Umthombo: UMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kuGxininiso
Umviwa ngumzekelo wokuqala nowona uhlekisayo wokungabi namandla okucinga okulungileyo.
Kule 18th inoveli yenkulungwane kaVoltaire, i-naรฏf Candide ifumana ilishwa emva kwenye - ukuxhwilwa, ukuthuthunjiswa, inyikima. Sekunjalo ubambelele kwintanda-bulumko yomcebisi wakhe, uGqr. Pangloss, ogxininisa ukuba yonke into iyeyona ilungileyo kweli lizwe lihle kakhulu. Akuzange kubekho ukungafani okunjalo phakathi kwefilosofi kunye neenyani emhlabeni. Kusekupheleni kuphela apho uCandide owohlwaywayo ayala imbonakalo yehlabathi yePanglossian, amkele umlinganiselo othile wokwenyani, kwaye acuthe ujoliso lwakhe ekulimeni igadi yakhe.
UDonald Trump yi-anti-Pangloss. Nanjengoko eyonwabela yonke into yokuba yibhiliyoni kunye nomongameli, uhlala ekhumbuza abantu baseMelika ukuba bajongana neyona nto imbi kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoko uTrump wachazayo kwintetho yakhe yokuqala, iMelika lilizwe le "imbubhiso," enkosi kwiipolisi zangaphambi kwakhe. Ihlabathi elingaphaya kwemida yaseMelika linjalo ukoyikisa ngakumbi kwaye ifuna iindonga, ukuvalwa kokuhamba, kunye nesebe elitsha lomkhosi lokugada indawo. UTrump uthembisa ukwenza iMelika ibe ntle kwakhona, kodwa "ilizwe elinzulu," imithombo yeendaba yobuxoki, iHollywood enenkululeko, kunye noLebron James bayamthintela ekwenzeni oko.
Malunga nesinye kwisithathu saseMelika sikholelwa kumbono kaTrump we-dystopian wehlabathi. Wonke umntu ukholelwa ukuba uTrump ngokwakhe uyi-dystopia incarnate.
Nokuba uyamkhupha uTrump emfanekisweni (nceda!), Kukhangeleka ngathi umhlaba usuka kwenye intlekele usiya kwenye: ingxaki yezemali, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, izaqhwithi ezinkulu, iimfazwe ezoyikisayo, iimbacu eziphakamileyo, okunye ukuqhambuka kwe-Ebola, amazwe ahlulekileyo. , urhwaphilizo oluxhaphakileyo, ukucalulana kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.
Ngubani emhlabeni onokucinga ukuba eli lelona hlabathi libalaseleyo?
Ewe, uSteven Pinker, enye.
Ukhanyiso Ngoku
Kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo, isazi ngengqondo uSteven Pinker sathi, ngokuchaseneyo nobulumko obuqhelekileyo, ugonyamelo luya luphela: bambalwa abantu abafa emfazweni, kubuzwilakhe, kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nakwiingxabano zasekhaya. Wenza ityala elinamandla, nangona wabubetha ngoyaba ubundlobongela obenziwa ngamazwe edemokhrasi kunye noshishino. Njengoko ndibhale kweyam kwakhona kwincwadi yakhe, Iingelosi ezingcono zeNdalo yethu:
UPinker ungowokuKhanya, kwaye uyincoma kakhulu โimpucukoโ kuyo yonke incwadi yakhe. Kubonakala ngathi ulibele ukuba โimpucukoโ idla ngokuthabathelโ indawo olunye uhlobo logonyamelo lubeke olunye. Ubundlobongela bobukhosi obuphucukileyo, ugonyamelo lwelizwe eliphucukileyo, kunye nogonyamelo lwezoqoqosho oluphucukileyo lubeka ecaleni ubundlobongela basekuhlaleni. Izizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo zamaMerika Omthonyama azizange ziphile ngemvisiswano ncam ngaphambi kowe-1492, kodwa ukuziswa โkwempucukoโ kubemi bomthonyama kwaphakamisa ubukhulu bogonyamelo ukusuka kwiimfazwe ukuya kwimbubhiso. Singakuvuma ukuncitshiswa kobundlobongela kwiinkulungwane nanjengoko sihlala sithe ntsho malunga nomvuzo wempucuko.
I-Pinker ibuyile kwaye ngeli xesha ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo lwe-Enlightenment kunye nenguqu yayo yempucuko. Uyandisa ingxoxo yakhe malunga nobundlobongela ukuxoxa ukuba yonke into iya ibangcono. Kwi Ukhanyiso Ngoku, ukhala ngelithi iimpumlo zethu zikufuphi kakhulu nelitye lokusila ukuze sibone lo mfanekiso mkhulu.
U-Pinker uhambisa ubungqina obuninzi bokuxhasa ibango lakhe. Ubomi obulindelekileyo bunyukile. Ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo behlile. Inkqubela yenzululwazi yenze ubomi balula. Imilinganiselo yenkululeko yokunyamezelana iye yanda ngakumbi. Umoya, amanzi, kunye nomhlaba ziye zacoceka (ubuncinci ukusukela kwiRevolution Revolution). Ewe, kwaye ewe, ubundlobongela behlile.
Yonke enye into yiblip, ngokukaPinker. Izisongelo zangoku kwimilinganiselo yokuKhanya - iTump, uPutin, ukuphika kwemozulu, i-narcissistic super-rich, al-Qaeda kunye ne-Islamic State - zonke ezi ziya kudlula. I-Pinker ayihlukanga kangako kwi-Marxist yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini eyayikholelwa ukuba imbali iya kuvelisa ikamva eliqaqambileyo. Ifuna nje ukutyhala kancinci kwicala elifanelekileyo.
Ah, ukuba bekunjalo.
Indawo eyimfama eyimfama
Ndicinga ukuba kwakukho uSteven Pinker kulo lonke uluntu oludlulileyo malunga nokuphela. UMayan uSteven Pinker uxelele abantu bakowabo ukuba akukho nto inokukhathazeka ngayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, bekukho imvula encinci encinci Ukutyhubela iminyaka, kodwa uBukhosi bamaMaya babuphantse buneminyaka engama-700 ubudala kwaye ubomi buye baba ngcono kwaye bungcono. Ngokuqinisekileyo, imvula yayiza kuza kwaye izinto ziya kukhulaโฆ
I-Angkor Wat uSteven Pinker wayeya kuba nomdla imvula enkulu owawa phezu kobukumkani bamaKhmer, ngakumbi njengoko yena nezalamane zakhe babesandula ukubandezeleka ngenxa yembalela yabo etshabalalisayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakubonakala ngathi ezi mvula zinamandla zitshabalalisa isiseko sobukhosi, kodwa zaziza kwakha kwakhona, akunjalo, kanye njengoko zazihlala zisenza?
UmRoma uSteven Pinker wayeya kuncoma impumelelo enkulu yobukumkani kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kweempawu zamaRoma kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, zazikho izizwe eziziinjubaqa ezazithi ngamathuba athile zisihla zisuka emantla ziphange isixeko okanye ezibini. Kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukucinga ukuba isakhiwo sempucuko siya kudilika ezandleni zamabhari angonwabanga ...
Ngokunjalo, uSteven Pinker wanamhlanje uphonononga yonke imiqondiso kunye nemihlola yokungazinzi kokusingqongileyo. Yena imidlalo ephantsi ukuphela kobutyebi, ukuphela kwezilwanyana, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Akakwenzi nje oko ngenxa yokuba ziwenza ube nzima umbono wakhe ongayekeleliyo wekamva kodwa nangenxa yokuba ezi ngxaki zemekobume zingumphumo weengcamango zakhe ezixabisekileyo zoLwazi lwenkqubela.
Ingxaki yokusingqongileyo, ngamanye amazwi, inyanzelisa ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwazo zonke iinkomo ezingcwele zale mihla. Ezi ngxaki azinakwenziwa iPanglossed over. Njengoko uYoshuwa Rothman ubeka in INew Yorker: โI-Pinker inokuba ichane ngexesha elifutshane kodwa ayilunganga ekuhambeni kwexesha. Mhlawumbi ihlabathi liya lisiba ngcono, kodwa alikho ngcono ngokwaneleyo, okanye ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo.โ
Ukuqonda Yinto Yonke
Xa ndihamba kulo lonke elaseMpuma Yurophu ngo-2012-3 ukuze ndiqonde kutheni ixabiso lokuKhanya liyehla kuloo mmandla, ndandisoloko ndibuza abantu ukuba bacinga, phantse iminyaka engama-25 emva kokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin, iglasi yayizele sisiqingatha okanye ingenanto. Amanani acebisa ukuba bangcono: baphumelele ngakumbi, bedemokhrasi ngakumbi, besempilweni, banxibelelene nehlabathi ngokubanzi.
Ukanti, abantu abaninzi kulo mmandla babengayiboni ngaloo ndlela. Phantse isiqingatha sabantu baseRomania, ngokomzekelo, babekholelwa ukuba ubomi phantsi kukaNicolae Ceausescu babungcono kunexesha labo. uvoto ngo-2014. Ceausescu! Ngandlelโ ithile babekholelwa ukuba ubomi phantsi kobona zwilakhe bacinezelayo bamaKomanisi babungcono kunobomi kwiManyano yaseYurophu. Ngaba bebengakhumbuli? Ngaba babecinga ukuba ubomi babungcono ngoxa babeselula?
Kambe ke, ngandlelโ ithile, ubomi baba mbi ngakumbi eRomania. Imithombo yeendaba yayizele ziindaba zezopolitiko ezinobuqhophololo, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluxhaphakileyo, intlupheko-eyomeleza le nto uPinker abhekisa kuyo โnjengecala lokungakhethi cala.โ Ngaphezu koko, abantu abaninzi eRomania babebonakala bemi kakuhle, nto leyo yabangela inzondo enkulu phakathi kwabo umgangatho wabo wokuphila wawungagungqi kwaphela. Kwaye ukusasazeka kwexabiso lokuKhanya lonyamezelo kwakubangela umva phakathi kwezinto ezigcinayo kuluntu ezazingavuyiswanga ngumboniso wonyaka weGay Pride.
I-Pinker iyakuthatha le mibono njengesantya nje. Kodwa iimbono, ezilungileyo okanye ezingalunganga, zigqiba isiphumo sonyulo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Iinkokeli ezingavumelekanga ukusuka kwiTrump ukuya kuPutin, ekuphenduleni (kunye nokuqinisa) iimbono ezinjalo, zinika ingxelo yokuqonda ukuba kutheni izinto ziwa. Aba babalisi abanakunqwenelwa kude. Azinakungahoywa ngenxa nje yokuba zingeyonxalenye yenkqubela phambili yembali.
Kuphononongo lokuqonda kwi Wesizwe, UDavid Bell ebeka umnwe wakhe kwenye ingxaki ngembono yehlabathi kaPinker: ukungafundi kwakhe ngendlela utshintsho lwentlalo eyenzekayo.
UPinker ubonakala ekholelwa ukuba inkqubela yenzeke ngokwayo, ngenxa yokuba abantu bephela bajika bakhanyiseleka ngakumbi kwaye banyamezele. Ubhala athi: โNgokwenene kukho umjikelo ongaqondakaliyo ogobela okusesikweni. Phantse ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kumaphepha e-576 e-Enlightenment Ngoku yimibutho yentlalontle eyalwela amalungelo alinganayo ngeenkulungwane, ukuphela kobukhoboka, ukuphuculwa kweemeko zokusebenza, umvuzo omncinci, ilungelo lokuququzelela, ukukhuselwa koluntu olusisiseko, indawo ecocekileyo, kunye ne ezinye izizathu eziqhubekayo. I-arc egobela kokusesikweni ayimfihlakalo: igoba kuba abantu bayinyanzele ukuba igobe.
Ekugqibeleni akunamsebenzi nokuba ucinga ukuba iglasi izele sisiqingatha okanye ayinanto. Ugxininiso kufuneka lube ekuzaliseni iglasi - ekuzabalazeleni ukwenza ubomi bube ngcono kwabo bangekho kakuhle, ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuphucula iimeko kumntu wonke, kunye nokugcina iplanethi kwintlekele yemozulu. Ezinye zezithethe zoKhanya ziya kuba yimfuneko kulo mzabalazo. Kodwa ifilosofi yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, engalungiswanga, ayinako ukucombulula iingxaki zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye.
Ibali likaPinker's Panglossian alizukoyisa amandla enkululeko. Ukuthi le yeyona nto ilungileyo kuwo wonke umhlaba ayenzi ukuba kube njalo. Kwanomntu ohamba phambili ocinga ngokuKhanya njengoVoltaire wayeya kuba ngowokuqala ukuxelela unjingalwazi olungileyo ukuba.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela