Zimbini izinto ezinomdla ezenzekileyo kwingqungquthela yeBRICS eMzantsi Afrika ngeyeThupha. Amalungu amaninzi amatsha amenywa ukuba ajoyine i-BRICS ngo-2024: i-Argentina, i-Egypt, i-Ethiopia, i-Iran, i-Saudi Arabia, kunye ne-UAE. Yaye, ngokubongozwa yiBrazil, kwasekwa ikhomishini yokufundisisa ukubakho kwemali entsha ukuthatha indawo yedola kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Izivumelwano zokutshintsha imali ziya kuqhubeka zibe yindlela inkqubo eqhubela phambili ngayo kwixesha elifutshane, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba idola ayikwazi ukutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza.
Ukubaleka amakhamandela edola, amazwe akuMzantsi weHlabathi anendlela eyingozi yokuhamba. Iingxaki ezinkulu, njengoko kuchaziwe ngoosoqoqosho bezopolitiko uMichael Hudson kunye noRadhika Desai, bahamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Amazwe akuMzantsi weHlabathi anamatyala amakhulu eedola, kwaye amaqumrhu aseNtshona abanga ubunini kwimithombo yawo. Ubume bezomthetho bezizwe ngezizwe buthanda iNtshona, ukufumana ukuthanda amaqumrhu aseMelika kunye neengxowa-mali zamaxhalanga. I-intanethi ye-covert network yase-US iyaqhubeka inamandla okubangela iimfazwe kunye nokukhwabanisa kwabo bachasene nemithetho yaseNtshona-kubandakanywa nemali. Ezi ngxaki ngoku zijongene namazwe amaninzi ehlabathi.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwehlabathi alukho polarized. Amazwe ambalwa kakhulu (uninzi lwaseYurophu) angabaxhasi abangenamiqathango beNtshona ekhokelwa yi-US. Kwelinye icala, kuphela amazwe ambalwa (umz. iRashiya, iChina, i-Iran) anobuganga bokwala xa iNtshona isenza iimfuno.
Wonke umntu ongomnyeโapho ikamva loqoqosho lwehlabathi liya kudlala khonaโuphakathi. Ngaba baya kuyifumana indlela yokuphuma kule migibe?
Ityala lePolitiki laseArgentina
Kangangeminyaka engama-200, iArgentina ibiyindawo yokuqala yaseBritani, yaza emva koko yalingwa eUnited States kulawulo oluqhutywa ngamatyala. Ngalo lonke ixesha kusithi gqi urhulumente othanda uphuhliso ezama ukukhupha ilizwe engxakini, kulandele urhulumente wasekunene ozakulifaka ilizwe emva.
Phakathi kwamazwe aphakathi, iArgentina inendima ekhethekileyo. Ilizwe likuluhlu lwabamenyiweyo abatsha kwiBRICS. Iimali zayo azifani, kwaye umgqatswa wayo ophambili wobumongameli, othatha iingcebiso zezoqoqosho kwizinja zakhe ezine, ufuna vala uninzi lorhulumente phantsi kwaye usebenzise idola yaseMelika njengemali. Njengabapolitiki abaninzi baseNtshona abasekunene, ukusuka eBerlusconi naseSarkozy ukuya kuTrump naseBolsonaro, uphawu lonyulo lukaMilei alonakaliswanga zii-clown antics okanye zizicwangciso zoqoqosho ezingenakwenzeka.
Kwaye ayinakwenzeka. I-Economist iphawula ukuba "UMilei uthembisa ukuncitshiswa okuxabisa i-15 [epesenti] ... ye-GDP, kwicandelo likarhulumente elibalelwa kwi-38 [epesenti] ye-GDP, kodwa uyasokola ukuchaza ukuba ziya kuvela phi."
Naye akazi
โnjaniโฆ Urhulumente ka-Milei angafumana i-$40 [yezigidi zezigidi] iqela lakhe elicinga ukuba liyimfuneko ukutshintshela kwiidola. Okwangoku, i-Argentina ayinako nokubuyisela i- [I-International Monetary Fund (IMF)]โฆ etyala i-44 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Emva kokuba iphelelwe yimali yaseMelika, ibhanki enguvimba endaweni yoko itshisa iyuan ebolekwe eChinaโฆ uMilei ucebise ukuba kuthengiswe iifemu zikarhulumente kunye namatyala karhulumente kwingxowa-mali engaphandle kolwandle ukuze kunyuswe inkunzi efunekayo. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba kuya kubakho abathengi abaninzi. โ
Ikamva laseArgentina lilawulwa ngamatyala ombuso ukususela ngo-1824 xa ibhanki yoBukhosi baseBritani (iBarings-othi iNkosi uCromer yasebenzisa iindlela zemali ukuba ithathe indawo yayo. Egypt, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi ephawulekayo) kuqala imali mboleko yesigidi seeponti kwiArgentina esandula ukuzimela. Oku kwakungaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 emva kokuba iBritani yamisa imikhosi ukuze izame ngokungaphumeleli ukwenza iArgentina ibe ithanga. Ekugqibeleni bafumanisa ukuba isixhobo semali sisebenza ngakumbi. Ukusilela kokuqala kwezilithoba kwalandela ngo-1827. Eyokugqibela yayingo-2020 (i-Economist ithethelela ishumi).
Ngenkulungwane yama-20, iArgentina yatshintshana phakathi koorhulumente abanyuliweyo kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi kwaye yatshintsha phakathi kweendlela zoqoqosho zophuhliso kunye neoliberal. Ngamaxesha enkululeko, iArgentina yayiyindawo yokuvelisa izinto ezintshaโkwayilwa imifuniselo emitsha yokuphanga ilizwe. Phakathi kwezi kwakukho oko uEsteban Almiron echazwe njenge "bhayisekile yezemali" eyenziwe yanokwenzeka ngesikhonkwane sepeso kwidola yaseMelika:
โXa abaqiqi beebhiliyoni bavunyelwa ukuba batshintshise ngeepesos zaseArgentina ngezixa ezingenamkhawulo zeedola, bexhamla [kwinzala ephezulu]โฆ amaxabiso eepesos, ngurhulumente ekwakufuneka aboleke ezo dollar [e-US]โฆ kwiibhanki zabucala okanye kwi-IMF kunye bahlawule inzala kubo. Zakuba zitshintshiwe, iidola ezafunyanwa ngabaqikeleli zaye zafuduselwa ngaphandle kwelizwe, nto leyo eyayishiya eli tyala kurhulumente.โ
Ngowama-2001, eArgentina ayigqibekanga wawisa isikhonkwane. Emva koko yahlawula i-9.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ze-IMF ngokupheleleyo ngo-2005, igcina ilizwe i-$842 yezigidi kwinzala kwiminyaka elandelayo. Iphinde yathethathethana, ukuya kutsho ngo-2010, ngohlenga-hlengiso lwama-92 epesenti yetyala lesizwe liphela.
I-Almiron's imbali amatyala Argentina ichaza okwenzekayo emva koko: ibali laseArgentina kunye namaxhalanga aseMelika. Ipesenti ezisi-8 ezishiyekileyo zetyala zibonelela ngophononongo lwenkqubo yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe eqhekekileyo eququzelela ukuphangwa kwe-US kuqoqosho lweGlobal South. Yayibanjwe yimali yexhalanga eqhutywa ngusozigidi waseMelika uPaul Singer nabanye. Amaxhalanga aphendukela kwiinkundla zase-US kwaye, kuqikelelwa ukuba, ngo-2012, afumana kanye loo nto ayifunayo-ijaji yase-US yagweba ukuba iArgentina yayiza kubahlawula ngokupheleleyo.
Umongameli uCristina Fernรกndez de Kirchner wala ukuhlawula, kodwa unyulo olwalandelayo lwazisa uMauricio Macri emandleni. I-Macri ikhulise umlinganiselo wetyala laseArgentina ukuya kwi-GDP ukusuka kwi-52.6 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-90.2 yeepesenti kwaye yongamela ukwanda kwentlupheko ukusuka kwi-30 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-40 yeepesenti (izigidi ezine zabantu abangena kwintlupheko). Ngexesha lokushiya kwakhe amandla ngo-2019, iArgentina yayisele ifumene i-79.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinqwelomoya-kwaye yaphinda yasilela. UAlmiron ubhala ukuba "uMacri kunye neqela lakhe bayonakalise imali esempilweni yelizwe laseArgentina kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka emibini." UMacri ubuyise ibhayisekile yezemali:
โIqhinga labo yayikukuthenga iipesos, inzuzo [kwinzala ephezulu]โฆ amaxabiso eepesos, emva koko baziguqulele kwiidola kwaye bakhuphe iidola ngaphandle kwelizwe. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente kwafuneka abonelele ngexabiso elingenasiphelo leedola kubaqikeleli, kwaye washiyeka nepesos.โ
Ekuphumeni kwakhe ngomnyango, uMacri wakhupha imali mboleko ye-57 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-IMF, kamva yancitshiswa yaya kutsho kwi-44 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, eyathi โyanyamalala kwiinyanga nje ezili-11.โ
Umlandeli wakhe u-Alberto Fernandez uzame ukwakha kwakhona inkonzo yezempilo ngexesha le-COVID-19 kodwa wayebambekile kwimali-mboleko yeedola ezingama-44 eebhiliyoni. Ngenxa yokuphelelwa lithemba kangangoko ngenxa yeengcamango zophuhliso, uFernรกndez waguqukela eTshayina, ezibandakanya Inyathelo leBhanti kunye neNdlela ngo-2022 kunye nokufaka isicelo-ngempumelelo, kwavela-kwi-BRICS. I-Argentina iya kujoyina kwi-2024. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisana ne-China (kunye Khwatha) ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibingumba wokufumana imali-mboleko eyongezelelweyo evela eTshayina ukuhlawula i-IMF. Olu asilulo kanye uhlobo lwesivumelwano โsokuphumelelaโ i-China ifuna namazwe akuMzantsi weHlabathi kutyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo malunga nemithombo.
Ukuba wonyulwa, uMilei unokulindeleka ukuba asirhoxise isicelo seBRICS. Ukuba ugcina i-Argentina kwi-BRICS, uya kusebenzisa i-genius yakhe yemali (kunye nezinja zakhe) ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwe-US yase-Argentina kungekuphela nje ukukhupha i-Argentina, kodwa i-China (kunye nabanye ababolekisi bakaxakeka) ngokunjalo.
Ngokungena etyaleni ngalinye, iphiko lasekunene lelizwe lizama ukutshonisa urhulumente ngokunzulu kangangokuba angaze avele. Xa efika e-ofisini, umhlebezi wezinja uMilei uthembise ukukhupha irekhodi likaMacri lokutshatyalaliswa.
Iingxaki zasePakistan, i-Ally ye-US kunye ne-China
NjengeArgentina, iPakistan ilawulwa ngamatyala ombuso-okokuqala iBritane, emva koko i-US-iminyaka. Le nto ngoku eyiPakistan yayikhe yaba liqela lamaphondo atyebileyo eBritish India. Ubukumkani obunye obabuziswa yiNkampani yaseBritane yi-East India Company buzaliswe lityala, eyona ndlela iphambili (kwakukho abanye) eyathi yaya kuthi ga ngoku. IBritane ikhuphe i-45 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kwilizwekazi. IBritane emva koko yahlula-hlula ilizwekazi eIndiya nasePakistan ngaphambi kokuba inikezele. Namhlanje i-India idlala indima engaqondakaliyo kwiBRICS, ngelixa urhulumente wasePakistan wasemva kobhukuqo-mbuso uye wabhenela kubundlobongela obumandla ukuzama ukuba ilizwe libe phantsi kolawulo.
Kwakhona njengeArgentina, iPakistan yindawo apho zombini i-BRICS kunye ne-IMF inobukho obunzima bezoqoqosho. NgoAprili, malunga nonyaka emva kokuba owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso u-Imran Khan egxothiwe, iZiko loXolo lase-US umbiko ukuba iPakistan ijongene nengxaki yezoqoqosho "ekhoyo". Ukwahlula-hlula amatyala ngokweendidi ezintathu (amazwe ngamazwe, abucala, kunye namaTshayina), i-USIP yanika ucazululo lwetyala lasePakistan nelalibolekwa kuye: โUkusukela ngoDisemba ka-2022, iPakistan inamatyala angaphandle kunye namatyala akwi-126.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Phantse ama-77 ekhulwini eli tyala, elifikelela kuma-97.5 ezigidi zeerandi lityalwa ngokuthe ngqo ngurhulumente wasePakistan kubabolekisi abahlukahlukeneyo; enye yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezisisi-7.9 ityalwa ngamashishini karhulumente alawulwa ngurhulumente kubabolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe.โ
Ityala lePakistan lamazwe ngamazwe le-45 yeebhiliyoni zeedola liye laphuka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iBhanki yeHlabathi (i-18 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi), iBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseAsia (i-15 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi), kunye ne-IMF (iibhiliyoni zeedola ezisisi-7.6), ngezixa-mali ezincinci kwiBhanki yoPhuhliso lwamaSilamsi kunye neBhanki yoTyalo-mali yeZiseko zoPhuhliso yaseAsia. . Ityala enye i-R8.5 yeebhiliyoni kumazwe anamatyala aphambili iJapan, iJamani, iFransi neUnited States.
Ityala labucala lasePakistan lalikhokelwa yi-Eurobonds kunye nehlabathi jikelele Iibhondi zeSukuk, efikelela kwiibhiliyoni zeerandi ezisisi-7.8. Ikwanayo neemali-mboleko zorhwebo zangaphandle eziphantse zibe zibhiliyoni ezisi-7 zeerandi, ezinokunyuka ziye phantse kwiibhiliyoni ezisi-9 zeerandi ekupheleni kwalo nyaka-mali ukhoyo.
Okokugqibela, i-USIP ibeke "ityala laseTshayina" le-27 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwicandelo elahlukileyo:
Oku kuquka malunga ne-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zamatyala amabini kunye ne-6.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ematyaleni abonelelwe ngurhulumente waseTshayina kumashishini oluntu asePakistan, kunye nemali-mboleko yorhwebo yaseTshayina emalunga ne-7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ukongeza, iState Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) yaseTshayina ibeke iidiphozithi zangaphandle ezixabisa iibhiliyoni ezine zeerandi kwibhanki enguvimba wasePakistan.โ
Nge-GDP ye-376 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye netyala le-126 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2022, umlinganiselo wetyala le-Pakistan-to-GDP weepesenti ezingama-34 uthandeka ngakumbi kunelaseArgentina nangaphambi kwentlekele yaseMacri. Sekunjalo, abatyali-mali basePakistan baseNtshona bayichaza njengemeko engenakwenzeka kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwakubangela ubunzima obuqhelekileyo.
I 2022-23 uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukarhulumente ingeniso eqikelelweyo ye-24 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kunye neendleko ze-33 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ukubuyiswa kwamatyala, okungafakwanga kuwo, bekujongeka ngathi kuya kudlula ingeniso karhulumente, malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-25 zeedola.
Ityala laseTshayina inokuphinda imiselwe ngokomzekelo wembaliโkodwa yayingama-30 ekhulwini kuphela ewonke. Kuthekani ngezinye? Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente bophuhliso baseArgentina bazama ukusebenzisa ukukhula koqoqosho ukunyusa irhafu kunye nesiseko sokuthumela ngaphandle ukuze bacuthe ityala xa belawula, kodwa iPakistan Uqikelelo lokukhula belungajongi kakuhle. Ngokukwanjalo, kwixesha elide, njengoko kubhaliwe kwincwadi kaJawad Syed kunye neYung-Hsiang Ying ka-2020. Inyathelo leBhanti kunye neNdlela yaseTshayina kuMxholo weHlabathi uMqulu II: IKhorido yoQoqosho yaseChina yasePakistan kunye neziphumo zayo kuShishino., i-CPEC inombono wokuphucula amakhonkco exabiso kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zasePakistan njengenkqubo yophuhliso loqoqosho lwamazwe omabini.
Kodwa kuthekani ngexesha elifutshane? IPakistan yazama ukwenza ubuchule: Inkulumbuso u-Imran Khan wayesandula ukwenza isivumelwano samandla kunye nengqolowa-ezona zinto zimbini ziyimfuneko kunye nexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ebhasikithini-eRashiya xa wagxothwayo. Urhulumente we-post-coup wayichitha isivumelwano, ezama ukuphepha ingxaki kunye ne-US ngokurhweba kunye namazwe avunywe yi-US ngaphandle kweentengiselwano zeedola. IPakistan ikhuphe iphepha pre-Nixon-ndwendwela China incwadi kunye utshintshiselwano olusetyenzisiweyo. Kodwa ababolekisi baseNtshona basekho, befuna ukuhlawulwa (ngeedola). Nokuba ngokuthoba Ixabiso letyala lasePakistan okanye ukubeka iliso kunye nokohlwaya iPakistan njengomxhasi wezezimali wobunqolobi ngokusebenzisa Umsebenzi weZimali ngeMisebenzi (FATF), iUnited States inezixhobo ezininzi zokunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa kwamatyala ePakistan.
Kwenzeka njani ukuba imeko ibe maxongo ngolo hlobo? Iimali zasePakistan, kuquka namatyala e-US, zibotshelelwe kwiwebhu yamazwe amabini yobudlelwane obufihlakeleyo kunye nongenelelo lwamazwe omabini e-Afghanistan ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Ngokuqinisekileyo, urhwebo lwaseMelika kunye nePakistan umqhaphu kunye neempahla, intsimbi kunye noomatshini, kodwa intliziyo yobudlelwane bezoqoqosho i-karate. Abantu baseAfghanistan wabandezeleka kakhulu, kunye nombhali uNicolas JS Davies Uqikelelo lokufa kwabantu abangama-875,000, kodwa iPakistan nayo yabandezeleka. Ukungenelela kwePakistan e-Afghanistan kunye nemisebenzi yase-US emaphandleni asePakistan ixabisa i-US ally I-150 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye ne-70,000 iphila ngokutsho konozakuzaku wasePakistan e-United States ngo-2021 kunye nokufa kwe-325,000 ngokutsho kukaDavies.
Isixa semali echithwe yi-United States kuhlaselo lwase-Afghan inkulu kwaye ayinakubalwa. Kukho amanani asemthethweni wokubala I-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiikontraka zomkhosi yedwa. Umbhali wemihlathi uKhawaja Akbar ikhutshiwe ukuba iPakistan ibidlulisela imali yoncedo lomkhosi kwi-Taliban, inokuba liqhezu nje le-United States eyichithileyo: "I-1 yezigidigidi zeedola ezichithwe yi-US e-Afghanistan ngexesha elifanayo ayiphumelelanga ukuchasa isiphumo se-30 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. ukuya ePakistan.โ
Xa u-Imran Khan ephelisa ukuxhasa iinzame zase-US e-Afghanistan, iintsuku zokuhlala zibaliwe: I-US Logistics ye-2001-2021 imfazwe yase-Afghan yonke iqhubekile ePakistan. Inqaku leNew York Times elapapashwa kwakamsinya emva kokuba iTaliban ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba "Amazibuko asePakistan kunye neendawo zeenqwelomoya zibonelele ngeendawo zokungena eziphambili kunye nemigca yokubonelela ngezixhobo zomkhosi waseMelika ezifunekayo eAfghanistan." I-American occupation logistics ibingumba ochukumisayo kwaye ubudlelwane be-US-Pakistan bawohloka ngamaxesha amaninzi.
UTariq Ali wabhala ngomzuzu omnye onjalo kwincwadi yakhe ka-2008, IDuel:
โIlizwe likwingxaki yokutya namandla. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kusondela kwi-15 [epesenti]โฆ Ixabiso lerhasi (esetyenziselwa ukupheka kumakhaya amaninzi) linyuke nge-30 [epesenti]โฆ kwaye ixabiso lengqolowa linyuke ngaphezu kwe-20 [epesenti]โฆ ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2007. Amaxabiso okutya neemveliso ukwanda kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa kukho ingxaki eyongezelelweyo ePakistan: ingqolowa eninzi ithutyeleziswa e-Afghanistan ukondla imikhosi ye-NATO. Ngokophando lwakutsha nje, ama-86 [epesenti]โฆabantu basePakistan bafumanisa ukuba kuya kusiba nzima ukuthenga umgubo, nto leyo etyhola urhulumente wabo omtsha. [Owayesakuba ngumongameli uAsif Ali] uZardari wafumana imvume yehla yaya kutsho kwi-13 [epesenti].โ
Akukho ngxoxo ngoqoqosho lokurhweba ePakistan nase-Afghanistan ngaphandle kokukhankanya i-opium. Yayiluqoqosho lobutyebi obungenakubalwa, mhlawumbi $2 billion, mhlawumbi kakhulu ngakumbi, kuba US- kunye Pakistan-based imibutho covert, imibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namaziko emali ukuba I-Taliban iphelile.
Xa iUnited States yeba iAfghanistan $ 7 billion kwiindawo zokugcina emva kokuthathwa kweTaliban, iPakistan nayo yabandezeleka njengeqabane eliphambili lezorhwebo lelizwe.
Ebudeni bamashumi eminyaka eemfazwe zase-Afghan, iUnited States kunye nePakistan zavelisa iidosi ezigcwele imfihlo enye kwenyeโkangangokuba emva kokuhlasela iAfghanistan ngo-2001, eUnited States. iqinisekisiwe IPakistan ikwazile ukukhupha eyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo. Olu tyando kamva lwaluza kubizwa ngokuba โkumoya wobungendawo.โ yiUnited States.
Singashwankathela oku ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ebudeni bemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan, iPakistan yakhupha ibhilikhwe enkulu yeendleko ezifihlakeleyo, inani elikhulu lokufa, kunye noqoqosho olungekho mthethweni, olunxuseneyo olwathi lwenzakalisa uqoqosho olusesikweni kuphela.
Emva kokuthatyathwa kweTaliban kunye nokugxothwa kuka-Imran Khan, iUnited States yayiza kuphinda iqalise le webhu yobudlelwane obufihlakeleyo kunye nePakistan-kungekhona ngaphezu kwe-Afghanistan ngeli xesha, kodwa i-Ukraine. Ngokutsho kwe-Intercept, iingxoxo ze-IMF zasePakistan zasemva kobhukuqo zagudiswa ngesivumelwano esiyimfihlo ukuvelisa izixhobo zeUnited Statesโizixhobo iUnited States yayiza kuzithumela eUkraine ukuya kulwa neRashiya. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukuba isivumelwano sika-Imran Khan sengqolowa kunye neRussia sidlulile, iPakistan ngekhe ithumele izixhobo zemfazwe kwicala laseUkraine lemfazwe.
Amanye Amatyala
Phakathi kweArgentina kunye nePakistan, ezininzi zeengxaki ze-dollar ezilawulwayo kunye nehlabathi le-post-dollar zifakwe. Kodwa ukhenketho olukhawulezayo kwamanye amazwe lutyhila ezinye iintshukumo. I-IMF ifuna i-Egypt (omnye umenyiweyo omtsha we-BRICS) ithobe ixabiso; Umongameli waseYiputa, owangena kulawulo ngobhukuqo-mbuso kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo ukolula iingxoxo. Ukugcina iJiphutha ngaphandle kwemeko yoguquko yindlela iUnited States ebonelela ngayo ukhuseleko lukaSirayeli, ke lindela ukuba olo thethwano luqhubeke luqhuba. ELebhanon, isicwangciso se-IMF sahlukile-ukugcina iLebhanon kwindawo ukuwa kwemali lelinye iplank yeqhinga lase-US/Israel, njengakwiArgentina, injongo yingxaki yemali engapheliyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubuthunywa bugqityiwe. I-Tunisia iye yahluthwa ngamalungiselelo etyala leniyo-koloniyali ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-19. Oku kuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. I-Sri Lanka, ibhujiswe yi-tsunami ye-2004, yaba ngummkeli I-IMF ekhokelwa yi-IMF ukusuka apho ukuya phambili. Nangona nje i-10 ekhulwini leli tyala lityalwa eTshayina, iSri Lanka kubhekiselwa kuyo eNtshona njengebanjiswe โkumgibe waseTshayina.โ Ngapha koko, ngenxa yokuba lincinci letyala ngamaTshayina, iSri Lanka ithe ngqo kumgibe wamatyala aseNtshona apho kuya kuba nzima ukubaleka.
Amatyala ambalwa okugqibela ekufuneka aqukunjelwe: eKenya, i-IMF icinezela ngamandla, befuna ukubandezeleka okungakumbi kubantu baseKenya ngendlela yeerhafu eziphezulu kunye nenkcitho ephantsi-imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yokunciphisa. Abasemagunyeni baseKenya babhengeze ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka abayi kuzama ukucwangcisa ngokutsha okanye ukuhlengahlengisa. IKenya ikwayindawo yenye yeeflegi Iiprojekthi zaseTshayina-Afrika, iMombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), kunye nezinye iziseko. Kwelinye icala, i-US Africa Command (AFRICOM) isiseko somkhosi ikwaseMombasa. IZambia, inethamsanqa elaneleyo lokutyala i-4.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwityala layo le-6.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-China, yahlengahlengiswa ngoJuni. Ngokwendalo, i-IMF ibange oku njengoloyiso lokuguquguquka kwayo kunye nombono wexesha elide, ibanga ukuba isivumelwano "sasinceda ukubeka iZambia kwindlela yokukhula koqoqosho oluzinzileyo kunye nokunciphisa intlupheko." UMongameli waseFransi u-Emmanuel Macron naye wathatha imbeko โngempumelelo eyimbaliโ: โSihlala [sihlanganisiwe]โฆukuqinisekisa ukuba amanye amazwe abambeke kumgibe wamatyala ayaxhamla kwimpendulo yamazwe amaninzi,โ watsho kuTwitter.
Kuzo zonke ezi meko, i-US kunye ne-IMF zilumkile ukuba zicinezele kuphela xa zibambe amakhadi. Xa i-China ibambe isabelo esikhulu setyala okanye inokubonelela ngenye indlela enentsingiselo, i-IMF nayo ibonakala ifumana indlela yokungaziphakamisi kunye nabatyalayo. I-IMF idinga ukunyathela kancinci nayo: ayisekho kuphela umdlalo edolophini, kwaye uthetha-thethwano olunzima kakhulu phambi kwezinye iindlela kuya kukhokelela ekugqibeni-mhlawumbi kokugqibela kwe-IMF.
Isishwankathelo: Ukukhutshwa kwedola yindlela ezaliswe yimingeni emininzi. Uninzi lwamazwe ayilolona qoqosho lukhulu lwehlabathi (i-China) ingelilo nelinye iqela lasemkhosini laseMelika (eRussia). Amazwe ambalwa awela kwicandelo le-Iran, iVenezuela, iCuba, i-Afghanistan, kunye ne-DPRK-abo baye babandezeleka yonke into i-United States inokuphosa ngokunyanisekileyo kubo kwaye akukho ndawo yokuya ngaphandle.
Uninzi lufana neArgentina nePakistan, phakathi kokubandezeleka kwezoqoqosho, iingozi, kunye nezigqibo ezinzima. Ukuzikhupha kumandla aseNtshona kuya kuba buhlungu, kodwa akusayi kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.
Eli nqaku laveliswa I-Globetrotter. UJustin Podur ngumbhali osekwe eToronto, ZFriend, kunye nomfo obhalayo eGlobetrotter. Ungamfumana kwiwebhusayithi yakhe podur.org nakwi-Twitter @justinpodur. Ufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseYork kwiYunivesithi yaseYork Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela