okanye ezimbini zokulungiselela. Umbono wam wawunovakalelo ngakumbi, kunobukrelekrele. โOwu Thixo,โ ndacinga, โNantsi ke KOR yanamhlanje.โ
I-Krytyka yayikulo mkhuba wenkcaso yasePoland Leftist ukusuka ekupheleni kwe-1960s: uJacek Kuron kunye noKarol Modzelewski, iqela leKomandosi kunye no-Adam Michnik kwiYunivesithi yaseWarsaw. Ndandifunda kakhulu ngabo esikolweni. Esi yayisisithethe sam, kwaye la yayingamagorha am. Ndaya kwintlanganiso eyayikwiflethi yaseKinga Dunin, owayelilungu leqela eliphikisayo ngeminyaka yee-1970. Kwakukho lo moya wokusela i-vodka, ukutshaya i-cigarettes (bayenza, andizange ndiyenze), kunye nokuthetha ngezopolitiko kwinqanaba elingaqhelekanga kakhulu kwiintetho kwi-faculty yesayensi yezopolitiko. Kwicandelo lenzululwazi yezopolitiko, babengenamdla wokuthetha ngezopolitiko! Ngoko, ndatsalwa ngokweemvakalelo eKrytyka.
Xa i-Krytyka ivula indawo yayo yokuqala kwiSitalato saseChmielna, ndaqala ukunceda ngezinto ezithile zombutho, ngokuhlela. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uSlawek wacebisa ukuba ndibathelele. Ewe ndithe ewe. Oku kwakukho ngo-2007. Ngoko ke, ndikunye noKrytyka iminyaka engaphezu kwemithandathu kunye nesiqingatha: ukwenza umsebenzi othile wezobugcisa, ukubhala okunye, ukuguqulela, ukuhlela. Bendisebenza nakwiziko esaliqala kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ndibhalela iwebhusayithi kwaye ndiqhuba udliwano-ndlebe, rhoqo ngesihloko sezoqoqosho, esiye sam. idee fix kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Njengommeli we-Krytyka, ndiye ndaphawula kumajelo eendaba, njengakwisikhululo sikanomathotholo i-Talk FM, eyona radio yezopolitiko ePoland, okanye kwiTV yoluntu. Ndikwabhala icandelo lezindululo zezibonelelo ezichaza ukuba kutheni kufuneka sifumane imali kwaye kutheni le nto siyenzayo iqaqambe kangaka.
Ngaba ulishiyile ifakhalthi yenzululwazi yezopolitiko?
Ndaphumelela. Ndibhale ithisisi yenkosi yam malunga nokugcinwa kwezinto njengeprojekthi yezopolitiko kaVladimir Putin eRussia ngexesha lakhe lesibini. IYunivesithi yayibalulekile kum, kodwa hayi ifakhalthi yesayensi yezopolitiko, eyayingalunganga kakhulu. Ngethamsanqa ndandikwikholeji yokufundisa, eyandinika ithuba lokuzimasa izifundo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo โ kwifilosofi, kwitheyoloji, kwisayensi yezentlalo, kwizifundo zenkcubeko, njalo njalo. Kulapho ndadibana khona nabantu abaninzi abanomdla kunye nabahlohli abakhuthazayo, ngakumbi kwiZiko leSociology, njengoMaciej Gdula noMarta Bucholtz.
Bendithathela ingqalelo iPh.D., kodwa bendingenaxesha. Ngoku ndiqwalasela ezoqoqosho, kodwa andikho kakuhle kwizibalo. Ke ekuphela kwendawo endinokwenza kuyo isidanga yiPolish Academy yeSayensi kuba inkqubo yabo yokufunda igxile kakhulu kwisayensi yezentlalo kwaye kancinane kwimathematika. Ngoko, mhlawumbi kunyaka ozayo.
Xa wawusakhula, ngaba intsapho yakho yayiyipolitiki? Uvela phi umdla wakho?
Intsapho yakowethu yayingabandakanyeki kangako kwezopolitiko. Ngokwembono yayingeyonto ingqongqo kakhulu, i-centrist liberal, kodwa yaxhasa Unii Democraticzna, iqela leengqondi zasePoland ezinemvelaphi ecacileyo kakhulu kwinkcaso. Intsapho yakowethu yayingekho kwinkcaso. Babeqhelekile, bengabandakanyekanga kakhulu kuwo omabini amacala ongquzulwano lwezopolitiko. Kodwa emva kwe-1989, baxhasa inguqu ephambili, eyaphatha imarike yamahhala kungekhona njengengcamango kodwa njengento ebonakalayo, yendalo. Esi sikhundla siphambili sasixhaswa ngeendlela ezininzi yintetho yeIGazeta Wyborcza, elona phephandaba likhulu nelalinempembelelo ngelo xesha. Umgca wezopolitiko Gazeta zazilawula izimvo zabo, nezam ngokunjalo de ndagqiba isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ngelo xesha ndandingumhlobo we-centrist liberal ngokunjalo. Ukutshintsha kwam ukuya eKhohlo - kwaye iKrytyka ngokucacileyo ngumbutho oshiyekileyo - weza kamva, eyunivesithi.
Ndisengumntwana, ndandisoloko ndibukele iindaba zikamabonwakude. Njengomntwana oneminyaka esibhozo ubudala, ndikhumbula imifanekiso yeendaba zemfazwe yaseBosnia naseChechnya. Ndisengumntwana, bendiyazi into eyenzekayo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ulwazi lwam beluluphezulu, kwaye ndabona iziganeko zangoku njengento enomdla, enomdla ngakumbi kunenoveli. Kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ndaqalisa ukulungiselela ukhuphiswano lwelizwe olwaluvavanya ulwazi lwePoland nehlabathi lanamhlanje. Ubukhulu becala yayiziipolitiki. Ngomnye unyaka ndaphuma kwindawo yesine ePoland, ngomnye unyaka wesixhenxe. Kwakukho ukhuphiswano olufana kakhulu kwi-EU, kwaye ndabeka kwi-10 ephezulu. Oku kwakungelolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Yayiziinyani: imihla, amagama, njalo njalo. Kodwa sekunjalo yayinomdla. Ukulungiselela ukhuphiswano, awukwazi ukufunda iincwadi kuphela. Kwakufuneka ube nolwazi oluneenkcukacha ngeziganeko zangoku. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokhuphiswano, ndandifunda IGazeta Wyborcza yonke imihla kwaye udwelise zonke iinyani ezibalulekileyo.
Unyaka endaphumelela ngawo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo yaba ngunyaka wokugqibela kule nkqubo yesikolo indala kwaye ikwangunyaka esangena ngawo kwi-EU. Kwabo bethu kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo esilungileyo kunye nethemba elihle lokuya eyunivesithi elungileyo kunye nokuba nekamva eliqaqambileyo, iYurophu yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwi-utopia yokugqibela. Intetho eyintloko yenkululeko yayisithi lo yayilixesha ekwakufuneka sifikelele kulo. Kakade ke, kwakufuneka imigudu. Kodwa xa sifika apho, yayiza kusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zasePoland. Kuya kunceda ukoyisa imbali yasePoland ehlala izama ukuzimela ngokuchasene neentshaba ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ibali elimalunga nokuphela kwembali lalingekho malunga nowe-1989 nokuphela kobuKomanisi. Yayinxulunyaniswa nokungena kwePoland kwi-EU. Oku kwaba nemiphumo engaqhelekanga. Njengoko uAlexander Smolar wachazayo, ukoyiswa komkhosi wenkululeko ngo-2005 kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba le projekthi inkulu yezopolitiko yenkululeko - ukubuyela eYurophu - yenziwa, kwaye iinkululeko zazingenayo enye.
Kubantu ababefuna ukubandakanyeka kubomi boluntu, njengoko ndenzayo xa ndandineminyaka eyi-14 okanye i-15, ipolitiki yayinomtsalane, ngenxa yemeko ethile yasePoland ejoyina i-EU ngelo xesha. Kwakwahlukile kumazwe aseNtshona. Ukuba wawungachasi i-globalization, kwaye ndandingekho, ngoko wawune-hedonistic ngakumbi, ujolise kubomi babucala kunye nempumelelo yangasese. Apha yayahluke kancinane. Ipolitiki mhlawumbi ibingeyonto ebesifuna ukubandakanyeka kuyo ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ibinefuthe kubomi bethu. Isangqa sam kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sasikhululekile. Emva kwexesha kwaba nzima kakhulu kuba ingxaki ka-2008 yatshintsha yonke into. Yaphinda yenza abantu bezopolitiko, hayi kuphela abachasi behlabathi, kodwa nabo babezibanga bengabantu abanengqondo eqhelekileyo. Akukacaci kangako ukuba yi-pro-European, nangona inqanaba lenkxaso ePoland yokudityaniswa kwe-EU lihlala liphezulu. Ndandisoloko ndiyithanda i-Euro. Mhlawumbi xa ndandineminyaka eli-15 ubudala, le nzondelelo yabonakaliswa ngakumbi ngokuchasa ubuzwe. Ngoku ibonakaliswe ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwihlabathi lehlabathi kunye nokugcina imeko yentlalontle kwinqanaba elahlukileyo.
Ndiyakholelwa ngokwenene ukuba i-EU yenye yeempumelelo ezinkulu eluntwini, ecaleni kweendawo zentlalontle zaseScandinavia okanye iSivumelwano esitsha. Babonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka. I-EU yinto efanelekileyo yokugcinwa ngenxa yeso sizathu. Ewe ingxaki yeyokuba iPoland ibisoloko ingumbukeli nje wedrama enkulu yembali. Impembelelo yethu yezopolitiko ayikabi nkulu kakhulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwizizwe-zizwe, iPoland ibuthathaka kakhulu, kwaye inempembelelo ebuthathaka eYurophu. Kodwa kudala uluvo lwe-pro-European phakathi kwee-NGOs kunye nemibutho yezentlalo enokutshintsha umoya ukusuka ekuchaseni ukuya ekuthandeni iYurophu emanyeneyo.
Kwimeko yasePoland, iYurophu sisihloko esinye esikhulu. Esinye isihloko yinguqu kunye nomgangatho wayo wezoqoqosho - ukunyuka kokungalingani, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwentlalontle kwiindawo ezinkulu zoluntu, ukungahambelani phakathi kwentsomi ye-capitalism yasePoland njengendawo yendalo yodidi oluphakathi kunye nenyaniso yezoqoqosho yokukhula kokungalingani kunye nophuhliso olusekelwe kubasebenzi abancinci. . Awunako ukwakha intlalontle kubasebenzi abaphantsi. Kakade urhulumente wayesoloko engenelela ngamandla kuqoqosho. Ngale ndlela, urhulumente akayongxaki kodwa sisisombululo โ nangona isakhelo sobulumko esiqhelekileyo sabaphezulu besine-neoliberal.
Isihloko sesithathu esikhulu apha yimibuzo yenkcubeko: umthetho ongqongqo kakhulu wokuqhomfa, indima kunye nesikhundla seCawa yamaKatolika, kunye nokukhululwa kwabambalwa.
Kutheni le nto i-Krytyka yavela xa isenza kwaye kutheni ibonakalise ukuba iphumelele ngakumbi kunezinye iifom ezizimeleyo eziKhohlo kwenye indawo kummandla?
EPoland akukho Nxele. Kukho amaKomanisi kunye nama-liberals. Ngenxa yokuthanda ukugxeka kunye nepragmatism, amaKomanisi asemva kwe-neoliberal ngokoqoqosho kwaye alondoloza kakhulu ngokwenkcubeko. Ngokuqinisekileyo siphila kwilizwe elinelifa elibi kakhulu leKhohlo lamaKomanisi, kwaye i-socialism yombuso ikhunjulwa njengenkqubo engasebenziyo yentlalo-qoqosho yolawulo lwegunya kunye nokucwangciswa kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko, okokuqala kwafuneka sibuyele eKhohlo. Oku kuthatha ixesha kunye nomsebenzi othile wobukrelekrele. Njengoko i-Gramsci iphikisana, okokuqala kufuneka uphumelele kwinqanaba leengcamango, kwinqanaba lenkcubeko. Kutheni kungekho qela lasekhohlo ePoland? Ngenxa yokuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukwenza indlela ye-leftist kuqoqosho kumajelo aqhelekileyo. Kwakukho amaqela amancinci asekhohlo kwimida. Kodwa abazange bamenywe kumajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo.
Ngoko, okokuqala, kwafuneka sichaze ukuba yintoni na iKhohlo. Enye yeencwadi zokuqala esazipapashayo- Przewodnik Lewicy โ yayisisikhokelo sento ethethwa nguNxele namhlanje. Ngokwethiyori yayisekelwe kwinxalenye kaChantal Mouffe ithiyori yedemokhrasi ye-agonistic. Uluntu olukhululekileyo lubandakanya kakhulu. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, le modeli yemvumelwano ayibandakanyi iimbono ezininzi kunye neendlela ngenxa yokuba azibonwa njengezikhundla zezopolitiko. Babonwa njengabangenangqiqo. Ukuba ubuneembono ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho, ngoko ubhalwe igama elithi populist okanye demagogical.
Yiyo loo nto kuye kwafuneka ukuba sazise okanye siphinde singenise ezi mbono kuluntu kwaye sikwenze oko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Asizange sibhale amanqaku okanye amaphepha kuphela. Sikwapapashe okuninzi kumajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo afuna ukuvuselela ubukho besininzi. Sabonwa njengethuba elihle loko kuba sasiselula, singengowamaKomanisi, yaye sithetha ngento entsha.
I-Krytyka yaqala ngeLeta evulekileyo kwiNgcaciso yoLuntu lwaseYurophu. Le leta, ipapashwe kwi Le Monde, El Pais, kwayeSuddeutsche Zeitung, yatyikitywa ziinkcuba-buchopho ezingama-200 zasePoland zixhasa umgaqo-nkqubo waseYurophu ovuleleke ngakumbi nangakumbi ngurhulumente wasePoland, owayebizwa ngokuba ngumntu osekhohlo ngelo xesha. U-Krytyka uququzelele le leta, kwaye kwakukho impendulo enkulu. USerakowski kunye nabafundisi abasayine ileta bamenywa kwibhotwe likamongameli kwinkomfa enkulu malunga nesi sihloko.
Inxalenye yamahlakani ethu akhululekileyo okanye aqhelekileyo, umzekelo kwi IGazeta Wyborcza, zazisekelwe kwintengiso ekhululekileyo kwezoqoqosho kodwa zazivuleleke kwiimbono zazo ngokudityaniswa kweYurophu. IYurophu evuleleke ngakumbi yayilungile kubo. Sasinenkxaso ethile ekuqaleni. Kodwa eyona nto yayibalulekile yayikukukwazi kwethu ukuqokelela abantu. Iphephancwadi lethu lalilungelelaniswe ngokwenene ukuze liququzelele intlalo-ntle kungekhona nje ukukhupha enye imagazini yobukrelekrele - eyayiquka kungekuphela nje oonjingalwazi benzululwazi yezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, nezentlalo kodwa namagcisa abonwayo, abenzi beefilimu kunye namatsha ntliziyo. Kwandula ke kwafika abazalwana bakaKaczynski. Akukho namnye kubantu abaqhelekileyo owayiqondayo impumelelo yabo. Sizamile ukucacisa ukuba kutheni Ithiyori kaMouffe kunye neLaclau yepopulism, ukuba olu yayiluphawu lwabantu ababengabandakanywanga ngendlela engenanto yakwenza nopolitiko ngokusebenzisa amagama anjengathi โabanangqiqoโ okanye โabangaphucukanga ngokwengqondo.โ Incwadi kaThomas Frank, Yintoni ingxaki ngeKansas, yasikhuthaza kakhulu. Sibone imodeli efanayo ePoland yendawo yonyulo ebizwa ngokuba yi-leftist eyemka kwisiseko sayo. Ukuba iKhohlo lishiya abantu abaninzi, ngoko ke iLungelo lizalisa ivacuum.
Iminyaka yokugqibela yalo rhulumente wenkululeko, ogxekayo, ongenelelayo we-Civic Platform-kwimeko yengxaki yaseYurophu - wabona ukuvela kweentshukumo ezintsha zentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho iliza loqhanqalazo kulo lonke elaseYurophu kulo nyaka uphelileyo ngokuchasene neSivumelwano soRhwebo esichasene nenkohliso (ACTA), ummiselo waseYurophu kwipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda. Kwakhona, itekhnoloji entsha kunye nemithombo yeendaba entsha iphinde yalungisa imeko yeendaba ePoland. Onke amaphepha esikolo esidala, aqhelekileyo awasenampembelelo njengangaphambili. Intetho isasazeka ngakumbi.
Konke oku kusizise kuluvo lokuba ingxaki yayikukunqongophala kweNxele apha ePoland kunye nenqanaba loluntu elingabandakanywa ngokwaneleyo. Saqala ukucinga ukuba mhlawumbi kukho into engalunganga kuluntu - ukungabikho kobudlelwane boluntu, ukungakwazi ukwenza ngokubambisana, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukungabikho kokucinga malunga neemodeli ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. Imibutho emitsha yentlalontle iyayazi into abangayithandiyo, kodwa izindululo zabo azicacanga, azicacanga, okanye azikho. I-Occupy Wall Street ayiphakamisi iimfuno ezithile. Ewe bekukho abantu ababebonisa ngeeplacards ezibhalwe โReintroduce the Glass-Steagall Act.โ Kulungile, kodwa akusiyo intshukumo ene-ajenda ecacileyo. Ayilotyala labo. Kunzima ukwenza oku, kunjalo.
Yiyo loo nto sigqibe kwelokuba, kwelinye icala, sisebenze ngentelekelelo yentlalontle, yiyo loo nto sathi iziko lethu. Kwelinye icala, sifuna ukunceda ukulungelelanisa abantu ukuba benze ngokudibeneyo, babandakanyeke. UChantal Mouffe wayiqulunqa ngolu hlobo: ukwenza amatyathanga phakathi kweentshukumo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokudala umanyano. Yiloo nto esizama ukuyenza ekusebenzeni: ukulungelelanisa abantu kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo ezifana neBialystok, Wroclaw, Krakow. Sikwanawo namaziko enkcubeko eLodz naseGdansk. Kulapho abantu bethu bangenelela khona ekuhlaleni, umzekelo kwimizabalazo yasezidolophini yendawo yoluntu. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kuthetha ukuhlala ngokuthe ngqo, njengoko abantu besenza kwimarike enkulu eKrakow. Kodwa kwezinye izixeko, njengeLodz ngokukhethekileyo, kuye kwathetha ukukhuthaza ukuba abemi bathabathe inxaxheba kungekuphela nje ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo kamasipala kodwa nasekuthandeni ukubunjwa ngokutsha kwesixeko, kumiselwe enoba indawo ifanele ibe yekawonke wonke okanye ibe yeyabucala okanye apho imida ifanele ibe khona.
Andizange ndive malunga nomsebenzi eKrakow. Yenzeka nini loo nto?
Yayiyinkampu yeentente kwimarike enkulu emva phayaa ngo-2011. Ngoko, abantu babesebenzisana nathi ngokungenelela ngokuthe ngqo kwezopolitiko zasekuhlaleni. Kodwa baye balungiselela iingxoxo, imifanekiso eshukumayo, iinkqubo neengxubusho zeencwadi zethu. Sipapasha malunga neencwadi ezingama-40 ngonyaka.
Ngokumalunga nolindelo oluyinyani lwekamva, ngaba ufuna ukwenza ngakumbi kula maziko enkcubeko kulo lonke elasePoland, umanyano olungakumbi neminye imibutho, izakhiwo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe?
Kwamanye amazwe, saqala eUkraine malunga neminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo. Isebenza kwimodeli efanayo - ukudala iphephancwadi ukuze lilungelelanise abantu abakujikelezile. Sinemiba emihlanu ngoku, ngesi-Ukraine. ERashiya, sapapasha ezimbini. Kuye kwaba nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yezinto zangaphandle: inkonzo eyimfihlo apho ayincedi.
Ngokumalunga nokujoyina imifelandawonye, โโkunjalo, siyasebenzisana nemibutho yabasebenzi, ootitshala, abongikazi. Sapapasha umfundi ongemfundo ngentsebenziswano nombutho wootitshala. Abongikazi benza ilali encinci yeentente ngexesha loqhanqalazo lwabo ngo-2006 ngaphandle kwekhanseli yenkulumbuso. Sibaxhase ngokufikelela kumajelo eendaba nangokubaqulunqa iphepha-ndaba, sipapasha imiba elishumi. Baninzi kakhulu abantu e-Krytyka abalwa imizabalazo yasezidolophini, umzekelo ukugxothwa kwabantu kwiindawo abahlala kuzo. Abanye abantu bakwasebenzisana nentshukumo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, uAdam Ostolsky ulilungu labasebenzi bethu kunye nenkokeli yeGreen Party. Asidibanisi neminye imibutho kodwa sidibanisa iimbumba kunye nemiba ethile esekelwe kwimiba, ukusuka kwintshukumo yabasebenzi ukuya kwintshukumo ye-LGBT.
Kule minyaka idlulileyo, akukho manyathelo ezopolitiko aye aphuma kumaqela apha ePoland. Amaqela asabalulekile kuba siyawadinga ayile imithetho nemithetho. Kodwa amalinge okwenene aphuma ngaphandle kwenkqubo yezopolitiko, kuxinzelelo lwabemi, kumaphulo osasazo. Ke, akubalulekanga kangako ukuqala iqela elitsha lokungena epalamente. Ngokuqinisekileyo kubalulekile ukuba nabaphembeleli be-LGBT kwi-libertarian Palikot Party epalamente. Banokuba nendawo yokuvakalisa ilizwi labo. Kodwa iqela lezopolitiko sisixhobo nje. Ukuba kukho intshukumo eyomeleleyo ngaphandle kokutyhala i-ajenda ethile, ngoko ke i-Civic Platform ingatyhala imimiselo eqhubekayo ngepalamente. Ngaphandle kwale nkxaso yangaphandle, i-libertarian Palikot okanye i-Left Social Democrats iya kuba khona epalamente kodwa ingenzi nto.
Andilithandi igama elithi "uluntu." Ndikhetha uluntu lwezopolitiko. Uluntu lucebisa ukuba lungaphandle kwezoqoqosho nangaphandle kwelizwe: icandelo lesithathu. Ewe siyi NGO ngokusesikweni. Kodwa kwingcinga ye-neoliberal, ii-NGOs zibonwa njengezithatha indawo yemisebenzi emininzi karhulumente. Kwaye asifuni ukwenza oko. Ii-NGOs akufanele zithathe iindima zombuso wentlalontle. Sizama ukuququzelela onke amaziko edemokhrasi, kubandakanywa urhulumente, ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zabo, ezifana nokubonelela ngentlalontle kubemi. Kunzima kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Kungenxa yoko le nto i-pro-European. Sifuna izisombululo kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Ucinga ukuba athini amathemba oqoqosho apha ePoland?
Kwilizwe laseNtshona, i-neoliberalism isindile kodwa ikwimo eyahlukileyo: yintoni uWolfgang Streeck ubize imeko yetyala endaweni yelizwe lokurhafisa. Kubekho ukuchazwa ngokutsha kwengxaki yezemali ibe yingxaki yamatyala. Le yimbonakaliso entsha ye-neoliberalism okanye, endaweni yoko, i "ukufa okungaqhelekanga kweneo-liberalism." Akukho ndlela yokuphuma kuba onke amazwe anamatyala, kwaye kukho ukuphikisana phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye nemarike. Ingxabano ayikho ukuba imarike izilawula ngokwayo kodwa ukuba utyalo-mali lwelizwe lufuna ukunyanzeliswa kobunzima kwaye akufanele sincede iGrisi kuba yingozi yokuziphatha.
Kodwa nakwizinto eziqhelekileyo, kukho ukutshintshela ekucingeni okuqhubekayo. EPoland, urhulumente unentetho ye-neoliberal kodwa i-Keynesian practice. Sine-Keynesian yokungena kwemali evela eYurophu: i-2.3 yepesenti ye-GDP yasePoland minyaka yonke iza ngonyaka ukusuka kwi-EU. Kodwa urhulumente usavakala ene-neoliberal ngenxa yeqhayiya lakhe lokuba nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oludityanisiweyo kwaye usephantsi ngokwentelekiso ematyaleni oluntu. Umlinganiselo wetyala likarhulumente kwiGDP umalunga nama-53 ekhulwini.
Kutshanje kuye kwakho ingxoxo enkulu malunga nomda wetyala likarhulumente. Umphathiswa wezemali, uJan-Vincent Rostowski, yi-Tory endala, usopolitiki wase-Bhritane obambelele kakhulu kwipolitiki. Kodwa ngoku uthetha ngesidingo somgaqo-nkqubo ochasene nomjikelo ngurhulumente. Umzekelo, urhulumente okhoyo ufuna ukuphelisa inkqubo yangoku yomhlalaphantsi esekelwe kwiimarike zemali. Kwinkqubo yakudala, abantu babesebenza, behlawula imali kwinkqubo, yaye imali yayihlawulwa kwabo badla umhlala-phantsi. Ngoku sinemeko apho abantu basebenza kwaye imali ifakwe kwiingxowa-mali zomhlalaphantsi zabucala. Urhulumente ufuna ukudlulisela iimpahla ezikwezo mali zabucala kwisithuthi sikarhulumente, iZUS. Ukuba inkqubo entsha yomhlalaphantsi ibingaziswanga ngo-1999, amatyala ethu ebeya kuba ngama-38 ekhulwini kuphela, elona liphantsi eYurophu. Ke ngenxa yepragmatism, inkulumbuso kunye nomphathiswa wezezimali baye baba nengqiqo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho olukhulu ngokuxhasa ungenelelo oluthile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baxhasa imarike yabasebenzi eguquguqukayo, leyo, njengoko abantu bethetha apha, ikhuthaza ukuguquguquka kwaye akukho khuseleko. Ngoko ke, ngumxube ongaqhelekanga wokungenelela kwe-Keynesian kunye nokubonelela ngezoqoqosho.
Umjikelo weshishini wawungekho mbi kakhulu apha kule minyaka idlulileyo ngenxa yemali ye-EU. Kwaye kubekho utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke ingakumbi kwiziseko zophuhliso, ikakhulu koohola bendlela. Kodwa kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa kungekho mali evela kwi-European Union? Emva kowama-2020, akusayi kuphinda kubekho mali yolwakhiwo.
Kwakhona ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka siphinde sakhe icandelo lamandla asePoland. Uninzi lwezityalo zethu zamandla zivela kwiminyaka yoo-1970, kwaye ziphelelwe lixesha. Kufuneka sithathe eli thuba ukubumba ngokutsha icandelo lamandla kumandla oMhlaza, kodwa asikwenzi oko ngenxa yempembelelo enamandla evela kumashishini amalahle kunye negesi yerhasi. Kwakhona, ingxabano malunga ne-fracking ukufumana igesi ye-shale ihlala ikwimeko yokhuseleko lwamandla kubudlelwane kunye neRashiya. Icandelo lezamandla ngumngeni omkhulu. Kuya kufuneka sichithe ngaphezulu kwe-40 yeebhiliyoni zee-zloty ukuyihlaziya. Ngaba iya kuba luhlaza ngakumbi kwaye isasazwe ngakumbi, okanye njenganamhlanje, isekwe ngamalahle kwaye ibe sembindini? Kukho izicwangciso zokwakha isityalo senyukliya, kodwa abayi kuyenza mhlawumbi: kungekhona nje ngenxa yokuchasana noluntu kodwa ngenxa yokuba abanayo imali yayo.
Ingxaki yesithathu yimodeli yezoqoqosho ngokubanzi. Sinenqanaba elisezantsi lenkcitho yeR & D. Ukhuphiswano lwasePoland lusekwe kubasebenzi abaphantsi, hayi kwinguqulelo entsha, ebonwa njengeyingozi kakhulu kwaye ibiza imali eninzi. Kuluhlu lwemveliso yehlabathi, sikwindawo ephantsi kakhulu. Senza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kuba asinayo i-Euro. Ixabiso le-zloty beliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ilungile kushishino lokuthumela ngaphandle. Kwelinye icala, sithumela kakhulu eJamani njengeekontraki ezingaphantsi koshishino lwaseJamani, ezithumela kwamanye amazwe kwakhona. Impumelelo yokuthumela ngaphandle kweJamani iyonakalisa yonke i-EU, kodwa kwixesha elifutshane ineenzuzo ePoland. Ukuba benza kakuhle, nathi sisebenza kakuhle.
Ukuba uzama ukukhuphisana nabasebenzi abaphantsi, udala ingxaki yesakhiwo. Sinezinga eliphezulu lentswela-ngqesho, ngaphezulu kwe-13 leepesenti (kunye nangaphezu kwama-20 epesenti kubantu abatsha). Kukho imfuno yasekhaya ebuthathaka kakhulu kuba baninzi abantu abangaphangeliyo abathi, xa besebenza, barhole imali encinci. Ngexesha elide, ukuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi kudityaniswe nemivuzo ephantsi kutshabalalisa inkunzi yabantu. Abantu bayafuduka, befuna imisebenzi okanye ukuba baneminqweno emikhulu yokuzifundisa. Bangaphezu kwesigidi esi-1.5 abantu abaye bafuduka besuka ePoland: elona nani likhulu labantu abafudukayo ngexesha loxolo ePoland. Yisangqa esikhohlakeleyo. Uhlawula abantu imivuzo ephantsi kakhulu, kwaye abananto ibakhuthaza ukuba bazifundise ngakumbi. Ngoko awukwazi ukwenza uqoqosho olusekelwe kulwazi kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngexesha elifutshane, imarike eguquguqukayo inceda, kodwa imbi kwixesha elide. Ibeka emngciphekweni inkqubela phambili ebhekiselele kuqoqosho olunezinga eliphezulu lokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Olunye ucelomngeni yinkqubo yezothutho, egxile kumzila kaloliwe phakathi kwezixeko ezikhulu. Oku kunceda undoqo, kodwa i-periphery ayibandakanywa, ebangela ukuhamba okuphantsi kwabantu kunye nokucalula amaphondo. Sinophuhliso olungalinganiyo kakhulu kwimimandla yasePoland.
Zininzi kakhulu izinto ekufuneka zenziwe ngurhulumente. Ngurhulumente kuphela onokugcina unxibelelwano lukaloliwe lwengingqi ukuzisa uninzi loluntu lwasePoland kwindawo eqhelekileyo. Kuphela ngurhulumente onokunika inkuthazo kwi-R & D. Uphando olusisiseko lusoloko luxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente, nase-United States. Ii-algorithms zokuqala zeGoogle zaxhaswa ngemali yoluntu; I-Intanethi yayixhaswa ngemali yi-DARPA, i-arhente yezomkhosi. EPoland, abaninzi abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abayazi le nto okanye ababelani ngalo mbono. Kwakukho ibango elidumileyo lomnye wabaphathiswa borhulumente wokuqala ngo-1989: owona mgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino awukho umgaqo-nkqubo. Babekholelwa ukuba elona cebo likarhulumente kukurhoxa. Kodwa ngokucinga okunjalo, asiyi kufika kude kakhulu.
Ngoku itshintshile kancinci. Ngoku kukho amaphulo otyalo-mali lwexesha elide. Kubekho utyalo-mali kumandla oluntu nakwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Kodwa imfundo ithotyiwe ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungqongqo, ngakumbi izikolo ezikwiidolophu ezincinci. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni abantu bangazicwangcisa njani na ukuthintela ukuvalwa kwezi zikolo. Kodwa zezi ndawo kanye, kwiilali ezincinci kunye needolophu, apho unemfuno enkulu yemfundo yoluntu enexabiso eliphantsi. Kwaye kulapha ngokuchanekileyo apho i-capital yentlalo kunye nokukwazi kwabantu ukuzicwangcisa bonana buthathaka.
Umzekelo, kukho isindululo sohlaziyo esiya kuqalisa abantwana abancinci esikolweni beneminyaka emithandathu, hayi esixhenxe. Kunokulingana ngakumbi ukuba umntwana uya esikolweni kunyaka omnye ngaphambili kuba loo nto iya kuba ngunyaka omnye ukulinganisa iyantlukwano evela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkcubeko kunye nemfundo yeentsapho. Ewe izikolo azinamali kangako, kwaye uninzi lwazo alukulungelanga ukwamkela abantwana abancinci, abafana nabaneminyaka emithandathu ubudala. Abazali abakudidi oluphakathi baphehlelele uqhanqalazo - Let's Save the Toddlers - kwaye ingxoxo yabo yayisithi: "Masingabubi ubuntwana babo, kwaye akulunganga ukuba abantwana abaneminyaka esixhenxe baye esikolweni." Kodwa abazali abalufunayo olu hlobo lohlaziyo abanalo isakhono sokulungelelanisa okanye nokwazi ngale ngxaki. Ngoko le yi-paradox. Apho kukho ukungalingani kunye nocalucalulo oluthile, imibutho yoluntu ithanda abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi nabaphezulu. Kodwa ngaphandle kwamaphulo okanye izenzo kule miba yocalucalulo, izikhulu zezopolitiko ziya kuqhubeka noshishino njengesiqhelo. Baza kuqhubeka nemigaqo-nkqubo yabo ebambekayo esekwe kuvoto nasekugcineni uxolo loluntu endaweni yokuhlengahlengisa uqoqosho nopolitiko.
Ucinga ukuba lithini ikamva lezopolitiko zasePoland? Ayehla amazinga okuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kunye notyekelo lokuvotela ngokuchasene namaqela ezopolitiko. Xa abantu bethetha ngezopolitiko ezintsha, badla ngokugxila ekuveleni kwamaqela amatsha. Zeziphi izinto ezinokwenzeka apha kwipolitiki entsha?
Ndibona okunokwenzeka kwinqanaba lengingqi, kwezopolitiko zikamasipala. Intatho-nxaxheba iphantsi kunyulo. Kodwa xa ubona ukuba bangaphi abantu abathatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo okanye kuqhanqalazo, bangaphi abajongene neenyani zasezidolophini, la manani ayakhula. Ngoko ke, lugxininiso oluguquguqukayo lokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngokuqinisekileyo, andicingi ukuba esi sisisombululo, ukujongana nemigaqo-nkqubo yasezidolophini kwaye ushiye abafana abafanayo epalamente. Kodwa kukho utyekelo olukhulayo lokuba abantu babandakanyeke ngakumbi kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Kwaye ayikokuqhankqalaza nje - umzekelo, ngokuchasene nemithetho ye-EU malunga nepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kwi-Intanethi.
Kuthatha ixesha ukuba abaphezulu bezopolitiko bafunde ukuphendula kumazwi avela ngaphantsi. Ngoqhanqalazo lwe-ACTA, kwathatha iinyanga ezimbini ukuba inkulumbuso ivume ukuba kukho ingongoma kuyo, ukuba yayingengobantwana nje abeba umculo simahla. Ukukhankasela amatyala athile endaweni yokuzama ukuguqula amaziko amakhulu- oku kuya kuba yeyona ndlela iphambili kwezopolitiko kule minyaka izayo. Oku kuya kuba yindlela esiya kukwazi ngayo ukwakha amaziko amatsha, asisigxina. Andingomlandeli omkhulu wedemokhrasi ngqo. Andikholelwa ukuba ireferenda okanye ukuvota nge-Intanethi kuya kutshintsha yonke into. Amaphulo alungile, kodwa ufuna izixhobo zoxinzelelo lwentlalo olusisigxina kubantu abaphezulu.
Lonke utshintsho oluqhubela phambili, e-United States ngokunjalo, lwenzeka xa kwakukho uxinzelelo olukhulu kubantu abakumgangatho ophezulu, kwaye iqela elithile labaphezulu lagqiba ekubeni lizimanye neli nyathelo lokuqala. I-New Deal ngumzekelo omhle woku. Ndiyivile le anecdote ukuba i-FDR yakhe yathi kwinkokeli yombutho wabasebenzi, "Licebo elihle elo, ngoku phuma ezitalatweni wenze ukuba yinyani." Akukho maqabane alungileyo okanye amahlakani abi. Kuhlala kuxhomekeke ekubeni kukho uxinzelelo. Emva koko kukho ithuba lokuba eli candelo le-elite liza kubumba kwakhona umgaqo-nkqubo okanye ulawulo lonke. Yayisisangqa esikhanyisiweyo se-elites - i-Keynes, i-Dexter White - eyadala amaziko e-Bretton Woods. Abaseki beManyano yaseYurophu, njengoJean Monet, babefuna ngokwenene ukwenza oku ukuze kulungelwe uluntu. Kodwa ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluthe ngqo oluvela kwimibutho yezentlalo okanye isoyikiso sokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezentlalo ezi zisombululo ngezingaphunyezwanga. Oku kwakuyinyaniso kwi-EU, kwimeko yentlalontle emva kwe-1945: abantu abaphezulu babesoyika ubuKomanisi kunye nesiphithiphithi sentlalontle.
Yingakho kubalulekile ukulungelelanisa uxinzelelo olusisigxina, kungekhona nje ukukhankasela okanye i-slactivism kwi-Facebook. Kodwa kunzima kuba akukho midiya yokubumba umbono wakho wehlabathi lonke. Ukhetha into ofuna ukuyifunda kwi-Intanethi. Kunzima ukuququzelela uxinzelelo oluhlangeneyo, njengoko IGazeta Wyborcza yenze ngeminyaka yee-1990 xa yayisebenzisa impembelelo yayo ukutyhala uluvo ukusuka kwelinye iziko lamandla eengcamango ukuya kwelinye.
Xa ubona isizukulwana esitsha solutsha siphuma kumabanga aphakamileyo njengoko wawuphuma kumabanga aphakamileyo, ngaba ubona ngokwaneleyo ukuba sihlale apha kwaye sizinikele kwinguqu yelizwe?
Enye into edidayo kwimeko yezoqoqosho yangoku kukuba akusekho msebenzi eNtshona. Abantu abanakusuka baye e-UK. Abasifuni ngakumbi. UCameron ngukhapitali olungileyo kwaye angathanda ukuba nomsebenzi ophantsi kangangoko. Kodwa kuya kubakho igagasi lentlalontle yobuzwe, ke uCameron uya kungqiyama kwindawo echasene nabaphambukeli. Mhlawumbi iiPoles ezininzi ziya eJamani, kodwa hayi abantu abaninzi apha abanokuthetha isiJamani. Kwaye abo banokusebenza apho sele besebenza khona ngoku. Ke, njengoko intlekele isiya isiba nzulu, olu khetho lokuphuma luya kuba nzima kwaye lube nzima.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimbono yehlabathi kwisizukulwana esitsha, iingcamango ezinkulu azisabakhuthazi abantu. EPoland, kukho umxube ongaqhelekanga kakhulu. Uninzi lwabantu luya kuvavanya imeko ngokucinga ngephiko lasekunene. Andicingi kakhulu malunga nentetho yeSmolensk okanye ubuKatolika kodwa ngokucinga kwentengiso yasimahla. UJanusz Korwin-Mikke inabalandeli abaninzi phakathi kolutsha. Kwiipolitiki eziqhelekileyo wayeza kufumana iipesenti ezi-2 zeevoti, kodwa phakathi kwabantu abatsha mhlawumbi i-20 ekhulwini.
Yintoni abayibona inomtsalane?
Bafumana ukubhenela iradicalism yakhe kunye nokungachaneki kwezopolitiko kunye nokuba ngokuchasene neyona nto iphambili. Eli lilifa le-post-komanisi. Uninzi lwezigxeko zobungxowankulu emva ko-1989 yayiyiphiko lasekunene. Laligxeka ubukhapitali ngokwalo kodwa inguqulelo yalo yasemva kobukomanisi. Ingxaki yayingeyonkunzi kodwa โngoongxowankulu ababomvuโ abafumana ilifa okanye ababusela ubutyebi ukuze benze imisebenzi yabo ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980. Ngoobani ababengoosomashishini abakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1980? Kwakukho UJan Kulczyk, eyona Pole ityebileyo. Wazifumana njani izigidi zakhe zokuqala? Ukusuka kuyise, usomashishini wabucala, ummi wasePoland eNtshona Berlin. Kwaye ukuba ubusenza ishishini eWest Berlin, kwafuneka ukuba abe nonxibelelwano olusondeleyo kwinkonzo eyimfihlo yasePoland. Okanye abafana abaneenkampani ezinkulu zeendaba ePoland, njengePolsat TV. Babengoosomashishini abakhutheleyo ngeminyaka yoo-1980.
Kum ayingqini nto. Baba ngoongxowankulu abalungileyo kuba basebenza njengongxowankulu. Andiqondi ukuba oosomashishini abancinci ababelima iminqathe ngasese ngeminyaka yoo-1980 banokuququzelela ubungxowankulu obunobuntu emva ko-1989 ukuba babezintloko zamaqumrhu. Abantu abaninzi bayakukholelwa oku. Le yayiyintetho kaLech Kaczynski kunye nenxalenye yempumelelo yakhe: ukuthetha ukuba inguqu yayingekagqibi, ukuba asikho kwi-capitalism, kodwa kwi-capitalist post-communist. Omnye wawona magunya amakhulu engqondo yeLungelo, u-Jadwiga Staniszkis, wabanga ukuba obu ngxowankulu basemva kobukomanisi baphela ngo-2004, ngenxa yokuba amaqumrhu aseYurophu ayenamandla kunongxowankulu ababuthathaka basePoland. Mhlawumbi kukho into kuloo nto.
Kodwa intetho eqhelekileyo echasene nongxowankulu njengaseNtshona ayikho apha. Kukho amaqela asekhohlo ngaphandle kweKrytyka, njengephephancwadi Ngoku nguPeryferie. Kodwa ezi zisengama-niches kuphela. Ekuphela kwephepha lemihla ngemihla elibanga ukuba linxele li Trybuna, kodwa sisikolo esidala kakhulu, esiqhagamshelwe kwi-Social Democratic Party. Abanye abantu abancinci bababhalela, kodwa ubume obuqhelekileyo bunomtsalane kuluntu olungekho ngqiqweni kunokuba lube ngamanxele aselula. Phakathi kweeveki I-Przeglad akukho kubi kangako. Ipolitiki, ekwayi-post-Communist, mhlawumbi yeyona ilungileyo ngokwemibono, kwaye izincoko zabo ezinde nguJacek Zakowski okanye u-Edwin Bendyk zinokuba nenkqubela phambili. Kodwa uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho - kwaye kuyafana IGazeta Wyborcza - konke malunga neemarike zezemali, iimarike zemasheya, ukuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi: zisengamandla e-neo-liberal.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela