Uqoqosho lwehlabathi lufikelele kwinqanaba elitsha ngo-2022 ngaphaya kwe-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Olu lwando, oluye lwahlangabezana kuphela nokuhlehla ngamaxesha athile njengokuvalwa kwe-COVID ka-2020, luye lwakhawuleziswa lurhwebo. Umthamo worhwebo wehlabathi onamava 4,300 ekhulwini ukukhula ukusuka 1950 ukuya 2021, umyinge 4 ekhulwini ukwanda minyaka le. Oku kuqhagamshelwe ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1980 njengoko oorhulumente babesamkela iprojekthi yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, eyayibeka phambili ukuthotywa kwemiqobo kurhwebo efana neerhafu.
Indlela umanyano lwehlabathi olwasasazeka ngalo kwihlabathi lonke, intambo ephambili yeDNA yayo, ibe sisivumelwano "sorhwebo lwasimahla".
"Sineminyaka engama-30 yezivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla kunye nezivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini," utshilo uLuciana Ghiotto, umphandi kwiCONICET-Argentina kunye nomphandi onxulumene neTransnational Institute. “Bayile olu yilo lukhulu lwezomthetho, into omnye umhlobo wethu ayibiza ngokuba yi 'uyilo lweshishini lokungahlawuli,' eye yanwenwela njengengca kwaye inika ukhuseleko lomthetho nokuqiniseka kwinkunzi. Ayinanto yakwenza nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu okanye amalungelo okusingqongileyo.”
Eneneni, phakathi kweengxaki ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswa nokwanda korhwebo lwehlabathi ibe kukonakaliswa kwemekobume ngendlela yokungcoliswa komhlaba, umoya namanzi. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, ingqalelo iguqukele kwingxaki ethe ngqo yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, eyona nto inoxanduva lokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokutsho koMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi, imveliso kunye nokuthuthwa kweempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye ne-akhawunti yokungenisa elizweni I-20-30 ipesenti yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi.
Ukufakwa kwizivumelwano ezininzi ezilawula urhwebo notyalo-mali ngamagatya anika amaqumrhu ilungelo lokumangalela oorhulumente malunga nemimiselo, ngokukodwa ezo zijongene nokusingqongileyo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ezichaphazela kakubi imida yenzuzo elindelekileyo yaloo mashishini. La malungiselelo okusonjululwa kwengxabano phakathi kwabatyali-zimali (ISDS) “anempembelelo eyothusayo kwinkqubo yolawulo kuba oorhulumente, benexhala lokuba baza kumangalelwa, bathathe isigqibo sokulibazisa uhlengahlengiso olunxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu,” utshilo uManuel Perez Rocha, ihlakani lequmrhu. Iziko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo eWashington. "Kukho iimeko ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela apho iinkampani ziye zakwazi ukoyisa utshintsho lolawulo oluthanda imozulu."
Imithetho yorhwebo enika amaqumrhu amalungelo awongezelelekileyo kokusingqongileyo inefuthe elikhethekileyo kwicandelo lezolimo, elishishini lokrwela elingenamandla angaphantsi kunezemigodi.
“Inkqubo yehlabathi yorhwebo notyalo-mali ifak’ isandla kulawulo olulawulwa yimibutho embalwa yamazwe ngamazwe kushishina lwezolimo olugawulwa ngamafutha amandulo, nemveliso yawo isoloko ithuthwa amawaka eekhilomitha ngaphambi kokuba ifike kwisidlo sangokuhlwa,” uyabalisa uJen Moore, osebenza naye. kwiziko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo. "Ngaxeshanye. inkqubo iye yagqiba ekubeni ubomi bezigidi zamafama akhasayo bube semngciphekweni ngakumbi, ijongela phantsi indima yabo njengenye indlela yokulima into enye.”
Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ayikuphela kwemveliso yoshishino lwezolimo oluzinziswa lurhwebo lwehlabathi. “Kukwakho nokukhutshwa kwemethane,” wongeza uKaren Hansen-Kuhn, umlawuli wenkqubo kwiZiko lezoLimo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woRhwebo. “Ininzi imethane evela kwimveliso yenyama. Initrous oxide, enamandla ngokuphindwe ngama-265 kunecarbon nehlala kwiatmosfera iminyaka eli-100, iphuma kwizichumiso ezenziwe ngemichiza.”
Ezi mbono kurhwebo lwehlabathi-kunye neendlela ezilunge ngakumbi zokusingqongileyo kwimodeli “yorhwebo lwasimahla”-zithiwe thaca ngoDisemba ka-2022. webinar kuxhasiwe iGlobal Just Transition Iprojekthi yeZiko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo kunye ne ISivumelwano sezoQoqosho kunye neNkcubeko yaseMzantsi.
Ukunyuka “koRhwebo lwaSimahla”
Ngalo lonke ixesha langoku, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela akhusele uqoqosho lwawo lwangaphakathi ngokurhafisa izinto zangaphandle kunye nezithintelo kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Emva kwezi ndonga zikhuselayo, amazwe ancede amafama asekuhlaleni kunye namashishini akhuphisana ngokuchasene nokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nabatyali-zimali abanzulu.
Kodwa amazwe awayexhomekeke kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kumazwe angaphandle kwemveliso yemizi-mveliso enexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokutya okuthe kratya—kuncediswa ziinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezizimisele ukonyusa iingeniso zazo—zaye zaphembelela ukuthotywa kwale miqobo. Iingxoxo “zorhwebo olukhululekileyo,” ngokwesithethe ezinxulunyaniswa neengenelo ezicingelwayo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, zavela phakathi kowona qoqosho unamandla ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kodwa kwakutsha nje, ngeminyaka yee-1970, apho ithi kunye namaziko ezizwe ngezizwe ayivuselele ngokumangalisayo le ntetho phantsi kwebhanile "i-neoliberalism."
"Xa sithetha ngokujikeleza kwenkunzi, sithetha ngorhwebo," kuchaza uLuciana Ghiotto. “Oko kukuthi, ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kumazwe kunye nokujikeleziswa kwamawaka eenqanawa kunye neenqwelomoya zothutho lwempahla zorhwebo kwihlabathi liphela. Enye yeenjongo zenkunzi kukwenza oko kujikeleziswa ngokukhawuleza, kube lula, kwaye kube lula. Ngubani ongafuni ukwenza urhwebo lula okanye ngokukhawuleza? Ewe, urhulumente. "
Urhwebo olukhawulezayo nolusebenzayo, ngelixa lunengeniso ethe chatha kumaqumrhu, lukwathethe inani leziphumo ezibi kumazwe afana nokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi phakathi kwabavelisi basekhaya. Ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwezivumelwano zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo kunye nezivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini ezisebenzayo ngoku-kunye namandla atyalwe kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ukunyanzelisa ezi zivumelwano-amazwe aphulukene nezixhobo ezininzi ebekade ezisebenzisa ukukhusela okanye ukuphuhlisa amashishini elizwe.
Ukusasazeka kwe-orthodoxy yorhwebo lwasimahla kuye kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kwishishini lamandla, nto leyo eye yanyusa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. UGhiotto walatha kwiinzame zefosili-fuel corporations ukukhusela utyalo-mali lwazo eRashiya emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union njengeyona mpembelelo iphambili yokuthethathethana nge-Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, eyaqinisekisa urhwebo lwasimahla kwiimarike zamandla ehlabathi. . I-ECT yayisayinwe kuqala ngamazwe angama-53 aseYurophu nakuMbindi Asia. Namhlanje, kukho amanye amazwe angama-30 ukusuka eBurundi ukusa ePakistan umgca wobulungu.
"I-ECT ngokwenene sisivumelwano esenziwe ngokukodwa ukukhusela i-Fossil Industries," uGhiotto uqhubeka. “Sele isetyenziswa ngabatyali-mali ukukhusela utyalo-mali lwabo ebusweni bemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Kodwa oko kwenzeka kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo. Ngoku, ngenxa yemeko yemozulu yehlabathi, amazwe afuna ezinye iintlobo zemithetho ebeka emngciphekweni utyalo-mali lwala maqumrhu. ”
Iinkampani zamandla zithathe amazwe ukuba aphikisane ngokulungiswa kwamatyala ali-124, malunga nama-50 ngokuchasene neSpain kuphela ngenxa yohlaziyo lwayo kwicandelo lamandla avuselelekayo. Iinkampani "zisebenzise i-ECT njengesambulela esisemthethweni ukuze kwandiswe ishishini kunye nenzuzo, okanye ukukhusela utyalo-mali lwazo ngokuchasene nolawulo lukarhulumente," wongeza uGhiotto. I-Italiya, umzekelo, yamisela ukuvalwa kokugrumba elwandle kuphela ukuba ibethelwe yisuti evela kwinkampani yamandla yase-UK iRockhopper. NgoNovemba ka-2022, iphaneli yolamlo ye-ECT yayalela urhulumente wase-Italiya ukuhlawula inkampani i-190 yezigidi zee-Euro kunye nomdla.
Uthi: “Abatyali-mali kwicandelo lemigodi nele-oyile baye bakhupha amabango angama-22 ekhulwini kumazwe aseLatin America. “Kwakukho ityala elikhulu leChevron ngokuchasene ne-Ecuador. Kodwa kuye kwakho abanye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Ecuador kwafuneka ihlawule isohlwayo sezigidi ezingama-374 zeerandi kwinkampani yeoli yaseFransi iParenco emva kokuba urhulumente etshintshe amagatya athile malunga nesixa serhafu ekufuneka ihlawulwe yinkampani ukuze ibuyisele enye yengeniso kubantu base-Ecuador.
EzoLimo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu
Imveliso yokutya yehlabathi jikelele Iitoni ze-17 billion yeegesi zegreenhouse minyaka le. Oko malunga nesithathu kwi Iitoni ze-50 billion zegesi ezinjalo ezikhutshwa rhoqo ngonyaka. Ukuveliswa kwenyama yenkomo kunye nobisi lwenkomo zezona zonileyo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yemethane ekhutshwa zizilwanyana ngokwazo. Kodwa abanye abanegalelo elikhulu babandakanya ukulinywa komhlaba, ulawulo lomgquba, uthutho, kunye nesichumiso.
"Kunye neGreenpeace kunye neGrain, iziko lethu lisebenza kunye nososayensi ukucinga malunga nendlela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwesichumisi kuchaphazela utshintsho lwemozulu," uKaren Hansen-Kuhn ubika. “Ukusetyenziswa kwezichumiso kwandile kwihlabathi jikelele. Yinxalenye ephambili yezenzo zeGreen Revolution. Izazinzulu ebesisebenza nazo wafumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso senitrogen, ukudibanisa igesi yendalo kunye namandla asetyenziswa kwimveliso kunye nezothutho kunye neempembelelo entsimini, zifikelela ngaphezu kwama-21 ekhulwini okukhutshwa kwezolimo, kwaye iye ikhula. "
Ngoku ka imephu yenitrogen egqithisileyo ngehektare nganye yomhlaba wezityalo, amazwe afana neTshayina, iNetherlands, iSaudi Arabia, iPakistan, iEgypt, neVenezuela asebenzisa initrogen eninzi kwizichumiso kunokuba zifunxwe zizityalo. “Olu gqithiso lunegalelo kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi kwaye kubangela ezinye iingxaki, umzekelo ngokubaleka emanzini,” uqhube watsho. "Inkuthazo ngoku kwinkqubo yezolimo yeyokuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo, ngakumbi malunga nezityalo zentengiso, ezifana nombona, iimbotyi zesoya, kunye nengqolowa, ezifuna la mali ingabizi mali ininzi."
Uninzi lwezi zityalo zemveliso ziveliswa ukuze zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle. INetherlands yiyo umthengisi wesibini ngobukhulu kwihlabathi lokutya; I-China yindawo yesibini enkulu yokuthumela ukutya ngaphandle kodwa nayo umrhwebi omkhulu wesithandathu. Umceli mngeni kukuqhubeka ukondla ihlabathi ngelixa unciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso esingaka. “Amazwe amaninzi aqhubela phambili nezisombululo ezibalulekileyo ze-agroecology ezifana nokujikeleziswa kwezityalo, kusetyenziswa izityalo ezilungisa initrogen emhlabeni, kunye nokwenza umgquba ongakumbi,” wongeza uHansen-Kuhn. "Obu buchule buphantsi kolawulo lwamafama, ke abaxhomekekanga ekuthengeni ngaphandle okanye kurhwebo ngezi mveliso zemichiza."
Esinye isicwangciso, esamkelwe yi-European Union, ibe kukusebenzisa imithetho yorhwebo ukunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni wokungenisa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. “EYurophu, ngoku bakwiphulo lokugqibezela iCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism,” utsho njalo. “I-CBAM isebenza ikakhulu kwizinto ezifana ne-aluminiyam, intsimbi, nesamente, kodwa isichumiso siyinxalenye yayo. Uninzi lweefemu zaseYurophu ziphucula izityalo zazo ukuze zibe namandla ngakumbi. Kwaye bathi bafuna ukhuseleko ukuze benze oko. Phantsi kwesi sicwangciso, ukungeniswa kwesichumiso okuvela kwamanye amazwe angenayo imigangatho efanayo yokusingqongileyo kuya kuxhomekeka kwintlawulo ebotshelelwa kwixabiso lekhabhoni. "
Kwithiyori, i-CBAM iya kutyhala amazwe athumela ngaphandle ukuba anyuse imigangatho yawo yokusingqongileyo kunye/okanye enze ukuveliswa kwawo kwezichumiso kusebenze ngakumbi. “Mhlawumbi ezi zityalo ziya kusebenza ngakumbi,” uyongezelela. Kodwa mhlawumbi ezinye iifemu ziyakuthatha isigqibo sokuvelisa isichumiso kwamanye amazwe. Okanye kwiimeko apho ilizwe linemizi-mveliso emibini, liya kuthumela ngaphandle lisuka kumzi-mveliso osebenzayo, kwaye akukho tshintsho kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. ”
Ngaphezulu koko, i-CBM iya kuchaphazela amazwe ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu. “Uninzi lwesichumiso esingeniswa ngaphandle kwe-EU sivela kumazwe akufutshane afana neRashiya okanye i-Egypt,” uqhubeka. Kodwa ezinye izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zivela kumazwe afana neSenegal, apho isichumiso sithunyelwa eYurophu sifikelela kwi-2-5 yeepesenti yeGDP yabo yonke. Ke, i-CBAM iya kuba yingxaki enkulu kumazwe anjalo. Kwaye akukho nto kweli nyathelo enokunika amazwe ubuchwepheshe abudingayo ukwenza utshintsho. Ngapha koko, kukho inkuthazo eyomeleleyo ngokuchasene noko kwizivumelwano zorhwebo. Ubonelelo lwe-CBAM lutsho ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zonke izixhobo eziveliswa ngumrhumo wekhabhoni ziya kugcinwa ngaphakathi ukukhuthaza inguqu eYurophu. "
Nangona i-CBAM inokwenza urhwebo lwaseYurophu lube luhlaza, lunokwandisa “umsantsa oluhlaza” phakathi kweYurophu nehlabathi liphela. “Sifuna inguqu kwi-agroecology, kodwa into esiyifumanayo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo zivala inkuthazo entsha ukuze siqhubeke neshishini njengesiqhelo,” uqukumbela ngelithi uHansen-Kuhn. "Ukuba sijonga kwi-NAFTA ephinde yaxoxiswa, kukho isahluko esitsha kwi-biotechnology yezolimo ehlengahlengisa inkqubo yokuvuma zombini ii-GMO kunye nemveliso yokuhlelwa kofuzo. Kukwakho nezithintelo ekugcinweni kwembewu nokwabelana. Kwaye le NAFTA intsha iya kuba ngumzekelo wezinye izivumelwano ezifana ne-Indo-Pacific Economic Framework.
Isenzo kwiNqanaba leHlabathi
Imibutho yoluntu ibisoloko inyanzelisa ukuba a isivumelwano esibophelela ngokusemthethweni kwinqanaba le-UN ukwenza ishishini libe noxanduva lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lokusingqongileyo olunxulumene nemisebenzi yabo.
“Ekubeni iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziyilwa ngamazwe, amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino anokutyala imali ehlabathini ayasichasa eso sivumelwano sibophelelayo,” utshilo uLuciana Ghiotto. “EUnited States, eCanada, naseJapan, siye sabona iingxoxo malunga nokubamba iinkampani ezinoxanduva lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kulo lonke ikhonkco lemveliso. Yinkqubo entsha yezopolitiko. Kodwa ngumzekelo wemibutho yoluntu ebeka umbuzo wamalungelo oluntu kunye namalungelo okusingqongileyo kwindawo yengxoxo. "
Iinzame kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe zintsonkothile kakhulu, uManuel Perez Rocha uyavuma: “Ngokomzekelo, iBhanki yeHlabathi ineZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba zoTyalo-mali (i-ICSID) apho amaqumrhu anokuthi ngalo amangange amazwe.” Ucebisa indlela ethe chatha yengingqi. “Sicebise iziko lokusombulula iingxabano eLatin America elinokuthi amazwe alisebenzise emva kokurhoxa kwi-ICSID. “Ngelishwa, amazwe amaninzi anenkqubela awazange akwamkele oku,” utsho njalo.
Omnye wemiceli-mngeni ekuphembeleleni oorhulumente ukuba bamkele ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziswa lurhwaphilizo. "Kukho isangqa esikhulu sorhwaphilizo," wongeza. “Sithetha apha ngomnyango ojikelezayo apho amagosa karhulumente athi athethathethana ngezi zivumelwano abe ngamagqwetha abucala okanye abacebisi okanye amalungu ebhodi yamaqumrhu aphembelela ukwamkelwa kwawo. Olu rhwaphilizo lunceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba oorhulumente batyikitye ezi zivumelwano nokuba baza kumangalelwa.”
Ukwalatha nomba wofikelelo kwizimbiwa ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo kutshintsho lwamandla ohlaza. "Ulawulo lwe-Biden luzama ukulwa namafutha e-fossil ngeendleko zoluntu oluhlala malunga neediphozithi zezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo njenge-lithium kunye ne-cobalt," uchaza uPerez Rocha. "Zininzi izinto ezixhalabisayo phakathi kwabemi bomthonyama malunga nendlela yokwenza olu tshintsho ukuya kuqoqosho olubizwa ngokuba lucocekile ngaphandle kokunyhasha amalungelo oluntu nokutshabalalisa indalo esingqongileyo."
Urhwebo ibe yindlela yokwenza izivumelwano malunga nezi zimbiwa. “Ezi nzame kufutshane ne-shoring kunye ne-friend-shoring ibiziindlela zokulawula ukubonelela ngeeminerali kunye nesinyithi,” utshilo uJen Moore. "I-United States ngakumbi kodwa neCanada izicacisile: ukuchongwa 'njengomhlobo' kukuba ne-FTA okanye isivumelwano sotyalo-mali samazwe amabini."
Kubekho ezinye izenzo kwinqanaba lehlabathi elinxulumene nemiba yemozulu kunye nemisebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States yeza inyathelo ngokuchasene neIndiya kwi-WTO kwi-2014 phezu kwezibonelelo zomxholo wasekhaya kwimizamo yayo yokunyusa amandla elanga. I-India ibuyise ubabalo kwiminyaka emibini kamva kumalungiselelo afanayo asekhaya kumgaqo-nkqubo welanga. “I-WTO yabona yomibini le mithetho ingekho mthethweni,” ukhumbula oko uKaren Hansen-Kuhn. “EUnited States, iinkqubo zaqhubeka, andiqondi ukuba lwenziwa utshintsho. Kodwa xa sicinga ngenguqu enobulungisa, kufuneka ingapheleli nje ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kodwa ibe malunga nokudala imisebenzi.”
Ukuchasana neShishini njengesiqhelo
Ukuchasana nolwakhiwo lwezorhwebo olulungele ushishino luvela kwiimbombo ezininzi zehlabathi. UJen Moore unikela le ngxelo: “Ngokwembono yomsebenzi wam nabantu abachatshazelwe yimigodi, kuye kwakho inkcaso evela kumafama, abantu bomthonyama kunye nolunye uluntu olujamelene neempembelelo eziyingozi zalo mzekelo utshabalalisayo wophuhliso lobukapitali okhatshwa Ingcinezelo enogonyamelo kunye nomkhosi kwaye ngokufuthi ijolise kugonyamelo kubakhuseli bomhlaba nakwimekobume.”
Umzekelo, emva kokuqinisa ubume befosili-fuel quo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, iSivumelwano se-Energy Charter asisachaneki. NgoNovemba, iKhabhinethi yaseJamani umemezele ukuba ilizwe lirhoxe kwi-ECT. Ithelela iqela lamazwe aseYurophu—iItali, iFransi, iNetherlands, iPoland, iSpeyin, iSlovenia neLuxembourg—aye enza izaziso ezifanayo. “Ngamaxesha obunzima bemozulu, akukho ngqiqweni ukuba iinkampani zinokumangalela iingeniso ezilahlekileyo kutyalo-mali lwefosili kunye nembuyekezo yokupheliswa kwamalahle kunye nenyukliya,” litsho isekela lenkokeli yeqela lepalamente yeGreens kwipalamente yaseJamani.
Isivumelwano sinokumangalisa kumazwe afuna ukuphuma: abasayinileyo abarhoxa kwi-ECT basabotshelelwe ngumnqophiso we-20 iminyaka. Kukwakho ingxaki enxulumeneyo ebandakanya izibonelelo zezinye izivumelwano zorhwebo.
"Amazwe aseYurophu atyhala ukuhlaziya izivumelwano kunye neMexico, iChile, kunye nabanye ukuba babandakanye amagatya afana nenkqubo yengxabano yorhulumente wotyalo-mali, ekwavumela amaqumrhu anamandla ukuba amangalele oorhulumente," utshilo uManuel Perez Rocha. "Le ayiyonto imfutshane kwiniyo-koloniyalizim esetyenziswa kumazwe akumda." Ukuphendula, ubongoza "ukomelezwa kweenkqubo zokugweba zelizwe ukuze iinkampani zizive zikhuselwe ngakumbi ziinkqubo zelizwe kwaye zingalandeli iinketho kwinqanaba eliphezulu."
Ukubuyela umva kwi-ECT akukho nto intsha. “Le nkqubo idale ukuchasa okuninzi kunye nokugxeka ukusukela kusuku lokuqala,” wongeza uLuciana Ghiotto. "Ndakhuliswa kwindawo ebonakalayo kwidabi laseSeattle ngo-1999 ngokuchasene ne-WTO kunye nemizabalazo echasene neNdawo yoRhwebo oluKhululwa lwaseMelika."
UKaren Hansen-Kuhn uyavuma ukuba kuyafuneka ukubanga uloyiso. “Uluntu lwanceda ekwenzeni buthathaka inkqubo ye-ISDS,” utshilo. "NgeNtsebenziswano yoRhwebo kunye noTyalo-mali lweTransatlantic, inkcaso enkulu kwi-ISDS yaba sesona sizathu sokuba yahlukane."
Olunye uhlobo lwe-pushback luvela kwintsimi ngokwayo. “Kwiwebhusayithi yethu, siqalile ukulandela ukwamkelwa kweendlela zezolimo, ezingezizo nje amagalelo kodwa endaweni yoko sijonge umfanekiso ogcweleyo kubandakanywa ukongamela kokutya, oko kukuthi, ilungelo loluntu ngalunye lokukhetha iindlela zokutya ezilufunayo,” uHansen-Kuhn. iyaqhubeka. Ukhomba iMexico ephelisa umbona we-GMO, oxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-pesticide glyphosate. Urhulumente wenze eso sigqibo ngenxa yegalelo lemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Emva kwenkcaso evela kurhulumente waseU.S., eMexico ubuye umva noko kweso sibophelelo ngokusebenzisa inqanaba lokuphuma kuphela kumbona otyiwa ngabantu.
"I-Mexico yenza iimvumelwano ezithile, umzekelo ivumela i-GMO ukuba idle ukutya kwezilwanyana, kodwa ngenye indlela imile iqinile ngaphandle koxinzelelo olukhulu," uqukumbela ngelithi. “Olo ayilotshintsho olupheleleyo kwi-agroecology, kodwa nali ilizwe lithatha isigqibo sokuba liza kwenza utshintsho kwinkqubo yokutya nokuba zithini na izivumelwano zorhwebo.”
"Kubalulekile ukukhumbula yonke inkqubo exhasa ulawulo lweshishini kwihlabathi liphela," utshilo uJen Moore. "Ngamanye amaxesha kuvakala ngathi senza nje iinzame zokuyilandela."
UManuel Perez Rocha uyavuma. “Kufuneka sixoxe ngezinye iindlela ezizezinye kwiimbono ezahlukileyo, ezinokuthi ziphelise inkqubo yoosolusapho, iniyo-koloniyalizim yongxowankulu,” uyacebisa. Kodwa ngeli lixa sizabalazela umbono we-utopian, kufuneka sixoxe ngendlela eyiyo, enokwenzeka ngakumbi, kunye nezinye iindlela ezibambekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkampani zinokumangalela amazwe. Kutheni le nto amazwe kungafuneki abe nelungelo lokumangalela iinkampani? Uluntu oluchaphazelekayo kufuneka lukwazi ukufikelela kwizisombululo zengxabano. Sifanele siwaphelise amalungelo abatyali-zimali bamanye amazwe, njengesolotya elithi ‘impatho yesizwe,’ ebophelela oorhulumente kwiinzame zabo zokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwasekhaya, lwengingqi nolwesizwe.”
UMzantsi weHlabathi sele uqalisile ukuphuhla ilizwi elimanyeneyo kwingxoxo malunga notshintsho lwamandla olufanelekileyo. "ELatin America, sithe akukho sivumelwano esitsha esiluhlaza kunye ne-FTA kunye nezivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini," uLuciana Ghiotto unika ingxelo. Ummandla ubone ukunyuka kwenani lemibutho eguqukayo ukusuka kumatsha ntliziyo asemaphandleni e-Via Campesina ukuya kwiintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zemveli kunye neentshukumo zabasetyhini ezichaza uqoqosho lwabasetyhini. Ngeli xesha, amazwe athile akhokele. "Kumgaqo-siseko wayo, i-Ecuador yalela ukungena kuzo naziphi na izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezibandakanya ulamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe olubeka esichengeni ulongamo lwelizwe," wongezelela. "Urhulumente omtsha we-neoliberal uyazabalaza namagqwetha amaninzi ukufumana indlela yokuwujikeleza, kodwa abakakwazi."
Omnye umzekelo wokuxhathisa okuyimpumelelo kukukhula kombutho wobulungisa bemozulu, ohamba kakuhle ngaphaya kokhuselo lokusingqongileyo kwaye udibanise amatsha ntliziyo kuyo yonke imizabalazo ukusuka kubulungisa boqoqosho kunye namalungelo oluntu ukuya kwi-agroecology kunye noqoqosho lwasemva kokukhula.
“Emva kokuphazamiseka kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, sinokudibana ngakumbi emntwini,” utshilo uKaren Hansen-Kuhn. “Iintshukumo zifuna ukwakha ubudlelwane emntwini. Kufuneka sidibane ukuze sakhe ezi zinye iindlela. ”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela