umthombo: I-Globetrotter
EOttawa, eKhanada. NgoJulayi 31, 2021. Amakhulu ahlanganisana ngoMatshi ukuze afumane Inyaniso Nobulungisa Kubantu Bomthonyama baseKhanada befuna ikhomishini ekhethekileyo eya kuphanda kwizikolo ezihlala amaIndiya.
Ngokujikeleza imifanekiso/Shutterstock.com
ICanada iphuhlisa umfanekiso omtsha: enye ye ukutshisa iicawa, ukuwisa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, yaye amangcwaba amaninzi. Kukho amawaka angakumbi amangcwaba angaphawulwanga, amawakawaka abantwana bomthonyama ababulewe kwizikolo ezihlala abantu, abaseleyo ukuba bavunjululwe. Akunakuphikwa ukuba oku is Canada, kwaye kufuneka itshintshe. Kodwa ngaba iCanada inokuziguqula ibe ngcono? Ukuba ukutyhilwa kokubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi babantwana boMthonyama kukukhokelela kuyo nayiphi na into yokukhangela umphefumlo kunye naluphi na utshintsho olunentsingiselo, umyalelo wokuqala weshishini kukuba iCanada iyeke imfazwe yayo yonke ngaphambili ngokuchasene neZizwe zokuQala. Uninzi lwaloo mfazwe lwenziwa ngenkqubo yezomthetho.
Abezopolitiko baseCanada bathethe kakhulu, bamkela a intshukumo ngoJuni ihlaba ikhwelo lokuba urhulumente ayeke ukulwa namaxhoba ezikolo ezihlala ezinkundleni. A imfuno ekudala ikho, iye yaphindwa ngabathetheleli bomthonyama abanayo wavakalisa ukumangala phambi kwezi zityhilelo zoyikekayo zokuba urhulumente waseKhanada nangona kunjalo angaqhubeka nokulwa nabemi bomthonyama abasindileyo kuxhatshazo lwabantwana olucwangcisiweyo ngurhulumente.
Ukufumana ingqiqo yobungakanani bemfazwe esemthethweni yaseCanada kwiZizwe zokuQala, ndajonga a Database yezomthetho yaseKhanada equlethe izigqibo (umthetho wetyala) eziphathelele kwiZizwe zokuQala. Ndiphinde ndajonga uluhlu lweendlebe yeNkundla Yezizwe ngezizwe yaseKhanada kumatyala aqhubekayo. Usukelo lwam lokuqala yayikukubona apho iKhanada yayinokuzinzisa khona ngokulula okanye iwashiye amatyala, izisa isicombululo esivisisanayo kwezi mbambano. Zimbini izinto ezandothusayo.
Eyokuqala yayingumthamo kunye nokwahluka kwamatyala eCanada alwayo. ICanada ilwa neZizwe zokuQala kuyo yonke indawo, kuluhlu olubanzi ngokumangalisayo.
Into yesibini: ICanada ilahlekile.
Uhlaselo lwaBantwana nabasetyhini beMveli
Kwisincoko sakhe sowe-1984 esithi โ'Ubuvulindlela' kwiXesha leNyukliya," ingcali yezopolitiko u-Eqbal Ahmad waxoxa ukuba "izinto ezine ezisisiseko ... apho uluntu lwemveli lungenakuphila" "ngumhlaba, amanzi, iinkokeli kunye nenkcubeko." ICanada ilwa nabantu bomthonyama kumhlaba, amanzi, amalungelo okuloba, iiprojekthi zemigodi, inkululeko yokuhamba, nokunye. Uhlaselo lwezizwe zeMveli ikwayimfazwe enxamnye nabantwana kunye nabasetyhini beMveli.
Kwimeko ephakamileyo ye Izizwe zokuQala zaBantwana kunye noMbutho wokuKhathalela uSapho lwaseCanada et al. v. IGqwetha Jikelele laseKhanada, zibekwe ngokweenkcukacha nguCindy Blackstock, โuMbutho weZizwe zokuQala waBantwana noSapho lwaseKhanada kunye neNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo bafaka isikhalazo phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu waseKhanada besithiโ ngowama-2007 โukuba uRhulumente waseKhanada wayenepateni yexesha elide yokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali encinci karhulumente yeenkonzo zentlalontle yabantwana kubantwana beZizwe zokuQala abakwiindawo zogcino kunezo zinikezelwa kubantwana abangengabo abomthonyama..โ INkundla yamaLungelo oLuntu yaseKhanada (CHRT) fu maneka ngokuthanda abamangali beZizwe zokuQala ngo-2016.
Qaphela ukuba oku akubhekiseli kwimbali yezikolo ezihlala abantu. Imalunga nokucalucalulwa kwabantwana beMveli kwi ngalo mhla. "Enyanisweni, ingxaki inokuba iya isiba mandundu," ubhala Blackstock, xa kuthelekiswa "ukuphakama kwemisebenzi yesikolo yokuhlala.โ Njengobungqina, yena bhe kisela ukuba uphando lwe-2005 yamaphondo amathathu esampulu ebonisa umsantsa obanzi phakathi kwepesenti yabantwana beZizwe zokuQala kukhathalelo lwentlalontle yabantwana (i-10.23 ekhulwini) xa kuthelekiswa nezinga eliphantsi kakhulu labantwana abangengabo abeZizwe zokuQala (i-0.67 ekhulwini). Ngo-2006, emva kokungaphumeleli okuphindaphindiweyo korhulumente waseKhanada ekuthatheni amanyathelo okungalingani okuchazwe kule ngxelo (ekwaquka ngokubanzi uhlaziyo olucetyisiweyo eyayinomtsalane kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha nakwezoqoqosho), uBlackstock ubhala, โUMbutho Okhathalayo neNdibano Yezizwe Zokuqala zavumelana ukuba kwakufuneka kuthatyathwe amanyathelo asemthethweni.โ I-CHRT yayicace gca kuyo Isigqibo sika-2019 ukuba urhulumente wobumbano kufuneka abuyisele ixhoba ngalinye isixa esikhulu, esithetha namaxhoba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
"Akukho xabiso lembuyekezo elinokuphinda libuyise oko uphulukene nako, amanxeba asele emiphefumlweni yakho okanye ukubandezeleka oye wadlula kuko ngenxa yobuhlanga, izenzo zobukoloniyali kunye nocalucalulo."
NgoMeyi 2021, eCanada, leyo uye wachitha izigidi zeerandi ukulwa eli tyala, yazama ukubhukuqa isigwebo seCHRT.
Imfazwe yaseKhanada kubantwana boMthonyama ikwayimfazwe kubafazi boMthonyama. Ukuvalwa inzala kwabasetyhini beMveli, ukuqala ngenkqubo yaseCanada ye-eugenics malunga no-1900, esinye isenzo sokubulawa kwabantu, njengoko umphengululi uKaren Stote esitsho. Abasetyhini bomthonyama ababene-tubal ligation ngaphandle kwemvume yabo njengenxalenye yale nkqubo ye-eugenics baye bazisa iklasi-action suit ngokuchasene namaphondo ase-Alberta kunye neBritish Columbia, omabini aneMithetho yokuNzala ngokwesondo kwimithetho yawo yephondo ukusuka ngo-1920s e-Alberta kunye no-1930s e-British Columbia ukuya ekuqaleni kwe-1970s, kunye ne-Saskatchewan, apho umthetho wokuvala inzala ngokwesondo wawucetywayo kodwa. asilele ngevoti enye ngowe-1930. Ikomiti yeNdlu yeeNgwevu yafumanisa ityala lokunyanzeliswa komfazi woMthonyama inzala kutshanje ngo-2019.
Imfazwe yoMthetho-yeMali kwimibutho yeZizwe zokuQala
Njengoko uBob Joseph echaza kwincwadi yakhe ye-2018 Izinto ezingama-21 onokuthi ungazazi malunga noMthetho waseIndiya, IKhanada yaqala yazinika ilungelo lokuthatha isigqibo ngobume baseIndiya kuMthetho wempucuko kancinane ka-1857, owadala inkqubo apho abantu boMthonyama banokuncama ubume babo baseIndiya baze babe โbabene-enfranchiseโโnto leyo ekuya kufuneka bayenze xa befuna. ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo okanye ube ziingcali. Inkqubo yocalucalulo yahlaziywa nge-Indian Act ka-1876, apho kwavela ububi obuninzi obuquka izikolo ezihlala abantu kunye nokubanga ulawulo lwaseKhanada malunga nendlela iZizwe zokuQala ezizilawula ngayo. Ngowe-1927, xa amagqala oMthonyama eMfazwe Yehlabathi I aqalisa ukubamba iintlanganiso ukuze axubushe ngemeko yawo, iKhanada yawisa imithetho ekwalela abantu boMthonyama kwintlangano yezobupolitika nasekuqokeleleni imali yokuqesha abacebisi bezomthetho (kunye nokudlala iibhiliyoni, phakathi kwezinye izinto). Umthetho waseIndiya - osasebenza namhlanje kunye nezilungiso, ngaphandle kweenzame ezininzi zokuwutshitshisa-ugunyazisiwe kwizakhiwo zolawulo lwemveli kwaye wanika iCanada amandla okungenelela ukususa kunye nokufaka amagunya olawulo lwemveli ngokuthanda-okwenziwa yiCanada ngokuqhubekayo, ukusuka kwiZizwe eziNtanda 1924 ukuya eBarriere Lake ngowe-1995. Ngenxa yoko, nangawuphi na umzuzu, iZizwe ezininzi zokuQala zisabandakanyeke kumatyala okulawula oorhulumente bazo.
ICanada ilawula izibonelelo ezifumanekayo kwiZizwe zokuQala, kubandakanya namanzi okusela. Kwenye ihlazo lesizwe, IKhanada izifumene ikwazi ukubonelela ngamanzi okusela kwimigodi yedayimani kodwa hayi iZizwe zokuQala. Eli dabi nalo liye langena ezinkundleni, ngesuti yenyathelo leklasi nguTataskweyak Cree Nation, iCurve Lake First Nation, kunye neNeskantaga First Nation. Zifuna ukuba iCanada ingabuyekezi izizwe zabo kuphela, kodwa iphinde isebenze kunye nabo ukwakha iinkqubo zamanzi eziyimfuneko.
ICanada ikhupha iinkqubo zokufaka izicelo ezihlazisayo abantu boMthonyama abangazama ngazo basebenzise ilungelo labo lomntu kwizindlu. Xa zidityaniswe nengxaki yezindlu koovimba, ezi nkqubo zokufaka izicelo ziye zatsala amaqili afana nomcebisi uJerry Paulin, owathi. wa sukela I-Cat Lake First Nation ye-1.2 yezigidi zeedola, ebanga ukuba iinzame zakhe zayisisizathu sokuba iSizwe sokuQala sifumane imali ye-federal yokulungiswa kwezindlu ngokukhawuleza.
ICanada isebenzisa isoyikiso sokurhoxiswa kwezi mali ukunyanzelisa iimeko ezingqongqo "zokungafihli" kwezemali kwiZizwe zokuQala-umxholo umzabalazo wezomthetho, apho i-Cold Lake First Nations ichaze ukuba izibonelelo zokungafihli mali ziphula amalungelo abo. ICanada isebenzise amabango okucaca kwezemali ukubeka iimali zeZizwe zokuQala phantsi kolawulo lomntu wesithathu, ukubamba kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweemali ngendlela engabonakali kakhulu, njengeAlgonquins yeBarriere Lake. umangalelwe kwelinye ityala. Ukunyanzeliswa kokwenziwa kwezinto elubala kuyamangalisa kwilizwe elingcwabe intaphane yabantwana bomthonyama kumangcwaba angaphawulwanga.
Ukuphumelela okanye ukulahlekelwa, amatyala ngokwawo abeka iindleko eziphezulu kwiZizwe zokuQala ezinemali, ubukhulu becala, zilawulwa yiCanada. Isiphumo ziimeko ezifana naleyo apho i I-Beaver Lake Cree imangalela iCanada ngeendleko kuba baphelelwa yimali bemangalela iCanada ngomhlaba wabo. Xa iZizwe zokuQala ziphumelela enkundleni, iCanada izama ukuyibhangisa ngaphambi kokuba ifike apho.
Umhlaba kunye nezibonelelo zezona zinguNdoqo woMzabalazo
Umba ophambili phakathi kweCanada kunye neZizwe zokuQala ngumhlaba. Uninzi lwamadabi luphezu komhlaba apho ilizwe laseKhanada lihleli khona, zonke ezibiweyo kwaye uninzi lwazo zabiwa ngeenkqubo zomthetho ezingakwaziyo ukugocagocwa kwaye ziyaqhawuka ngoku. "[Mna] i-acreage elula," inkokeli yemveli engasekhoyo u-Arthur Manuel wabhala kwincwadi ka-2017. IManifesto yoXolelwaniso, obu โyaba lelona sela likhulu kwimbali yoluntu,โ linciphisa abemi Bomthonyama ekubeni babe ne-100 ekhulwini lomhlaba ukuba 0.2 ekhulwini. Elinye lawona mhlaba ubalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho liphecana leHaldimand kumazantsi eOntario, elenza iibhiliyoni zeedola kwingeniso elunge, ngokufanelekileyo, kwiZizwe eziNtathu, njengoko. UPhil Monture ubhale kakhulu. Izizwe ezithandathu zafaka amabango omhlaba aneenkcukacha ngakumbi, de iCanada yayeka ukuwamkela. Kodwa ngoJulayi, ukuxhathisa kwabo okuqhubekayo ikhokelele ekurhoxisweni yophuhliso lwedolophu olucetywayo (funda: indawo yokuhlala) kumhlaba weZizwe eziThandathu.
Uninzi lweemfazwe zenkundla yeZizwe zokuQala zikhusela. Namgis, Ahousaht, Dzawada'enuxw, yaye Gwa'sala-'Nakwaxda'xw Iintlanga zokuQala zizamile ukukhusela ukuloba kwazo zasendle ekungeneni nasekungcoliseni iifama zeentlanzi zabahlali. West Moberly, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River Anishinabe, Aroland, Ginoogaming, Squamish, Coldwater, Tsleil-Waututh, Aitchelitz, Skowkale, kunye Shxwha:y Village First Nations umngeni kumadama kunye nemibhobho. ICanada inembali "ukutya imali enkuluโ kula madabi asenkundleni afikelela kumashumi ezigidiโimali encinane xa ithelekiswa nayo amashumi eebhiliyoni axhasa ngemali kwaye athathele kuyo imibhobho engenakuphikiswa ngokwasezimalini etyhutyha imihlaba yeMveli-kuquka naleyo ye Wet'suwet'en, ukuchaswa kwayo kubangele uqhanqalazo olukhulu kulo lonke elaseCanada ngo-2020. isigqibo sika-2004 in IHaida Nation v. British Columbia.
Iintlanga zokuQala ezaphangwa okanye zanyanzelwa ukuba ziphume kwimihlaba yazo (okanye emanzini, njengokuba kunjalo Iskatewizaagegan No. 39 icala Independent First Nation nxamnye Winnipeg kunye Ontario ngokuthabatha amanzi abo ngokungekho mthethweni eShoal Lake ukuze asetyenziswe sisixeko saseWinnipeg ukuqala ngo-1913) balwela ukubuyiselwa umhlaba wabo, imbuyekezo, okanye zombini. INkundla yamaBango aKhethekileyo ine-132 eqhubekayo iimeko. ESaskatchewan ngoMeyi, inkundla yamatyala yanikezelwa Intloko yeMosquito Grizzly Bear iLean Man First Nation i-$141 yezigidi kunye nokuqaphela ukuba abazange banikezele ngomhlaba wabo njengoko iKhanada yayibange ngo-1905. Isilimela, Heiltsuk First Nation baphumelele inxalenye yomhlaba wabo emva.
Iintlanga zokuQala nazo balwele amalungelo abo okuloba ezinkundleni nangaphandle emanzini, njengoko abalobi abafudukayo baye bahlasela ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye bazama ukoyikisa abalobi baseMi'kmaw kunxweme olusempuma lwaseKhanada. NgoJuni, kunxweme olusentshona, emva kwe INkundla yeZibheno yaseBritish Columbia ifunyenwe ngokuchasene neCanada, urhulumente wobumbano ubhengeze ukuba akazukubhena, ukuwisa ityala leminyaka eli-15 oko kuthintele izabelo zokuloba zeNuu-chah-nulth First Nations.
I-Decolonization inokuba yinto engenakuthintelwa
Kutheni iCanada iqhubeka isilwa (kwaye iphulukene) nokuba semthethweni kwayo njengorhulumente owakhelwe kubusela kunye nokubulawa kwabantu? Asiyomikhwa nje yeenkulungwane. Kukwakungabikho kwayo nayiphi na iprojekthi ngaphandle kokufuduswa kweZizwe zokuQala kunye nokuphangwa komhlaba. ICanada inokuthatha inyathelo lokuqala lokuphelisa konke oku ngokubhengeza ukupheliswa komlilo kwelinye icala kwimfazwe yomthetho. Bambalwa kakhulu abantu baseCanada abaqondayo ukuba le iya kuba yinto entle kakhulu. Iintlanga zokuQala zaziphila ngokuzinzileyo kangangamawaka eminyaka kwezi ndawo zimangalisayo zasentla. Kwandula ke kwafika ubukhosi baseYurophu, bezisa ingqakaqha nesifo sephepha phakathi kwezinye izibetho. Ukutshabalala kweebeaver neenyathi ngokukhawuleza kwalandela, kunye nokuphela ngokupheleleyo kwehobe lehobe. Urhulumente wanamhlanje utyhefe amachibi acwengileyo ngemisila yemigodi, watshabalalisa amahlathi amangalisayo welizwe, kwaye wanika umoya ojikeleze umhlaba owona mthombo uphakamileyo wekhabhoni ngomntu ngamnye (indawo yesixhenxe kwihlabathi ngo-2018-ngaphezu kweSaudi Arabia, eyayiyi-10, kunye ne-US, eyayiyi-11). Ababoni bomthonyama banezimvo ezingcono, ezifana nezo zithiwe thaca ngu Leanne Betasamosake Simpson kwaye Arthur Manuel, okanye ngaloo nto I-Red Deal kwaye i Isivumelwano saBantu saseCochabamba.
Phantsi kolongamo lweMveli, abantu baseCanada banokuba ziindwendwe zeZizwe zokuQala, ezikwaziyo ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zabo kubabuki zindwendwe babo nakwimihlaba yemikhosi yabo, kunokuba babe ngabaxhamli bemfazwe yelizwe labahlali ngokuchasene nabo babiweyo umhlaba.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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