UGustavo Petro akafuni nje ukuguqula ilizwe lakhe; ufuna ukutshintsha ihlabathi. Inkokeli entsha yaseColombia, ethathe isikhundla sika-Agasti ophelileyo, ijolise kwinto ayibiza ngokuba sisizwe sakhe "uqoqosho lokufa.โ Oko kuthetha ukujikela kude kwi-oyile, igesi yendalo, amalahle, kunye ne-narcotics ukuya kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho ezinzileyo. Kunikwe ukuba ioli kunye namalahle make up isiqingatha sorhwebo lwelizwe lakhe - kwaye iColombia lihlabathi umvelisi ophambili we-cocaine - oko akuyi kuba lula.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iKholombiya ibinokwenza i-pivot enjalo, iya kungqina nakwamanye amazwe ngokufanayo ukuba likhoboka lezinto ezinamandla - kubandakanya ne-United States - ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lunokwenzeka. Ngeendaba zamva nje ukuba uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luya kuthi phantse ngokuqinisekileyo uya kusilela kwithagethi yayo yokunciphisa i-carbon ye-2030, inzame ye-colombium yokuqhawula i-pathbreaking detox iye yangxamiseka kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba, uPetro noFrancia Marquez, usekela mongameli wendalo esingqongileyo, baye badibana nokuchasana okumandla kwizicwangciso zabo, naphakathi kwamanqanaba abo. Nangona ngoko nangoko babhengeze ukumiswa kokomba oyile kunye nerhasi entsha njengenxalenye yomzamo wokuphelisa ushishino lwefosili yelizwe, eyabo. imali kwaye amandla Abaphathiswa, besoyikela impembelelo yokumiswa koqoqosho, bala ukukhuphela ngaphandle izivumelwano ezinjalo zexesha elizayo. Urhulumente ukwacebise ngerhafu enkulu entsha ekuthunyelweni kweoli kumazwe angaphandle, kuphela ngokukhawuleza yikale umva phezu koxhathiso oluxhaphakileyo kushishino, kuquka nenkampani yeoli karhulumente i-Ecopetrol.
Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu uvela kwingxaki enkulu yamatyala abaphathi bePetro abajongene nayo. Isinye kwisithathu ngokupheleleyo sengeniso karhulumente qukuqela ukuya kwinkonzo Ityala elikhulu langaphandle laseColumbia. Ngokunjalo ibotshelelwe kwiintlawulo zemali-nzala enzima, uninzi lweGlobal South lunyanzeleke ukuba lukhuphe izibonelelo ezingakumbi ukuze kuhlawulwe amatyala angapheliyo asuka kwiibhanki zamazwe ngamazwe.
Sekunjalo, enoba ziziphi na iingxaki ajamelana nazo, uPetro umela into entsha. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iLatin America eshiyekileyo kudala ithanda ukumbiwa kwemigodi kunye nokugrumba ukunyusa ukuthengisa ngaphandle, urhwebo, kunye nengeniso karhulumente. UMongameli waseMexico u-Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (i-AMLO) uye walandela ukuguqulwa ngokutsha kweshishini leoli ukuze (ewe!) Ukunyusa imveliso. Kwakhona kube sisicwangciso sikaLuiz Inรกcio Lula da Silva (Lula) eBrazil, ngelixa urhulumente wasePeronist eArgentina uye wagxila kumzamo wokwenza kakhulu. Nyusa ukombiwa kweoyile elunxwemeni. I-Progressivism ku-Latin America, njengakwezinye iindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kudala inxulunyaniswe ngokungenakuhluthwa kwi-extraction yempahla ekrwada eyenzelwe ukusasaza ubutyebi obuninzi kumahlwempu, ngelixa ivala umsantsa kunye noMantla otyebileyo.
Noko ke, okulusizi kukuba, phezu kwazo nje iindlela zolwando ezifanayo ezilandelwa ngoorhulumente basekhohlo, abasekunene nabaphakathi, amazwe alo mmandla aye asilela ngokuhlangeneyo ukufikelela nolunye lwezo njongo. ILatin America ihlala ihleli eyona ngingqi ingalinganiyo ngokwezoqoqosho kwiplanethi. Endaweni yokuba iqalise ukunyukela eMntla, iye yawa ngasemva. Ngomnyaka we-1980, imveliso yasekhaya ngomntu ngamnye (GDP) kwelo lizwekazi yayiyi-42% ye-G7โs, amazwe aphuhlileyo ehlabathini. Ngo-2022-nangona bonke ubutyebi bukrwelwe emhlabeni naselwandle, izithembiso zabaxhasi borhwebo ngokukhululekileyo, kunye neenzame zezopolitiko eziqhubela phambili eziphumelele amandla - iGDP yommandla ngomntu ngamnye. siwe kakhulu ukuya kuma-29% kumazwe e-G7.
Ngoku, iColombia izama into eyahlukileyo. Uloyiso lonyulo lukaPetro noFrancia luye lwanconywa - okanye luhlekwa - njengenxalenye "yelanga elipinki" elitsha eLatin America elizise uGabriel Boric kulawulo eChile, uXiomara Castro kwindawo ephezulu eHonduras, kunye noLula babuyela kumongameli. yaseBrazil.
Kodwa xa kujongwa le nto uPetro noFrancia bayizamayo, ukubabona nje ngelaza lipinki kuya kulahlekisa. Ngapha koko, banikezela ngeparadigm eyahlukileyo yophuhliso loqoqosho, eluhlaza ngakumbi kunepinki.
Mhlawumbi uyayazi le umthetho wokuqala imingxuma: xa uzifumana ukunye, yeka ukugrumba. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amazwe aseLatin America azamile ukuzigrumba kwintlupheko - ukomba ioyile, imigodi ye-lithium - kuphela ukuzifumana kumgodi onzulu.
IColombia lilizwe lokuqala ukubhengeza ukuba ifuna ukuyeka ukugrumba. Ngaba ihlabathi, ngakumbi i-United States, ngoku liza kubamba isandla ekulikhupheni kumngxunya walo wezoqoqosho?
I-Pink Wave engeyiyo
Ekhohlo kunokubonakala ngathi kuhambo lwaseLatin America, kodwa ujongo olusondeleyo kwiziphumo zonyulo lwakutsha nje lubonisa umfanekiso owahlukileyo.
EBrazil, uJair Bolsonaro obambe iphiko lasekunene bekufanele ukuba woyisiwe kunyulo lukamongameli kunyaka ophelileyo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, "uTrump wetropiki" wayeyongamele intlekele ye-Covid-19 eyashiya iBrazil. kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi jikelele (emva kweUnited States) kwinani labantu ababulawa ngulo bhubhani. Wayeqale wabaleka kwi- iqonga lokulwa norhwaphilizo, kodwa ulawulo lwakhe lwaluxhaphakile ulawulo olugwenxa lwezoqoqosho ukuze, ekugqibeleni, imke Bolsonaro ngasemva kwemivalo. Kwaye endaweni yokuqinisekisa abantu baseBrazil ukuba uzibophelele kwidemokhrasi, waphinda wancoma ulawulo lobuzwilakhe osele luhambile ilizwe, nkqu. ukubuyisela izikhumbuzo yemini imikhosi exhobileyo yathimba ngayo ngo-1964.
Akukhona nje ukuba uBolsonaro waphantse wambetha uLula - umda wokunqoba wawungaphantsi kwe-2% - i-Liberal Party yakhe yandisa isiseko sayo samandla esele sinomdla kwi-bicameral Congress yelizwe. Kwaye iBrazil yayingekuphela kwelizwe kummandla apho ilungelo elikude lasondela ekuphumeleleni. Amaqela asekunene aphantse aphumelela kunyulo lonyaka ophelileyo eChile naseColombia.
Kwaye wonke lo mmandla awufani neparadesi epinki. E-El Salvador, i-populist yasekunene uNayib Bukele uye watsala uPutin ngokwandisa ulawulo lwakhe kuwo omathathu amasebe karhulumente. I-Uruguay, yakha yahlala i-leftist enclave, itshintshiwe ukuya ekunene kunyulo luka-2020, njengoko kwenza i-Ecuador ngo-2021. Kwaye u-Pedro Castillo owayengumongameli wasekhohlo, umongameli onyulwe wasePeru ngaloo nyaka, ngoku uhleli entolongweni emva kokugxothwa kwakhe emva kokuzama ukubhukuqa. Ngeli xesha, ngokokuvota kwamva nje, oyena mntu wezopolitiko unokuthatha indawo yorhulumente wasekunene eGuatemala, Zury Rios, intombi yozwilakhe odumileyo uRios Montt, ungaphaya ngasekunene.
Ukongeza, oorhulumente abathathu ekucingelwa ukuba basekhohlo - iCuba, iNicaragua, kunye neVenezuela - eneneni ngoorhulumente abacinezelekileyo abavalele abantu abaphikisayo, ekhohlo nasekunene. Abanye oorhulumente basekhohlo babhekisa kwelo cala ngokunjalo, kunye noLuis Arce waseBolivia kutshanje ukubamba imbangi yakhe enkulu kunye ne-AMLO yaseMexico ukubuyisela imali iqumrhu elijongene nolonyulo.
Ngeli xesha, eArgentina, uMongameli u-Alberto Fernandez, okhokela umbindi wePeronist-ekhohlo kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli uCristina Kirchner, ubone ukuthandwa kwakhe kwehla ngokukhawuleza. Iqela lakhe, enyanisweni, ulahlekelwe lixesha elikhulu kunyulo lwaphakathi kwikota ka-2021, kunye ne-67% yabantu baseArgentina ngoku iimbono ezingathandekiyo ngaye kunyulo oluzayo ngo-Oktobha.
Ityala lase-Argentina lisisikhumbuzo sokuba into enokubonakala ngathi "i-pink wave" okanye "i-counter-pink wave" ngumsindo nje ngokuchasene nabo babambeleyo. Abantu baseLatin America "baphose iibums ngaphandle" ngaphakathi I-15 kunyulo oludlulileyo lwe-15. Njengakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabavoti ibambe abavoti kwibhodi yonke benoxanduva lokusilela kohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho ukuzisa impumelelo. Iipopulists zasekunene nazo zisebenzise ipolitiki yentiyo - ngokuchaseneyo abafuduki, i Uluntu lwe-LGBT, abafazi, i zomthonyama, yaye abantu bomnombo waseAfrika - ukukhawulezisa ukunyuka kwabo, ngoncedo olukhulu oluvela kwiintanethi zentlalo kunye neendaba ezilungileyo. Njengase-United States, oku kuphindezelana kwabantu abaMhlophe, abangamadoda, nokucaphukela amafanasini sele kuqalile ukudityaniswa nengqumbo yezoqoqosho eviwa ngabo bonke abo badityaniswayo behlabathi. ushiyeke emva.
Yiloo nto eyenza umzekelo waseColombia uxabiseke kakhulu: yinto ekhethekileyo, kungekhona umthetho. Ekuphela kwenkokeli esondelayo nguGabriel Boric eChile. Emva kokuba etyumbe ugqirha wemozulu ukuba abe ngumphathiswa wendalo, u-Boric uzibophelele ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokufumana. ezintsha, ubomi obuzinzileyo kwabo โbakwiindawo zamadiniโ zelizwe. Kodwa akazibophelelenga kangako ekubekeni iChile njengomthengisi ohamba phambili we-lithium, eyona nxalenye iphambili kwiibhetri ze-ion ezitshajwayo, ukutsalwa kwayo kubeka ingozi enkulu. imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo neyentlalo. KwiLatin America, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izinto ezifana ne-lithium ziyinkosi. Phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2014, amazwe ayo nandipha imveliso yorhwebo eye yaphakamisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwaye yakhuthaza ukukhula (nangona inganelanga ukuvala umsantsa wezoqoqosho noMntla otyebileyo).
I-China, eyathatha kuphela i-1% ye-Latin America yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngo-2000, kodwa ngoku ithatha phantse I-15% yabo, ibikhuthaza ummandla ukuba unyuse utsalo. Okwangoku, eMzantsi Melika iqabane eliphambili lezorhwebo - kunye nenombolo yesibini yeLatin America iyonke - iChina ifuna izinto eziluhlaza njengeoyile, ubhedu, kunye neembotyi zesoya ukondla amashishini kunye nabantu bayo. Ikwanyuse ukuthengwa kwemathiriyeli ebalulekileyo kwiimveliso zamandla ahlaziyekayo njenge lithium iibhetri kunye isarha kwiincakuba zeinjini yomoya.
"Imithambo evulekileyo yaseLatin America" โโumbhali waseUruguay uEduardo Galeano ibhalwe ngobuchule kudala kakhulu ukopha kakhulu yi China.
Ummelwane oLungileyo oLuhlaza?
ILatin America ayingomboneleli nje wezinto ezikrwada zotshintsho lwamandla eTshayina nakuMntla wehlabathi. Iphakathi kwenguquko yayo. Enyanisweni, ngoku iyakha Umthamo welanga ophindwe kane kuneManyano yaseYurophu kwaye ngoko kudala isiseko sesiseko samandla amatsha ekufuneka sinyuse nge-70% isixa sombane wombane welanga esiya kubonelela kummandla. Yongeza amandla omoya kunye nomthamo ohlaziyekayo usetelwe ukonyuka nge-460% eyothusayo yi 2030.
Uninzi lwesi sikhundla, nangona kunjalo, lugxile kumazwe ambalwa akhokelwa yiBrazil, Colombia, kunye neChile. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abo bathathu, kunye neMexico kunye nePeru, banoxanduva lwe-97% yomthamo welanga owongezelelweyo. Utshintsho lwamandla oluzinzileyo, ngamanye amazwi, lusongela ukwahlula ummandla ube yiblokhi ecocekileyo ekhulayo kunye nesemdaka kakhulu.
Kulapho iUnited States inokungena khona.
Kwi-1930s, ulawulo lukaMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt luveze indlela entsha yeLatin America: iPolisi yommelwane olungileyo. Ukubuyisela umva inkulungwane yokugxuphuleka kwe-US, loo mgaqo-nkqubo mtsha wagxininisa ukungangeneleli kunye nokungaphazamisi kulo mmandla, ngelixa ukhuthaza urhwebo kunye nokhenketho ngakumbi. Noko ke, kwakungekho nto iphosakeleyo ngaloo nto. URoosevelt wayefuna ukuvula iLatin America ukuya kumazwe angaphandle e-US, afumane ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye kamva akhusele inkxaso yakhe kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi.
Namhlanje, ucelomngeni olwahlukileyo lufuna ukuba iUnited States idibanise izixhobo ngamandla ngakumbi nabamelwane bayo abasemazantsi. Amazwe aseYurophu atsala kunye ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu nge Isivumelwano seGreen yaseYurophu. IWashington kufuneka izame ukwenza okufanayo neLatin America.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-China icela umngeni kwi-US yokulawula kwezoqoqosho kwindawo yayo engasemva, ngelixa ikhulisa urhwebo apho ngesantya esimangalisayo. Yathumela zigidi zeedola kuncedo kunye nemali-mboleko kummandla ekuphakameni kobhubhane we-Covid kunye etyalwe ngokuthe ngqo imali eninzi njengoko inakho kwiManyano yaseYurophu.
Ukubhalisa abantu baseMelika baseLatin America kumzabalazo oqhelekileyo-okanye nokuba bahlale befanelekile-iWashington kufuneka inike into eyahlukileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iintshukumo zolawulo lwe-Biden ziye zathozama. Kuyinyani, icele i-2.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kuncedo lommandla ngo-2023, i kakhulu kwishumi leminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, thelekisa oko kwi-3.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kuncedo lonyaka lwasemkhosini i-US ithumela ku-Israel kuphela okanye I-75 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kuncedo ithunyelwe eUkraine kulo nyaka uphelileyo.
Lixesha lokuba abalawuli beBiden bazise uMgaqo-nkqubo wobumelwane oLungileyo ojolise ekwenzeni iColombia ibe ngumthetho, hayi ngaphandle. I-Latin America iyonke idinga ukuguquka ukusuka kumafutha e-fossil kunye ne-United States inokukhawulezisa loo nkqubo ngokuxhasa ingxowa-mali ye-Green infrastructure. Yibize i-Green Road Initiative (ngokungafaniyo ne-China's Belt and Road Initiative).
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abalawuli benze izithembiso ezithile. Unobhala welizwe uAntony Blinken ba thembisa kunyaka ophelileyo ukuba iUnited States yayiza kunceda lo mmandla ufezekise โukukhula ngokulingana.โ Ngokutsho kwengxelo yakutshanje, inguqu yamandla ezinzileyo kwiLatin America inokuthi yenza ngaphezulu kwe-10% imisebenzi emininzi ngo-2030, ukuguqula amazwi kaBlinken abe yinyani. Ulawulo naye uthembisile ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo zexesha elizayo aziyi kuba namalungiselelo - afunyenwe kwizinto ezininzi zangoku - ezivumela iinkampani ukuba zimangalele oorhulumente ngemimiselo echaphazela imigqaliselo yabo ephantsi. Ibhanki ebalulekileyo yommandla wonke, okwangoku, i ukuqala ukuxhasa ngakumbi iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo zohlaza.
Kodwa zonke ezi, ngeyona ndlela, ngamanyathelo angamasiqingatha. Ukuba abalawuli beBiden bebefuna ngokwenene ukwenza umahluko, bekuya kudala iBhanki eluhlaza ukuncedisa ngemali inguqu yamandla aseLatin America, ngelixa ihlengahlengiswa - okanye ngcono, irhoxisa - amatyala athe aqhwalelisa iinzame ezifana nezeColombia zokuxhasa ngemali inguqu enkulu yezoqoqosho. . Esi sicwangciso sommandla sinokubandakanya abangaphandle abangekho mthethweni njengeCuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, kunye neVenezuela. NjengaseTshayina, intsebenziswano eluhlaza ayifuni mvumelwano kuluhlu lokukhangela imiba nangaphezu kokuba izivumelwano zolawulo lwezixhobo kunye neSoviet Union zazifuna imvumelwano ngamalungelo oluntu ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo.
Oku asikokuzicingela. Njengakwixesha likaRoosevelt, ukuphumelela ngakumbi kunye nokusingqongileyoly Uzinzo i-Latin America ayinakufane ithumele amaza abaphambukeli e-United States, ngelixa kuyilwa iimarike ezininzi zempahla yase-U.S. Owu, kwaye iya kuqinisekisa ukuncitshiswa okungaphezulu kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwihlabathi liphela ukuze mhlawumbi, mhlawumbi, iFlorida inganyamalali elwandle.
IKholombiya lilizwe elincinci, elikrwada elijongene nezinto ezingathandekiyo ezinde njenge-injini encinci ecinga ukuba inakho, icinga ukuba ingakwazi, icinga ukuba ingakwaziโฆ
Kodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngokwenene kuyenzeka, ukuba olo tshintsho lukhulu luya kuze lwenzeke, uncedo luyafuneka yaye kungekudala. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kunikwe umthetho wesibini wemingxuma: nangona xa uyeka ukumba, usephantsi.
Utyhala olunamandla oluvela kummelwane olungileyo oluhlaza lunokunceda iColumbia-kunye nathi sonke-siqale ukunyuka sinyuke iindawo eziphakamileyo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela