IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zabiza iinkomfa ezingama-27 ezingokutshintsha kwemozulu. Phantse kumashumi amathathu eminyaka, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwadibana kwindawo eyahlukileyo minyaka le ukuze ludibanise ubulumko bayo, izixhobo, kunye nokuzimisela ukulungisa le ngxaki yehlabathi. Ezi Ngqungquthela zamaQela (COPs) zivelise izivumelwano ezibalulekileyo, ezifana neParis Accords ka-2015 ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwaye kutshanje eSharm el-Sheikh iLass & Damage Fund ukunceda amazwe ngoku afumana impembelelo enkulu yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ukanti isoyikiso sokutshintsha kwemozulu siye sakhula ngakumbi. Ngo-2022, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ikhule phantse ngesi-2 ekhulwini.
Oku kusilela asikokuswela amaziko. Kukho i-UN Environment Programme (UNEP), ejongene nenkimbinkimbi yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neeprotocol, inceda ukuphumeza ukuxhaswa kwemozulu, kunye nokulungelelanisa kunye nezinye ii-arhente ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo (SDGs). I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change idibanise zonke iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zenzululwazi kunye neengcebiso. I-Green Climate Fund izama ukuhambisa izixhobo kumazwe asaphuhlayo ukuqhubela phambili utshintsho lwamandla. IQonga eliKhulu lezoQoqosho kuMandla kunye neMozulu, eliqale ngo-2020 ngokuphembelela ulawulo lwe-Biden, beligxile ekunciphiseni imethane. Amaziko ezemali kumazwe ngamazwe afana neBhanki yehlabathi anabasebenzi bawo abazinikele kwiinzame zokutshintsha amandla ehlabathi.
Sekunjalo, ngaphandle okuphawulekayo kwe umzamo wehlabathi wokulungisa i-ozone layer, amaziko amaninzi awazange aguqulelwe kwiziphumo ezingcono.
Malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, uthi uMiriam Lang. unjingalwazi wezifundo zokusingqongileyo kunye nozinzo kwi-Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar e-Ecuador kunye nelungu le ISivumelwano sezoQoqosho kunye neNkcubeko yaseMzantsi, โkubonakala ngathi okukhona sisazi ngakumbi, kokukhona singakwazi ukuthabatha amanyathelo asebenzayo. Kunokuthethwa okufanayo ngelahleko ekhawulezileyo yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Siphila kwixesha lokuphela kwabantu abaninzi, kwaye kukho inkqubela encinci kwinqanaba lolawulo ngaphandle kweenjongo ezininzi ezilungileyo. โ
Esona sizathu siphambili sokungaphumeleli kwamanyathelo adibeneyo kukwala okuzingileyo ukucinga ngaphaya korhulumente wesizwe. UJayati Ghosh, unjingalwazi wezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts Amherst uthi: โKuyamangalisa ukuba ubuhlanga buye bagqugqisa xa imingeni esijongene nayo ikwihlabathi liphela. โSiyazi ukuba ezi ngxaki azinakulawulwa ngaphakathi kwimida yelizwe. Ukanti oorhulumente nabantu bamazwe baqhubeka beyijonga le ntlekele njengeendlela isizwe esinye esinokuthi singenelwe ngaso ngokucinezela elinye.โ
Ngaba amaziko asele ekho anokuguqulwa ukuba alungise ngokwaneleyo iingxaki zehlabathi zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho? Okanye ngaba sifuna amaziko ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo?
Olunye ucelomngeni yimali. "Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo kuwo onke amanqanaba iyimfuneko ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ulawulo lwemozulu kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo," utsho uJens Martens, umlawuli olawulayo we IForam yoMgaqo-nkqubo weHlabathi laseYurophu. โKwinqanaba lehlabathi, oku kufuna inkxaso-mali eqikelelwayo nethembekileyo kwinkqubo ye-UN. Igalelo lilonke elivavanyiweyo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluqhelekileyo lwe-UN ngo-2022 lalimalunga ne-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Xa kuthelekiswa, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesiXeko saseNew York kuphela lungaphezu kweebhiliyoni zeerandi ezili-100.โ
Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yoku kunqongophala kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, amaziko ezizwe ngezizwe aye athembela ngakumbi koko akubiza ngokuba โkukudityaniswa kwabantu abaninzi.โ Ngapha koko, iinzame zokuzisa amanye amazwi ekwenziweni komgaqo-nkqubo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazweโโabachaphazelekayoโ abahlukahlukeneyoโuvakala njengedemokhrasi. Ukubandakanywa koluntu kunye nokunyakaza okuthandwayo ngokuqinisekileyo kuyisinyathelo esifanelekileyo, njengoko kubandakanywa iimbono zabafundi.
Kodwa ukuba ngamalungu amaninzi kukwathetha ukuzisa ushishino, kwaye iinkampani zinemali kungekuphela nje ukubhala phantsi kweentlanganiso zehlabathi kodwa nokumisela iziphumo.
โBendiseSharm el-Sheikh ngoNovemba,โ ukhumbula oko uMadhuresh Kumar, itshantliziyo lomphandi waseIndiya elizinze eParis njengoMntu oMkhulu kwi-Atlantic Institute. โSamkelwa kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ngebhena ebhalwe โWelcome to Cop 27.โ Kwaye idwelise amaqabane aphambili: Vodaphone, Microsoft, Boston Consulting Group, IBM, Cisco, Coca Cola njalo njalo. Uninzi lwamaziko eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ajongene nengxaki yemali eyandayo. Kodwa le ngxaki yemali ayikho eyona nto iphambili kulo mba. Iyamangalisa indlela ngenxa yomanyano lwabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, oluthe lwavela kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo, amaqumrhu abambe amaziko ahlukeneyo, indawo yolawulo lwehlabathi, kunye nee-NGO ezinkulu zaMazwe ngaMazwe.โ Wongeza oko Ngama-630 abaxhasi bamandla babhaliswe kwi-COP 27, ukunyuka kwama-25 ekhulwini kwintlanganiso yonyaka ophelileyo.
Imingeni ejongene nolawulo lwehlabathi yaziwa kakuhle, nokuba bubuzwe, inkxaso-mali, okanye ukubanjwa kweenkampani. Okungacaci kangako yindlela yokoyisa le mingeni. Ngaba amaziko asele ekho anokuguqulwa ukuba alungise ngokwaneleyo iingxaki zehlabathi zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho? Okanye ngaba sifuna amaziko ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo? Le yimibuzo eyaphendulwa ku i-webinar yakutsha nje kulawulo lwehlabathi ixhaswa yiGlobal Just Transition.
Iintsilelo zehlabathi
Ukuguqula inkqubo yangoku yolawulo lwehlabathi malunga nemozulu, amandla, kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho kufana nokuzama ukulungisa inqanawa yolwandle evuze kaninzi embindini wohambo lwayo kungekho mhlaba ubonakalayo. Kodwa kukho i-twist eyongezelelweyo: onke amalungu eqela kufuneka avumelane malunga nezilungiso ezicetywayo.
UJayati Ghosh lilungu le-UN entsha IBhodi yeeNgcebiso ezikwiNqanaba eliPhezulu kwi-Multilateralism esebenzayo. UGhosh uthi: โUmceli mngeni ukwisihloko sawo kanye. "I-Multilateralism ngokwayo isengozini ngenxa yokuba khange isebenze. Kodwa kwakhona ukungalingani okuyenza ingasebenzi ayinakwenzeka ukuba iphele nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala. Sonke siyayazi le nto ebhodini. Kodwa ngaphandle kwentando yezopolitiko ebanzi, kukho umda kulo naliphi na icebiso lomntu okanye iqela. โ
Ukongeza kubuzwe, ukholelwa ukuba ezinye ii-isms ezine ezibanzi zithintele impendulo yentsebenziswano kwiingxaki zehlabathi ezijongene neplanethi. Thatha i-impiriyali, umzekelo, uGhosh akhetha ukuyichaza "njengomzabalazo wenkunzi enkulu kwimimandla yezoqoqosho xa ixhaswa yizizwe-zizwe. Sibona ubungqina baloo nto kwiinkxaso-mali eziqhubekayo zamafutha e-fossil okanye i-greenwashing yendalo, intlalo, kunye nolawulo lotyalo-mali (ESG). Ukukwazi kwenkunzi enkulu ukuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezopolitiko zelizwe kwiminqweno yazo ziqhubekile zingathinteli. Lo ngumqobo omkhulu wokwenza nantoni na enzulu malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu. โ
Ukulawula ixesha elifutshane ngomnye umqobo onjalo. Ekuvukeni kwemfazwe yaseUkraine, ukutya kunye neenkampani zamafutha zafuna ukwenza inzuzo kwixesha elifutshane ngokwenza imvakalelo yokunqongophala. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli kunye nokutya, amanqaku e-Ghosh, awadalwanga kakhulu yimiqobo ekuboneleleni, kodwa ngenxa yokungafezeki kweemarike kunye nokulawulwa kweemarike ngamaqumrhu amakhulu. Oko kwenza ingeniso yexesha elifutshane kwakhokelela kwizigqibo ezinombono omfutshane ngokulinganayo ngamazwe anamandla ukubuyisela izibophelelo zabo zemozulu zangaphambili kwaye benze izibophelelo ezimbalwa ezinjalo kwi-COP yokugqibela eYiputa. Abezopolitiko โbazirhoxisile ezo zibophelelo kuba banonyulo lwaphakathi enyakeni,โ utshilo. "Banexhala lokuba abavoti baya kuxhasa ilungelo elikude, ke bathi kufuneka benze nantoni na ukunyusa amafutha."
Udidi, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungalingani, luye lwathintela isenzo esisebenzayo. "Ehlabathini lonke, iipesenti ze-10 eziphezulu, izityebi, zijongene nesinye kwisithathu ukuya ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-carbon," uGhosh uthi. โNangaphakathi kumazwe injalo. Izityebi zinamandla okuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kazwelonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayaqhubeka nokuthatha isixa sebhajethi yekhabhoni yehlabathi. โ
Okokugqibela, ukhomba "i-status-quo-ism," apho ethetha ubuzwilakhe bokwakha uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe, kungekuphela nje ubume bomthetho kunye nolawulo kodwa kunye nezivumelwano zehlabathi kunye namaziko anxulumeneyo. โNgenene kufuneka siyithathele ingqalelo indima edlalwe ngamaziko ezemali kumazwe ngamazwe, nguMbutho weHlabathi woRhwebo, iibhanki zophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nemithetho-siseko esemthethweni efana nezivumelwano zentsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho kunye nezivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini ezithintela ngokwenene oorhulumente ekwenzeni okuthile malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu,โ uyaxoxa. .
Enye yeendlela zokusombulula ingakumbi le miqobo mine yokugqibela kukubuyisela umva ushishino lwabucala. "Ushishino lwabucala kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo belubaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni ukungalingani kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enobunkunkqele kwihlabathi liphela," uqukumbela ngelithi uGhosh. Ubongoza ukuba kubuyiswe izinto eziluncedo, i-cyberspace, nkqu nomhlaba kuluntu.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhona koPhuhliso oluZinzileyo
Kwi-2015, i-UN ivume iinjongo ze-17 zophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ezi SDGs ziquka izithembiso zokuphelisa intlupheko nendlala, ukulwa nokungalingani ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazwe, ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu kunye nokukhuthaza ukulingana ngokwesini, nokukhusela iplanethi kunye nemithombo yayo yendalo. Kodwa utshintsho lwemozulu, i-COVID, kunye neengxabano ezifana nemfazwe yaseUkraine zonke ziye zatyhalela phambili iithagethi ze-SDG ukusuka ekufikeleleni-kwaye zazenza. zibiza kakhulu ukuphumelela.
UJens Martens uthi: โUkuphunyezwa kwe-ajenda ka-2030 ayingombandela nje wemigaqo-nkqubo engcono. โIingxaki zangoku zokukhula kokungalingani kunye neemodeli ezingazinzanga zokusetyenziswa kunye nemveliso ziqhagamshelene ngokunzulu nemigangatho enamandla kunye namaziko. Uhlaziyo lomgaqo-nkqubo luyimfuneko, kodwa alwanelanga. Kuya kufuna utshintsho olungakumbi kwindlela kunye nalapho amandla anikezelwe khona. Uhlaziyo olulula lwesoftware alwanelanga. Kufuneka sijonge kwakhona kwaye silungise izixhobo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo. "
Ngokuphathelele kulawulo, oku kuthetha ukomeleza iindlela ezisuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. "Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kulawulo olusebenzayo lwehlabathi kukunqongophala kokuhambelana kwinqanaba likazwelonke," uyaqhubeka uMartens. โNaliphi na ilinge lokudala amaziko ehlabathi asebenza ngakumbi aliyi kusebenza ukuba alibonakali kumaqabane asebenzayo elizwe. Umzekelo, okoko nje abaphathiswa bezendalo bebuthathaka kwinqanaba likazwelonke asinakulindela ukuba i-UNEP yomelele kwinqanaba lehlabathi. โ
Amaziko omelele asekhaya nawesizwe, nangona kunjalo, asebenza ngaphakathi koko uMartens akubiza ngokuba "yindawo ekhubazayo" apho, umzekelo, "indlela ye-IMF ye-neoliberal ibonakalise ukuba ayihambelani nempumelelo yee-SDGs kunye neenjongo zemozulu kumazwe amaninzi. Izindululo ze-IMF kunye neemeko mboleko zikhokelele ekwenyukeni kokungalingani kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. " Okunye okubangela ukuba kuthintelwe amandla angalinganiyo asetyenziswa ngamaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe. โOmnye umzekelo obalaseleyo yinkqubo yokusonjululwa kweNgxwabangxwaba yoMtyali-mali, enika abatyali-mali ilungelo lokumangalela oorhulumente, ngokomzekelo, ngemigaqo-nkqubo yendalo enciphisa ingeniso,โ utshilo. "Le nkqubo ijongela phantsi amandla oorhulumente ekuphumezeni imithetho eyomeleleyo yasekhaya yemizi-mveliso yefosili okanye ukuphelisa izibonelelo zefosili."
Ukuphucula ukuhambelana kuthetha ukomeleza imibutho ye-UN efana ne IQonga lezoPolitiko elikwiNqanaba eliPhezulu kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo, enoxanduva lokuphonononga kunye nokulandela ii-SDGs. Uthi: โXa kuthelekiswa neBhunga lezoKhuseleko okanye iBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu, iHLPF isebuthathaka kakhulu. โIdibana kuphela iintsuku ezisibhozo ngonyaka. Inohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluncinci kwaye akukho gunya lokuthatha izigqibo. "
Amanye amaziko ongezelelweyo ayafuneka ukuze avale izikhewu kulawulo lwehlabathi jikelele, njenge-Intergovernmental Tax Body phantsi kwe-United Nations, eya kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwe angamalungu e-UN, kungekhona kuphela izityebi, athatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo kuhlaziyo lweMithetho yerhafu yehlabathi. Esinye isindululo esisoloko sikhankanywa inokuba liziko ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-UN elizimeleyo kubo bobabini abatyalwayo kunye nabanamatyala ukuququzelela uhlengahlengiso lwamatyala.
Konke oku kufuna inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo. Malunga ne-40 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi iya kwimisebenzi yophuhliso yee-arhente ze-UN, uMartens uthi, โkodwa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sezi mali zizixhobo ezingezizo ezingundoqo ezibekelwe ukunceda umntu ngamnye. Oko kuthetha ukuba eyona nto iphambili kubaxhasi abazizityebi.โ I-UNEP, okwangoku, ifumana nje i-25 yezigidi zeedola kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluqhelekileyo lwe-UN, malunga ne-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwaye ingabandakanyi. iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kwimisebenzi efana nokugcina uxolo kunye nemisebenzi yokunceda uluntu.
Inkxaso-mali engaphezulu yedemokhrasi iya kuba nenzuzo yecala yokunciphisa ukuthembela kwiziseko kunye negalelo lenkampani, "enciphisa ukuguquguquka kunye nokuzimela kwayo yonke imibutho ye-UN," uqukumbela.
Ukujongana neMultistakeholderism
Enye indlela amaziko ehlabathi ayithathileyo ukulungisa ukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali โkukusebenzisana kwabantu abaninzi.โ Njengamaqumrhu atyhala ushishino lwabucala kwinqanaba lesizwe ngeengxoxo malunga nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamashishini karhulumente okanye urhulumente wolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni, abameli bamanyathelo oluntu oluninzi (MSI) bakhomba ukusilela kwamaziko oluntu ehlabathi ukujongana neengxaki ezifanayo njengesizathu sokubandakanyeka okukhulu kweshishini. . Enyanisweni, oku iyabila kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezithengela izihlalo ezingaphezulu etafileni.
UMadhuresh Kumar uvelise i incwadi yakutshanje kunye noMary Ann Manahan ejonga indlela umanyano lwabantu abaninzi oluye lwavela ngayo kumacandelo amahlanu aphambili: imfundo, impilo, indalo, ezolimo, kunye nonxibelelwano. Kwicandelo lamahlathi, umzekelo, bajonge amanyathelo afana neTropical Forest Alliance, iGlobal Commons Alliance, kunye neForest for Life Partnership. "Sifumene ukuba kwishumi leminyaka yabo yokuqala, amalinge aseke ingxaki ngokuthetha ukuba amaziko ahlukeneyo ayasilela kwaye yiyo loo nto sifuna izisombululo," utshilo. Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yehlabathi yezinto eziluhlaza, ngakumbi kumxholo "woqoqosho oluluhlaza," bekukho nemfuno enkulu yokulawula amashishini. Icandelo elihlangeneyo liphendule ngamaphulo agxininisa "uxanduva" lwemigodi, amahlathi, njalo njalo.
La manyathelo okuqala equmrhu โanoxanduvaโ ajikeleze izisombululo โezisekwe kwindaloโ ezixhomekeke kwiimarike ukuze โzifumane ixabiso elililo.โ UKumar uthi โembindini wezi zisombululo zobuxoki, 'zisekelwe kwindalo' ezikhuthazwa yi-MSI yingcinga yokuba ukuba indalo ayinaxabiso, abantu abakhuthazwa ukuba bayikhathalele, kufuneka sisebenzise indalo kwaye kwakhona yibuyisele. Ngokomzekelo, ii-carbon offsets, ziphuma kumgaqo wokuba unokuqhubeka uvelisa ikharbhon eninzi kangangoko ufuna ukuba nje utyala eminye imithi kwenye indawo.โ
Ngokwale ngqiqo, indalo inokunikwa amaxabiso ngokweenkonzo โzendaloโ ezahlukahlukeneyo. Uqhuba athi: โIinkonzo ze-ecosystem ezilishumi elinesixhenxe zichongiwe kunye ne-16 biomes. Bebonke banexabiso eliqikelelweyo le-16-54 yeetriliyoni zeedola. Ukuba zinokuvulwa, umbono kukuba le mali inokubekwa ekusombululeni ingxaki yemozulu. Kodwa asiyi kuyibona loo mali. Ekugqibeleni, into eqala phantsi ayizukunceda uluntu lwethu. โ
Ayiyondalo kuphela ethengisiweyo kodwa ulwazi ngokwalo, umzekelo ngamalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda. โNgokonyukayo, sinemithetho engqongqo kakhulu kunye neenkqubo ezingqongqo ezikhokelela ekugxininiseni kolwazi nakwiinkampani ezinkulu ezamkela ulwazi lwemveli,โ utshilo uJayati Ghosh.
Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-MSI kugxininiso kulungiso lwezobuchwepheshe, njengetekhnoloji yokubamba i-carbon, i-geoengineering, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zamandla e-hydrogen. โOku kuphambukisa ingqwalasela eninzi kubulungisa bemozulu,โ utshilo uKumar. โIkwanefuthe kuluntu lwemveli. Ngokomzekelo, iOne Trillion Trees Initiative exhaswa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ikhuthaza ukulima into enye, ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokugxothwa kwabemi bomthonyama nabanye abaninzi.โ
Ukungavunyelwa kwabantu bomthonyama kukhathaza kakhulu. UMiriam Lang uthi: โAbemi bomthonyama banoxanduva lokulondoloza ama-80 ekhulwini ezityalo nezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisekho nanamhlanje, nto leyo engqinwa nayiBhanki yehlabathi. โNangona kunjalo, ngandlelโ ithile senza yonke into ukudelela, ukwenza buthathaka, kunye nokusongela iindlela zokuphila zabantu bomthonyama. Sisaphatha abantu bomthonyama ngokucwangcisiweyo njengabahluphekayo nabadinga uphuhliso. Siyathandabuza ukuqinisekisa ngamalungelo abo omhlaba, amalungelo abo kumanzi acocekileyo, amalungelo abo ehlathini apho bahlala khona. Endaweni yoko, sicebisa ukuba sibahlawule imali yokubuyisela ilahleko yabo, nto leyo eyenye indlela yokwenza buthathaka umbutho wabo wentlalontle kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo. Ibangela iyantlukwano ize ibatsalele ekuthengeni izinto ezithengwayo, ekukhetheni abantu ngabanye, nakushishino: kanye kwezo nkalo zobukapitali eziye zabangela ukuwohloka kwemekobume okukhoyo ngoku.โ
Ukongeza kwiinkampani, ii-NGOs ezinkulu ezifana neWorld Wildlife Fund, kunye nabaxhasi bezimali abakhulu abafana noMichael Bloomberg, uKumar uthi "i-UN ibithatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela kuyo yonke le nto. Amandla azinzileyo kubo bonke, enye i-MSI, yaqalwa nguNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Ban Ki-Moon ngo-2011 njengempendulo kwingxelo eyenziwe liqela lamazwe. Kodwa i-Sustainable Energy for All kamva yafumana isikhundla esizimeleyo esizimeleyo apho i-UN ingenalo ulawulo. I-UN General Assembly idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni i-ajenda kunye nokubeka imigangatho. Kodwa ke la maziko, afana ne-Renewable Energy kunye ne-Energy Efficiency Partnership, eyaqala ukuxhaswa yi-UNIDO, kamva yaphuma yodwa, ingabinaxanduva, kwaye iwela kumaqumrhu. "
Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi
Ngo-1974, i-UN yabhengeza uMyalelo oMtsha woQoqosho lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ukukhulula amazwe kubukoloniyali boqoqosho kunye nokuxhomekeka kuqoqosho lwehlabathi olungalinganiyo. Amazwe asakhasayo ayemanyene ngokungaqhelekanga ekuxhaseni iNIEO. Nangona ezinye iinkalo ze-NIEO zinokubonwa kwi-Ajenda ka-2030, inzame ayizange iguqulele kulo naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu kumaziko e-Bretton Woods-IMF, iBhanki yehlabathi-eyakha i-architecture yemali yehlabathi.
โIsizathu sokuba sibe neemfuno ze-NIEO kanye kukuba amazwe asakhasayo avakalelwa kukuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi alulunganga okanye alunobulungisa,โ utshilo uJayati Ghosh. โEwe, yayilixesha lokufikelela ngakumbi kumaziko athile. Kodwa okunye ukungalingani esithetha ngako kurhwebo okanye kwezemali okanye kwitekhnoloji kwakukho nalapho. Ewe kunjalo, kukwayinyani ngokupheleleyo ukuba i-neoliberal globalization yezemali izenze zaba mandundu iimeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Kodwa ndingayibeka ngakumbi malunga nokuphakama kwenkunzi enkulu ngaphezu kwakhe wonke umntu. โ
Kwakhona, iUnited States kunye ne-European Union ziyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla angalinganiyo: ukutyumba iinkokeli zeBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF kunye nokulawula uninzi lweevoti kula maziko. UMiriam Lang uthi: โAmazwe anengeniso ephakathi nephantsi, abumba ama-85 ekhulwini abemi behlabathi, anesabelo esincinane kuphela. โKukwakho ukungalingani okucacileyo kobuhlanga okudlalwa ngeevoti zabantu bebala elixabisa iqhezu nje lamaqabane abo. Ukuba oku bekunjalo nakweliphi na ilizwe, besingakubiza ngokuba lucalucalulo. Ukanti, njengoko isazi ngembali yezoqoqosho uJason Hickel ebonisa, uhlobo oluthile localucalulo lusebenza kanye kulawulo lwezoqoqosho lwezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje yaye luye lwamkelwa njengento eqhelekileyo.โ
Amazwe asakhasayo kudala efuna uhlaziyo lolawulo lwezi IFIs. UJayati Ghosh uthi: โAmalungelo okuvota ayenikelwa ngenxa yesabelo selizwe kuqoqosho lwehlabathi norhwebo lwehlabathi. Kodwa oku kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwiinkcukacha zeminyaka yee-1940, kwaye ihlabathi liye latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngoko. Amazwe asakhasayo awandise ngokuphawulekayo isabelo sawo kuzo zombini, yaye amazwe athile abaluleke ngakumbi ngoxa inani lamazwe aseYurophu lingabalulekanga kangako.โ
Nangona utshintsho oluncinci kakhulu kulo lwabiwo lweevoti, i-United States kunye ne-European Union igcina uninzi lwamavoti kunye nesabelo sengonyama yempembelelo. โXa unenkupho entsha yamaLungelo aKhethekileyo oMzobo (ii-SDRs)โesithi thina ibikhona ngo-2021 nge-650 yeebhiliyoni zeerandiโ le mali yenziwe yi-IMF isasazwa ngokwesabelo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ilizwe eliphuhlayo alifumani kakhulu. Yaye ama-80 ekhulwini aya kumazwe angenakuze azisebenzise. Ke, yindlela engasebenziyo yokwandisa uqoqosho lwehlabathi. โ
โNgokucacileyo amazwe atyebileyo alawula la maziko awazukuncama amandla awo ngokulula,โ uqhube watsho. โBathintele zonke iinzame zokutshintsha kuba banamalungelo okuvota ngoku. Ke, ngaba uthi, โKulungile, masiyichithe yonke into kwaye siqale ngokutshaโ? Kodwa ke, ulenza njani iziko elitsha? Uyenza njani indlela yokusebenza yedemokhrasi encinci? "
Ukuba amazwe atyebileyo akayi kunikela amandla awo ngokuzithandela, kuya kufuneka anyanzelwe ukuba enze njalo. "Kufuneka ndivume: Ndibuhlungu kukungabikho kwesikhalo esidlangalaleni," wongeza uGhosh. โNakwelona phondo linenkqubela-phambili laseMassachusetts, apho ndifundisa khona, abantu bebengenakuzikhathaza koku. Ngokufanayo, eYurophu. Iintshukumo zabantu kufuneka zibonise ukuba oku kungachasananga njani nemidla yehlabathi elisaphuhlayo kuphela, kuchasene nokuzingca kwabantu abakumazwe atyebileyo ngokunjalo.โ
Ingxaki efanayo iyasebenza kumandla ezityebi kumazwe. "Kukho imfuneko yobulungisa berhafu kwinqanaba lehlabathi, kwaye kungekhona nje kumazwe atyebileyo kunye nabo bonke oorhulumente ababandakanyekayo ekubekeni imithetho yerhafu, ngakumbi ukusuka kumzantsi wehlabathi," kusho uJens Martens. โSinenkqubo yerhafu enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu elingaphantsi kakhulu kunolo sasinalo ngeminyaka yee-1970 okanye kwaneyee-1980. Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kutshanje luseke ubuncinane berhafu ye-15 ekhulwini kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe: eli linyathelo lokuqala elincinane kakhulu kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
โBesicebise ngeepesenti ezingama-25,โ wongeza uJayati Ghosh, โengumndilili werhafu yeshishini kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa ayikokunyuka kwamaxabiso erhafu kuphela. Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukwabiwa kwakhona. Iinkqubo zolawulo ziye zandisa kakhulu isabelo senzuzo yeenkampani ezinkulu. Ngaphambi kokuba sifike kwirhafu, kufuneka sijonge izizathu zokuba bakwazi ukufumana le ngeniso iphezulu kakhulu. Sibavumela ukuba benze inzuzo ngexesha lokunqongophala okanye ekucingelwa ukunqongophala. Sibavumela ukuba bacinezele imivuzo yabasebenzi. Sibavumela ukuba babambe iirenti ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ke, sidinga indibaniselwano yolawulo kunye nerhafu ukuze sibambe inkunzi enkulu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo eziveliswa ngabasebenzi ekugqibeleni zibuyela kubasebenzi nakuluntu luphela. โ
UMadhuresh Kumar uthi: โKule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, sikwazile ukwenza ezi nkampani zibe zintshatsheli. โKodwa namhlanje abajongwa njengabantu abakhohlakeleyo. Oorhulumente kuMntla wehlabathi jikelele naseMzantsi babanike iqonga. Kukho umbhiyozo othuleyo ukuba siyakwazi ukutshintshela ezi nkampani zisingise ekuboneleleni ngamandla ahlaziyekayo, athe awenza ngokwahlukana. Kodwa ukuba asikwazi ukutshintsha ukungalingani kwamandla, asizukufikelela nakuphi na ukulingana kulawulo lwehlabathi, kuyilo lwezemali, okanye naphi na. โ
Luvela Phi Utshintsho?
Ngo-Matshi ka-2022, u-Jayati Ghosh waqanjwa kwiBhodi entsha yeeNgcebiso zeNqanaba eliPhezulu kwi-Multilateralism esebenzayo eyenziwe nguNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres. Amalungu ebhodi alishumi elinesibini avela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neembono.
"Kufuneka sijonge ukuba zeziphi iikhomishini kunye neebhodi zeengcebiso ezinokufezekisa," uGhosh ubonisa. โSingacebisa. Sinokuthi yile nto sicinga ukuba kufuneka yenzeke, le yindlela esikholelwa ngayo ukuba ulwakhiwo lwemali lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lutshintshwe. Yonke enye into ixhomekeke kwintando yezopolitiko, engeyiyo nje oorhulumente ababona ukukhanya ngokukhawuleza kwaye balungile. Intando yezopolitiko kuxa oorhulumente benyanzelwa ukuba baphendule ebantwini. De kube oko kwenzeka, asizukufumana tshintsho nokuba zingaphi iibhodi ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neekhomishini eziza nengcebiso ezibalaseleyo esinokuvumelana nazo sonke. โ
Emva kwentlekele yezemali yehlabathi ka-2008-9, owayesakuba ngusoqoqosho weBhanki yeHlabathi uJoseph Stiglitz uye wakhokela ikhomishini eyakhiwe yi-UN. โIze nezindululo ezintle ngokwenene, ezisasebenza,โ ukhumbula uGhosh. Kodwa azizange ziphunyezwe. Abazange bacingelwe nokuqwalaselwa. Andazi ukuba kukho nabani na kwi-IFIs okhe wazikhathaza ngokuyifunda yonke loo ngxelo. โ
I-Multistakeholderism iye yaphakamisa iwonga leenkampani kwiingxoxo zemozulu ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Kodwa eli licebo elingalunganga. UJens Martens uthi: โXa iWorld Health Organization yathethathethana ngeNgqungquthela Yokulawula Icuba, yagqiba kwelokuba ingabandakanyi abo baphembelela iinkampani zecuba kwiingxoxo. โEkugqibeleni bavumelana ngendibano eyomeleleyo, esele ikho ngoku. Kutheni singenako ukweyisela oorhulumente bethu ukuba bangabandakanyi ii-lobbyists zefosili kwiingxoxo kwimozulu kuba kukho ukungqubana komdla? โ
Ekugqibeleni, uMartens akanathemba kangako: โNdibona uninzi lweentshukumo zentlalo ezenzeka kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo njengento echasene nobuzwe kunye nokungasebenzi koorhulumente bethu: NgoLwezihlanu kwiKamva, ukuQothulwa kwemvukelo, Imiba ebomnyama. Kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukubeka uxinzelelo koorhulumente bethu, kuba basabela kuphela kuxinzelelo oluvela ngaphantsi. โ
U-Jayati Ghosh ubona intshukumo elungileyo, ngakumbi malunga nendlela ekhulayo yokuvuma amalungelo endalo. Uthi: โI-Ecuador neBolivia zaquka amalungelo kaMama woMhlaba kwimigaqo-siseko yazo. โKodwa kukwakho nentshukumo yamaqela oluntu alwela amalungelo endalo kumazwe amaninzi kubandakanya neJamani. Ukuba indalo yinto yomthetho, ngoko ke sinokuba nezixhobo ezingcono zokukhusela indalo. Sikwanazo neengxoxo kwinqanaba lehlabathi malunga neendlela ezizezinye kwi-GDP ezigxile kwintlalontle. "
"Ngaba ihlabathi lingasindisa ihlabathi?" Uyabuza. โEwe, ihlabathi lingasindisa ihlabathi. Ngaba ihlabathi liza kulisindisa ihlabathi? Hayi, hayi ngokwexabiso langoku. Akunjalo ngaphandle kokuba abantu baphakame kwaye baqinisekise ukuba oorhulumente babo bayasebenza. โ
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