UMICHAEL ALBERT: Kulo lonke ekhohlo, kuqondwa ngokubanzi, wonke umntu uyavuma ukuba ukuchasana nobuhlanga kufuneka kube yinxalenye ye-ajenda yethu. Sifanele sizichase iimbono zebutho labantu (kunye nakwiintshukumo zethu) ezibeka abantu ekubeni babe nempembelelo encinane, iwonga, amandla, umvuzo, okanye iimeko zokuphila ezimandundu, okanye ukunikwa izinto ezimbalwa onokukhetha kuzo, okanye ukunyamezela intshutshiso okanye ukwaliwa. ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga - okanye, ngenxa yoko, kwiintlanga zenkcubeko ngokubanzi ngakumbi kubandakanywa inkolo, ubuzwe, ulwimi, iindlela zokubhiyozela, njl njl. Kuhle, kunye nenkqubela phambili ngaphaya kwamaxesha adlulileyo. Kodwa ngaba le ntshukumo iyala kuphela izinto ezimbi okanye inenjongo elungileyo, kwaye yintoni injongo onokuthi uyiphakamise? Mhlawumbi singaqala sijongane nezinye iinjongo ezicetywayo, okanye ezicetywayo ngoku, kwaye sibonise ukuba kutheni kufuneka sidlulele ngaphaya kwazo. Ukulinganisa? Ukwahluka? Iinkcubeko ezininzi? Abanye? Kuthekani ngabo, ngokufutshane, ayilunganga, okanye ayiphelelanga, okanye ifuna ukulungiswa? Kutheni sifuna umbono omtsha malunga noluntu lwenkcubeko kunye nobudlelwane babo?
UJUSTIN PODUR: Imo yezopolitiko ngoku ibeke yonke intshukumo yethu kwindawo yokuzikhusela. Ke silwa amadabi okuzikhusela ukuzama ukukhusela inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ngokuchasene nohlaselo olungayekiyo. Sizama ukulwa nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, imfazwe yeziyobisi. Sizama ukulwa nobuhlanga, iimfazwe zobukoloniyali ezithatha amazwe aphela. Sizama ukulwa nokugxothwa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo kunye neyobuhlanga. Abemi bomthonyama bazama ukulwa nokuqhubeka kobukoloniyali kunye nokuchithwa kwamalungelo abo. Ukongeza ekuzikhuseleni, imibutho echasene nobuhlanga ilwa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemida, kwaye asinguye sonke esihlala sisazi ukuba wonke umntu wenza ntoni, okanye ucinga ntoni. Sekunjalo, ndicinga ukuba kwiintshukumo ezichasene nobuhlanga kunye nezobukholoniyali kukho iinjongo ezintle kunye nokuqonda.
Kodwa masiqale, njengoko ubucebisile, ngokuthatha ezinye zeenjongo ezicetyiweyo ozikhankanyileyo, endinokuthi azanelanga. Ukulinganisa, umzekelo. Ukulinganisa kuyayisusa ingxaki yoluntu olunamandla olucinezela uluntu olungenamandla ngokufunxa abanamandla angaphantsi kwabo banamandla. Olunye uluntu olwalucinezelekile ngokwembali luye lwasokola ukufumana ilungelo lokuzibandakanya kwaye luye lwaphumelela ngokwenene. UNoel Ignatieff unencwadi emalunga namaIrish kunye nendlela aye adibana ngayo, umzekelo, ebizwa รขโฌหHow the Irish Became White.รขโฌโข UKaren Brodkin uthatha indlela efanayo malunga noluntu lwamaYuda e-United States kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuthi รขโฌห Indlela AmaYuda Awaba Ngayo Ngamazwe Amhlophe.โ Zombini ezi zizwe zasekuhlaleni zazicinezelwe ngendlela ubuhlanga obacinezela ngayo abantuโebabeka kwiindawo ezithile nakwimisebenzi ethile, efundisa iintsomi ezithiyekileyo ngabo, njalo njalo. Zombini uluntu luye lwadibana ngempumelelo. Kodwa "impumelelo" yokulinganisa yayingeyompumelelo yokuchasana nobuhlanga, kuba yayiyinkqubo yengcinezelo. Kwa izihloko zeencwadi zibonisa ukubaรขโฌโuxelisa รขโฌหukuba mhlopheรขโฌโข. Yiloo ndlela ukulinganisa kusebenza ngayo-ihlala ifana noluntu olubalaseleyo okanye umgangatho. Kwaye ungaphulukana nento, ungaphulukana nokuninzi, enyanisweni, โekuba mhlopheโ, ngokunjalo.
Kodwa leyo yimizekelo eyimpumelelo yokulinganisa. Inyaniso kuMntla Merika kukuba ukulinganisa kube sisithembiso sobuxoki. Abafuduki baseLatino baxelelwa ukuba bafanele ukufana, kodwa bachazwa ngokobuhlanga, bavalelwe ngokungafaniyo, banqatshelwe ubume bomthetho kwilizwe elonwabileyo ukwamkela umsebenzi wabo. Abantu bomthonyama baxelelwa ukuba badibanise, kodwa amalungelo abo awazange ahlonitshwe ngendlela amalungelo abaphambukeli ahlonitshwa ngayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha uluntu lwase-Afrika-Amerika lunempumelelo ethile kwezoqoqosho, enye indlela iye yafunyanwaรขโฌโukusuka kulawulo lwezopolitiko ukuya kubundlobongela obuthe ngqoรขโฌโukubuyisela umva loo nto. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukulinganisa kusisithembiso nje esingento esithi uluntu olunobuhlanga lugculela abacinezelekileyo.
Kukho ubuncinci enye, ingxaki enkulu yokulinganisa. Oko kukuthi: kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uluntu alufuni ukulinganisa? Leyo yenye indlela yobundlobongela, imfazwe yasekuhlaleni, kunye nempendulo yobuzwe. Iinzame zamazwe รขโฌหobusoshiyaliรขโฌโข empuma ye-europe ukwenza ukuba uluntu oluluqilima luzibandakanye lube nesi siphumo. Kodwa ngandlela ithile, imbali yelizwe ngalinye iyafana. INtshona Yurophu yayineelwimi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Yayingawona maqela ezizwe anamandla awandisa amandla awo kangangoko anokuhamba, edibanisa amanye, oko kwaphumela eFransi, eJamani, eUnited Kingdom, eItali, eSpain.
U-ALBERT: Yintoni aphulukene nayo amaYuda ekunyukeni kwisikhundla esingaphezulu โesicinezelekileyoโ e-US? Ukuba ukulinganisa kuthetha ukuphulukana nesazisi sakho ukuze athathele uluntu olukhulu, akubonakali ngathi uluntu lwamaYuda luye lwayenza loo nto. Ukuba akunjalo, ngaba bangumzekelo ombi obonisa ukuba into efana nokulinganisa inokusebenza-okanye ngaba bangumzekelo wenye into ngokupheleleyo, mhlawumbi?
I-PODUR: Okokuqala, ukuba uthatha amaYuda, okanye amaTaliyane, okanye uninzi lwabaphambukeli abavela eMazantsi okanye eMpuma Yurophu โabaye baba mhlopheโ, ngokuqinisekileyo yayininzi inkcubeko, kwaye. ngakumbi iyantlukwano yeelwimi, ilahlekileรขโฌโ hayi kuphela kwezo ndawo kodwa kuwo wonke uMntla Melika. Kodwa ekubeni ekuphela kweendlela ezikhethiweyo kwakubonakala ngathi kukufaniswa okanye wonke umntu ohlala kumacandelo ahlukeneyo engakwazi ukunxibelelana omnye komnye, ukulinganisa kwenzeka.
Kodwa ewe, ndiyayibona ingongoma yakho yokuba uluntu lwamaYuda aluzange lushiye nje ubume balo obukhethekileyo benkolo okanye benkcubeko ukuze bazenze. Kwaye into endandinayo engqondweni xa ndandisithi unokuphulukana kakhulu ngokuba mhlophe yayincinci malunga nokuphulukana nobutyebi benkcubeko obunokuziswa kumxube wonke, kwaye ngakumbi malunga nezinye zezinto athetha ngazo uTim Wise. Kudliwanondlebe nemagazini i-LiP, uthi:
รขโฌลNgokwenqanaba elisisiseko, ubani usenokucinga ngomonakalo obangelwa kukufumana ilungelo lobuhlanga ukuba, ngenxa yelo lungelo, ubani uhlala eyedwa kwabanye. Ke, ukuhlala phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlophe, ngenxa yocalucalulo lwezindlu oludlulileyo nolwangoku, njengoko besenza malunga ne-85% yabamhlophe, kuthetha iingenelo ezinkulu malunga nobutyebi kunye ne-asethi, kodwa kukwathetha ukuba sinqanyulwe kumava. iinkcubeko kunye negalelo labantu bebala-esibenzakalisayo malunga nokuba nobuchule bokufunda nokubhala kunye nobuchule ngokwenkcubeko yelizwe eliya lisanda ukuba lingabamhlophe, kunye nelizwe elingazange libe mhlophe kwasekuqaleni. Kwaye ngelixa oko kwahlukaniswa kunye nokungazi kwakungabalulekanga kwixesha langaphambili, ngoku kunjaloรขโฌยฆรขโฌ
รขโฌลEwe, luthelekiso olugqibeleleyo phakathi kwelinye icala lokungakwazi kwenkcubeko okuvela kucalucalulo lwasekhaya phakathi komnye nomnye, okanye ukwahlukaniswa kwabamhlophe kumnyama, okanye kumhlophe kwilatino, umzekelo, kwaye kuqhubeka ntoni ngoku. kumazwe ngamazwe. Njengoko ndijikeleze ilizwe kule nyanga iphelileyo kucacile kum ukuba abantu baseMelika-ingakumbi abamhlophe baseMelika, kodwa eneneni bonke abantu baseMelika-abaswele ukuqonda hayi ezinye iinkcubeko kuphela, kodwa nabanye abantu. iimbono nezinto eziyinyani. Yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi bebuza lo mbuzo, โKutheni besithiya nje?โ Kwaye uyithethe ngaphandle kwemvakalelo yokuphoxa, akukho mvakalelo yokumangaliswa konke konke. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba ukwahlukana kwethu nehlabathiรขโฌโnanjengoko sisebenzisana nalo kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokoqoqoshoรขโฌโngoku kuyabuya ukuza kusikhathaza.รขโฌ (http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featbrasel_145.shtml)
Ke kukho iindleko zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, hayi eyona incinci indleko yokwamkela uqikelelo olulungeleyo lwamaqela anamandla, anamandla.
U-ALBERT: Ukuba uthi xa uluntu lulahla inkcubeko yalo ukuze lujoyine enkulu, luyalahleka kwaye sonke senze njalo, kwaye oko kukulinganisa kwaye kufuneka sikukhabe injongo, ndiyaqonda. Kodwa ndisacinga ukuba sisebenzisa i-US, loo nto yayingeyiyo into eyenzekayo ngamaYuda. Ukuba uthi emva kwayo nayiphi na into eyenzeka kumaYuda, masiyibize ngokuba yimvisiswano ngenxa yokuswela uphawu, ukuba kukho abahlali abangaphantsi kwabo - oko kwakungavisisaniyo, nokuba kuyintoni na - bonke abo inkcubeko elawulayo, i-harmonizers, ilahlekelwe yinto, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abo basaphantsi kobuhlanga, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ukuthotyelwa, njl njl, ndiyayiqonda loo nto. Ukudityaniswa ngokuyinxenye kulawulo ayisosisombululo sipheleleyo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba umntu uthi, kulungile, ke ingxaki kukuba nayiphi na into eyenzekileyo kumaYuda ibinokwenzeka ngcono kancinci, kunye nokuthomalalisa okuncinci kokuziqhelanisa nemvelaphi, kwaye olo lungelelwaniso lulungileyo lunokwenzeka kwaye bekufanele ukuba lwenzekile kulo lonke uluntu lwenkcubeko. Kutheni ingayi kuba ngumfanekiso omhle kwinkcubeko? Ngaba imvisiswano yendalo yonke, inguqulelo ephuculweyo yoko kwenzeka kumaYuda, iya kufana kakhulu nento oza kuyithethelela kulo lonke uluntu? Mhlawumbi kufuneka siqhubele phambili ekwahlukaneni kwaye ungabuya uchaze ukuba lo mahluko koko sikubonileyo uthelekiseka njani noko uyakuthanda, xa unethuba lokukuchaza. Ke, kulungile, ukuqhubela phambili, kuthekani ngokwahlukana?
I-PODUR: Ukwahlukana kusombulula ingxaki yobuhlanga, inkcubeko, okanye ingcinezelo yobuzwe ngokwahlula iintlanga (okanye iinkcubeko okanye izizwe) enye kwenyeรขโฌโizahlula ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwendawo, ngokwenkcubeko, kwaye mhlawumbi ngokwezoqoqosho ngokunjalo. Kwakhona, sinokufunda malunga nokwahlula ngokujonga umzekelo, njenge-Indiya nePakistan. I-India kunye nePakistan zonke beziyinxalenye รขโฌหBritish Indiaรขโฌโข. Ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo, umbono welizwe lamaSilamsi owahlukileyo waba ngamandla รขโฌหintshukumo yasePakistanรขโฌโข. Uninzi lweenkokeli zombutho ochasene nobukoloniyali azizange ziyikholelwe. Ukuba ufunda i-autobiography kaNehru (iNkulumbuso yokuqala yaseIndiya), uthi-ayikho indlela le nto yasePakistan enokuthi yenzeke ngayo. Kulo lonke elaseIndiya, amaHindu namaSilamsi ahlala kunye. Kuza kwenzeka ntoni? Ngaba onke la maHindu namaSilamsi aza kufuduka? Akazange akholelwe, kodwa kwenzekile-yaye yayiyeyona ndawo inkulu kunye neyona ndlongondlongo yokutshintshiselana kwabemi kwimbali yoluntu. Ngoku sinamazwe amabini anezixhobo zenyukliya ajongene nawo, alwe iimfazwe ezininzi, kwaye ilizwe ngalinye lenze inani elifanelekileyo lokucinezela abantu abancinci belizwe ngaphakathi kwemida yalo.
Ngoku mhlawumbi iIndiya nePakistan khange zenze ukwahlukana ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba ihlabathi liyindawo exubene kakhulu, apho abantu beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, iintlanga, iinkolo, behlala kwaye basebenze kunye, kwaye oko akuyi kuba yinto embi kakhulu ukuba abahlukanisi abazange benze. injalo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ixubene kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba ukwahlukana akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kobundlobongela obukhulu kunye nokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga. Nasemva kokwahlulwa kweIndiya/Pakistan, maninzi amaSilamsi eIndiya kunasePakistan! Ngoko, ukwahlukana kuliphupha elibi elibonakalayo.
Ukwahlukana akunakwenzeka kakhulu kwesinye, isizathu esifanayo. Ihlabathi liqhagamshelene kakhulu, indawo exhomekeke omnye komnye. Akukho sizathu sokuba kutheni abantu kwindawo enye kufuneka bahambe ngaphandle kweenzuzo zokusebenzisana, ukuhamba, ukunxibelelana, kunye nabantu bolunye uluntu. Ukusebenzisana kungokwemvelo, akunakuphepheka. Umbuzo ngulo: yeyiphi imiqathango yonxibelelwano?
Ndibona i-multiculturalism ifana ne-separatism. Kwinkcubeko yeenkcubeko ezininzi, inkcubeko nganye inendawo yayo eyobelwe yona. Inkcubeko nganye iphila ngokwemithetho yayo. Oku kunokwenza รขโฌหinkcubekoรขโฌโข ibe sikhuselo sazo zonke iintlobo zengcinezelo. Ngaloo ngqiqo inemigibe efanayo nokwahlukana. Ukucaphula uVijay Prashad's "Wonke umntu wayekung Fu Fighting" kule migibe:
รขโฌลIngaba iinkcubeko ziyahluka kwaye zinemida? Ngaba iinkcubeko zinembali okanye zimile? Ngubani ochaza imida yenkcubeko okanye ovumela utshintsho? Ngaba iinkcubeko ziyavuzelana? รขโฌยฆ Ukuhlonipha ikhubalo lenkcubeko kuthatha ukuba ubani ufuna ukulibeka kwimyuziyam yoluntu endaweni yokufumana kuyo amandla enkululeko okanye utshintsho. Kuya kufuneka samkele intiyo yabantu abathandanayo abathandanayo (homophobia) kunye nokucalulana ngokwesini, inkohlakalo yodidi kunye nobuhlanga, konke oko kwinkonzo yokuhlonipha inkcazo yenkcubeko yomntu egqwethekileyo.
Iintshukumo ezichasene nobukoloniyali zithande ukuba nobuzwe ngokwesimo, kwaye iintshukumo zobuzwe zidla ngokuxoxa ngendlela enye okanye enye yokwahlukana. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuyaqondakalaรขโฌโkuvela kwisigqibo esinengqiqo sokuphuma phantsi kwe-boot ye-colonizer. Kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba abaninzi kwimibutho echasene nobukoloniyali bafundile ukuba ubuzwe ayisosisombululo. Ubuzwe, endaweni yoko, lutshaba, ngendlela efanayo ukulinganisa.
Ukulinganisa okanye ukwahlukana akuyiyo impendulo. Zingamacala amabini kuphela kwingqekembe enye: bobabini bafuna i-homogeneity kwaye batshabalalise iyantlukwano (ukudibanisa ngokudala iyunithi enye enkulu, ukwahlukana ngokusika zonke iiyunithi kuzo zonke ezinye). Bobabini babacinezela abantu abanamathele kubo. Ndingathanda ukubona iintshukumo ezichasene nobuhlanga ziqhubeka zihlasela kwakhona, kodwa ngaphandle kobuhlanga.
U-ALBERT: Kulungile, ndiyayifumana ingxabano yakho malunga nokufanisa kunye nokwahlukana kodwa andiqinisekanga ukuba ndiyazilandela iimbono zakho malunga neenkcubeko ezininzi okanye ubuzwe. Ngoko, ngokubanzi, yintoni i-multi-culturalism? Kwaye kuthekani ngayo oyifumana inqongophele, kwaye, kwelinye icala, uthini ngayo oyifumana ilungile kwaye iluncedo ukuyigcina? Ngokuphathelele ubuzwe, ngaba uthi awucingi ukuba uluntu lwenkcubeko kufuneka lubhiyozele iindlela zalo kwaye lukhuthaze iimfuno zoluntu lwalo - nto leyo enye yenkalo yobuzwe - okanye nje ukuba mabangagqitheli ngaphaya kombhiyozo kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhanyela kunye nokunyhasha omnye umntu. uluntu kuquka ukukhuthaza ukwahlukana kunye nobutshaba?
PODUR: Masithathe ubuzwe kuqala. Ubuzwe buhamba kakuhle ngaphaya koluntu lwenkcubeko lubhiyozela iindlela zabo kunye nokukhuthaza umdla woluntu lwabo. Ngokuyintloko imalunga nentembeko. Yindlela yokujonga umhlaba nobumi kunye nezopolitiko.
Uluntu lwesizwe lwavela ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa into ephambili ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba azizange zivele zibunjwe ngokupheleleyo ekuqaleni kwexesha. Kukho zonke iindidi zoluntu. Kukho iindawo zoluntu ezinomdla okanye umsebenzi (njengoluntu lwenzululwaziโ okanye รขโฌหuluntu lweentatheliรขโฌโข) ezinezithethe zalo kwaye ezinokukhuthaza intembeko nentembeko eyomeleleyo; uluntu lwezenkolo; uthungelwano lokuzalana noluntu; uluntu lweelwimi; Uluntu lwemimandla yazo zonke iindidi zamanqanaba (ubumelwane okanye izixeko okanye imimandla okanye amazwe); uluntu oluvela ngenxa yamava athile okwabelwana ngawo okanye imbali (njengama-Afrika aseMelika).
Into ethethwa buzwelonke kukuba enye yezi ntlobo zoluntuรขโฌโidla ngokuba lulwimi okanye imimandlaรขโฌโlolona hlobo luphambili loluntu. Ithi lento uyiyo, ngaphezu kwako konke. Ithi isizwe siza kuba sisiseko sobomi bezopolitiko. Iza kuba sisiseko sobumiรขโฌโnaliphi na igunya lezopolitiko onalo, naluphi na ufikelelo kwizixhobo zikarhulumente, luza ngobulungu bakho kwisizwe (kwaye ngokukodwa isizwe-sesizwe). Ithi ilizwe linamabango omhlaba, ubuncwane, namandla karhulumente. Ithi umntu ngamnye unetyala lokunyaniseka kuqala kuluntu lwelizweโngokufuthi ukulikhusela de kube sekufeniโโphambi kwayo nayiphi na enye into enyanisekileyo.
Ewe, oku kuluncedo kakhulu kubantu abaphezulu besizwe ngasinye, ukusuka kwababuthathaka nabancinci ukuya kwabanamandla. Ngabo ke, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, abakwaziyo ukuchaza ukuba ngubani osesizweni nokuba ngubani na ongekhoyo, yintoni esemdleni wesizwe kunye nento engeyiyo, kwaye xa kukho izibonelelo okanye ummandla oza kubangwa egameni uhlanga, ngabo abaxhamla kulo. Ikwangabo kufuneka babe namandla kakhulu kwaye banyaniseke ngokungathandabuzekiyo xa befuna ukuya emfazweni. Ngokuthi uluntu lusengozini kwaye lucela abantu ukuba bancame ukuze kulungelwe isizwe, baye baba nempumelelo enkulu ekuhlanganiseni imfazwe.
Ngokwembali, kunye neentshukumo ezijolise ekuthinjweni kwamandla karhulumente, ibe zezona arhente zisebenzayo nezinamandla ekudaleni nasekomelezeni ubuzwe kuba buluncedo kakhulu kubo. Eyona nto iqhele ukwenziwa ngabaphezulu kukuyila zonke iintlobo zentsomi ezintsonkothileyo malunga nendlela olu luntu lwesizwe luye lwaphila ngayo ngonaphakade, indlela abangabona bantu bahambele phambili ngayo kwaye baphawuleka, indlela elidlulileyo labo lizaliswe ngabafeli-nkolo kwinjongo yesizwe. Ngamanye amaxesha, ezinye iinxalenye zentsomi ziyinyani. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngamabali oqweqwe oluphezulu.
Ungayibona ngokucacileyo ngezinto ezifana nobuntatheli. Abachola-choli beendaba baneqela leenqobo ezisemgangathweniรขโฌโubulungisa, ukuchaneka, ukungabi nanjongoรขโฌโekufanele bonke babambelele kuyo. Kodwa ukubambelela kubo kwimeko yobuzwe njenge-US kuzisa impixano. Iintatheli, njengawo wonke umntu, kulindeleke ukuba zibe ngabalandeli bobuzwe kuqala, ngakumbi xa ilizwe lisilwa. Ke ufumana ezi ntatheli zibethelelwe umsebenzi wazo kukuba ngabaxhasi bemfazwe, kwaye wonke umntu uyayamkela ngenxa yobuzwe.
Ubunzima kukuba ubuzwe bukwayenye yezona zinto zinamandla okuchasa ubukoloniyali nobuhlanga. Ukuqinisekisa kunye nokubhiyozela uluntu, siqinisekisa ngokwethu ukuba asiyiyo le nto i-colonizer ithi siyiyo, sifumana unxibelelwano kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunye nomnye, ukuba i-colonizer ifuna ukuzifihla okanye ikhefu, ifuna ukoyisa "i-artificial" โข imida kunye nemiqobo phakathi kwabantuรขโฌโzonke ezi zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezithi maxa wambi ziphelele kubuhlanga babantu abacinezelweyo. Kodwa njengemfuno yokunyaniseka, njengesiseko samabango kumhlaba kunye nezixhobo, kwaye njengesiseko sobumi, kuyonakalisa kakhulu.
UALBERT: Kuthekani ngeenkcubeko ezininzi?
PODUR: Yintoni i-multiculturalism? Isifaniso esisoloko sisetyenziswa ngabantu kukuba iinkcubeko ezininzi รขโฌหsisitya sesaladiรขโฌโข xa kuthelekiswa รขโฌหimbiza enyibilikayoรขโฌโข yokufanisa. 'Kwisitya sesaladi', imifuno igcina iimpawu zayo, ubuni bayo obukhethekileyo. รขโฌหembizeni enyibilikayoรขโฌโข, abakwenzi oko. Sele sikwalile ukwenziwa kwe-รขโฌหimbiza enyibilikayoรขโฌโข, ngoko akuyomfuneko ukuba siyijonge kwakhona.
Okulungileyo malunga neenkcubeko ezininzi, kwaye kuluncedo ukugcina, kukwaziwa ukuba iinkcubeko, iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye nentetho kunye nokuchongwa kweqela ngaphandle kweyona ebalaseleyo zifanelekile kwaye zifanelwe ukuzimela okuthile. Ikwakhuthaza ukuthobeka ekudibaneni nezinye iinkcubeko: icebisa ukuba urhoxise isigwebo kwaye uzame ukuqonda abantu ngokwemiqathango yabo, ukuzama ukuqonda imithwalo yenkcubeko oyizisa kwimeko xa usenza njalo. Into engekhoyo kuyo luluvo lwento eyenzekayo phakathi kwezi รขโฌหnkcubekoรขโฌโข naphakathi kwazo. Ukuba sinoluntu oluneenkcubeko ezininzi apho yonke รขโฌหinkcubekoรขโฌโข ifikelela รขโฌหukuzilawulaรขโฌโข, ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba รขโฌหinkcubekoรขโฌโข ingasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ucalucalulo ngokwesini, okanye intiyo yabantu abathandanayo, okanye ubungxowankulu? Yeyiphi imigaqo elawula amakhulu eendibano kwiinkcubeko eziya kwenzeka yonke imihla? Ziya kuconjululwa njani iingxabano phakathi kwabantu bezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo? Iinkcubeko ezininzi aziboneleli ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuqonda ezi ngxaki okanye ukujongana nazo.
U-ALBERT: Ndithande ukuqonda ubuzwe njengento ebopheleleke kakhulu kumazwe kunye nomcimbi wenkcubeko yoluntu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yendlela iintshukumo zabantsundu kunye nezaseLatino zithathe ubuzwe ngaphandle kokuba nezizwe emva kwazo - kodwa mhlawumbi ibikukubeka kwam iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ixesha. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukugatywa kwakho kubonakala kukugatywa kwamazwe esizwe, ukunyaniseka okungenangqondo, ukubona abanye njengabangaphantsi, njl. Kulungile, unike izizathu zokwala ukufana, ukwahlukana, kunye nobuzwe. I-multiculturalism, kubonakala ngathi ayiphelelanga. Ineenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezilungileyo, iminqweno emihle, kodwa ayinanto ingako yamaziko ukunika ixabiso okanye ukucacisa ukuba baya kuthetha ntoni na ekusebenzeni. Ukuba sisishwankathelo esilungileyo eso, mhlawumbi ngoku singasuka ekugxekeni siye kummiselo. Ngawaphi amaqumrhu amatsha onawo engqondweni anokubonelela ngeenjongo ezingcono zenkcubeko noluntu?
I-PODUR: Iinkcubeko ezininzi yindlela ethi inkcubeko nganye inendawo yayo kunye nemithombo yayo. Kodwa ayanelanga ngenxa yezizathu endizikhankanyileyo. Ke, endaweni yoko, abanye abachasi ngokobuhlanga bacebise into ebizwa ngokuba yi-รขโฌหpolyculturalismรขโฌโข. Sicaphula inqaku likaRobin Kelley ka-1999 leColorLines:
รขโฌลรขโฌยฆsasinjalo kwaye `siyipolycultural.รขโฌโข Ngokuthi `thina,รขโฌโข andithethi nje ngosapho lwam okanye `intloko yam, kodwa bonke abantu behlabathi laseNtshona. Ayilolusu lwethu okanye iinwele zethu okanye ukuhamba okanye intetho eyenza abantu abamnyama bahluke ngendlela emangalisayo. Endaweni yoko, yinyani yokuba uninzi lwabantu abantsundu eMelika bayimveliso yeentlobo ngeentlobo `zeenkcubekoรขโฌโข โ iinkcubeko eziphilayo, hayi ezifileyo. Ezi nkcubeko zihlala kuthi kunye nathi yonke imihla, phantse akukho kuzazi malunga nolawulo okanye intsingiselo. Ngokubhekiselele koku, ndicinga ukuba igama elithi `polyculturalรขโฌโข lisebenza ngcono kakhulu kune `inkcubeko yeenkcubeko ezininzi,รขโฌโข kuba le yokugqibela idla ngokuthetha ukuba iinkcubeko zizinzileyo, izinto ezifihlakeleyo ezikhoyo kunye - uhlobo lwenkqubo yezoological kwinkcubeko. Umbono onjalo wenkcubeko yeenkcubeko ezininzi awugcini nje ngokufihla ubudlelwane bamandla, kodwa uhlala uqinisekisa umahluko phakathi kobuhlanga nesini.
รขโฌลรขโฌยฆNangona oku kunokubonakala kucacile, kwabanye abantu yingcinga eyingozi. Uninzi lwabantu baseYurophu abafuni ukuvuma ukuba abantu baseAfrika bancedisa ekudaleni into ebizwa ngokuba yiMpucuko yaseNtshona, ukuba bobabini banetyala kunye nenzala yabantu ababekhobokisa. Abafuni ukubona umhlaba njengoMnye - iglowubhu encinci apho abantu kunye neenkcubeko zihlala zihamba, apho kungekho nto ihleliyo nokuba siyibiza kangaphi na. Ukuvuma ifa lethu le-polycultural kunye nenkcubeko dynamism ayikuyeki ubunikazi bethu abamnyama okanye uthando lwethu kunye nokukhathalela abantu abamnyama. Kuthetha ukwandisa inkcazo yethu yobumnyama, ukuthatha imbali yethu nzulu ngakumbi, kwaye sijonge ukutyeba kweyantlukwano ngaphakathi kwethu ngamehlo amatsha.รขโฌ (http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=30&ItemID=3865)
Mandithathe eyam into yokuba kuthetha ukuthini i-polyculturalism. Iinkcubeko ezininzi zigxile kakhulu รขโฌลinkcubekoรขโฌ ukuba nokuzimela, izibonelelo, njalo njalo. Ndingathi umbono we-polycultural ubeka ingqwalasela ebantwini nakuluntu lonke. I-Polyculturalism iyaqonda ukuba umntu omnye ubambe izazisi ezininzi, ukunyaniseka okuninzi kunye nobudlelwane. Sithetha รขโฌหiilwimiรขโฌโข zenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, kwaye sinako ukutshintsha. Kwaye ukusuka kumntu ukuya kuluntu, i-polyculturalism iyaqaphela ukuba iinkcubeko ziyadibana, ziyatshintsha, ziyavela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Bawela ukuchumisa, kwaye lonke uluntu lukwimo esisigxina yokuguquguquka, nazo zonke iintlobo zotshintshiselwano oluhlala luyila kakhulu kunye nokunxibelelana okwenzekayo.
Ke ukuba i-multiculturalist ithi uluntu kufuneka luvumele zonke iinkcubeko ukuba ziphuhlise ngokuzimeleyo, i-polyculturalist ithi kulungile. Kodwa รขโฌลuluntu ngokubanziรขโฌ lunenkcubeko yalo, kwaye loo nkcubeko yenye ekufuneka wonke umntu anxulumane nayo. Kukule ndawo ekwabelwanayo kuyo apho abantu beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo banxibelelana apho kungakhiwa khona isiseko somanyano. Ngoko ukongeza ekubeni nokuzimela kwenkcubeko, kuya kubaluleka ukuba indawo ekwabelwana ngayo imele wonke umntu, kwaye isekelwe kwizinto eziqhelekileyo (kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba kukho i-universal). Akukho mntu uya kuhlala evalelwe kwinkcubeko enye. Akukho nto injalo-kwaye mhlawumbi ayizange ibekho.
Ngokukwanjalo ukuba umlweli welizwe uthi kufuneka ube netyala lokunyaniseka kwakho okuphambili kunye nokuzibandakanya kwenkcubeko kwisizwe, i-polyculturalist ithi hayi, kukho ukunyaniseka kunye nobudlelwane obuninzi, obudibanisayo kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokutshintsha.
NgoMatshi 2001, abakwaZapatista benza umngcelele ukusuka eChiapas ukuya kwisiXeko saseMexico koko babekubiza ngokuba โkukumatsha ngesidima somthonyamaโ. Enye yeemfuno zabo yayikukupasiswa รขโฌหumthetho wamalungelo emveli nenkcubekoรขโฌโข. Eyona nto babeyifuna yayingekokusekwa kwelizwe elitsha, elahlukileyo, nelomthonyama. Yayingeyomfuneko ncam รขโฌลyobuzweรขโฌ , ngaloo ndlela. Endaweni yoko, umthetho wabo ocetywayo ubonise ukuzimela komhlaba eMexico. Ke, kwisiphakamiso sabo, umntu unokuba ngumthonyama kunye nowaseMexico. Okanye, ukubeka ngenye indlela, umntu unokuba ngumMexico ngaphandle kokuba isazisi somthonyama somntu sicinywe okanye sithotywe ixabiso. Yile nto ifumaneka kuyo i-polyculturalism. U-Comandanta Esther, kwiNkomfa yaseMexico, uphendule abagxeki abathi iZapatistas zenza iimfuno zokwahlula ngokuthi:
รขโฌลEsi siphakamiso sasityholwa ngokungcolisa ilizwe, singahoyi ukuba ilizwe lahlulelene. Enye iMexico evelisa ubutyebi, enye ilungele obo butyebi, kwaye enye yiyo ekufuneka yolule isandla sayo kwisisa. Thina bomthonyama siphila kweli lizwe liqhekekayo, sigwetyelwe ihlazo ngenxa yebala lethu, ulwimi esiluthethayo, iimpahla ezisigqumayo, umculo nomngqungqo othetha usizi novuyo lwethu, imbali yethu.
รขโฌลEsi siphakamiso sityholwa ngokudala ugcino lwaseIndiya, singayihoyi into yokuba thina bomthonyama sele sihlala ngokwahlukeneyo, sahluliwe kwabanye abantu baseMexico, kwaye, ukongeza, sisengozini yokuphela.
รขโฌลEsi siphakamiso sityholwa ngokuphakamisa inkqubo yomthetho ebuyela umva, singahoyi ukuba esi sikhoyo sikhuthaza ukulwa kuphela, sisohlwaya amahlwempu kwaye singohlwaywa kwizityebi. Igxeka ibala lethu kwaye ijike ulwimi lwethu lube lulwaphulo-mthetho.รขโฌ
Ngokuchasene noko, uEsther walwela iMexico apho โngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintoni eyenza umntu ngamnye ahluke, umanyano lugcinwa, kwaye, kunye nalo, ukuba nokwenzeka kokuqhubela phambili ngokuvumelana. Lelo lizwe esilifunayo i-zapatistas. Ilizwe apho umahluko ubonwa kwaye uhlonitshwa. Apho ukuba kunye nokucinga okwahlukileyo akusosizathu sokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukutshutshiswa, okanye ukufa.
Isindululo kukwenza indawo ezizimeleyo, zemveli zaseMexicoรขโฌโinxalenye yenkolelo yeenkcubeko ngeenkcubeko, nokuba yinxalenye yeyona nto ingcono kwiminqweno yobuzweรขโฌโkodwa kwakhona ukutshintsha iMexico iyonke, ukuze iquke abantu bomthonyama. Kukudityaniswa ngaphandle kokulinganisa, kwaye kukuzimela ngaphandle kokwahlulwa. Eso sisindululo esilungileyo kubudlelwane benkcubeko.
Kuthekani ngobuzwe namazwe njengesiseko sorhulumente? Oorhulumente basekelwe kummandla kunye noluntu, kwaye abantu besizwe baxoxa ukuba uluntu lwesizwe ngalunye lunommandla othile รขโฌหwendaloรขโฌโข, imida ethile yendalo (ngelishwa abohlukeneyo besizwe banemida eyahlukileyo engqondweni). Iimbono zobuzwe kunye neminqweno idla ngokuba necandelo lendawo. Yiyo loo nto iimephu zizisimboli ezibaluleke kangaka zobuzwe. Kodwa ukongeza ekubeni sisiseko sikarhulumente, umhlaba ukwasisixhobo soqoqosho, kwaye indlela yobulungisa kwezoqoqosho inyanzelisa amabhongo esizwe ngomhlaba. Kutheni le nto abemi belizwekazi laseMntla Merika befanele ukuba nemigangatho ephezulu kakhulu yokuphila kuba bezalelwe kumhlaba onemveliso yezolimo ngendlela emangalisayo? Ubulungisa bezoqoqosho bufuna ukuba izibonelelo zabiwe ngokulinganayo nangempumelelo nangengqiqo yendalo. Kodwa ayilobali lonke elo. Ngenxa yokuba ummandla usisiseko sikarhulumente, ukuzimela ngokwenkcubeko okanye koluntu kuya kuba nesiseko sommandla. Eso sisiseko sesindululo seZapatista, kunye nama-Afro-Kholombiya kunye nabemi bomthonyama eKholombiya, kwaye eneneni izindululo zabemi bomthonyama apha eMntla Melika, zabantu abafana noWinona LaDuke kunye neWard Churchill. UWinona Laduke ufuna ukuba sibabone abantu bomthonyama njenge รขโฌหiziqithi kwilizwekaziรขโฌโข. I-Ward Churchill ixoxa ngemanyano yabahlali bomthonyama eya kuba nobudlelwane obutsha namazwe aseMntla Merikaรขโฌโabantu bomthonyama baya kuthethathethana ngenqanaba labo lokuzimela okanye ulawulo.
Oku kunika umkhondo malunga nobumi ngokunjalo. Ukuba imbonakalo ye-polyculturalist iyaqonda ukuba sonke sinezazisi ezininzi, ezityhutyhayo kunye nobudlelwane, yenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wamanqanaba amaninzi, adlulanayo obumi ngokunjalo. Ukuba ubumi buthetha uluhlu lwamalungelo kunye nemisebenzi, unamalungelo anjalo kunye nemisebenzi kumanqanaba amaninziรขโฌโamalungelo njengenxalenye yoluntu lwengingqi, njengenxalenye yoluntu lwengingqi, njengenxalenye yoluntu รขโฌโlwesizweรขโฌโ, kwaye njengommi wehlabathi. Kutheni ungakwazanga ukuba nommi kuwo onke amanqanaba? Oko kuya kuthetha ukuba unelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo ezichaphazela indawo ohlala kuyo kodwa hayi ezomnye umntu, kodwa kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ihlabathi liphela, uya kuba nokuthetha njengaye nawuphi na omnye umntu. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, kukho into efana noguqulelo olwandisiweyo lwesibhengezo sehlabathi jikelele samalungelo oluntu, kunye nezigqibo malunga nezenzo zemiba yehlabathi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwinqanaba lengingqi, kukho imithetho kamasipala kunye nezigqibo zenkcitho karhulumente. Abemi banamalungelo kunye nezibophelelo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Utshintsho olusuka namhlanje luza kongeza amanqanaba amatsha okuba ngabemi-abangahluli abantu, kodwa ukunika abantu ukuthetha ngakumbi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela wonke umntu, ukunika abantu ukufikelela kumaqonga apho banokuthetha omnye nomnye kuwo onke amanqanaba.
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