Umthombo: Globetrotter
MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA-MEYI 12, 2021: Abantu abancinci abavela "kumgca wokuqala" kunye nemiqobo kwimiboniso kwizitrato zaseMedellin
Ifoto nguRoger.Rondon/Shutterstock
IColombia yabona uthotho lwe uqhanqalazo olukhulu ekupheleni kuka-Epreli kulandela ikhwelo loqhankqalazo lwesizwe kwisixeko saseCali. Isaqhuba, uqhanqalazo lunezizathu ezininzi: kubonakala ngathi “utshintsho lwerhafu” leyo yayiza kudlulisela ubutyebi obungakumbi kwipesenti enye eColombia; ukusilela kwezona zivumelwano zoxolo zamva nje; kunye nokungakwazi kwenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo yabucala yaseColombia ukuqulatha ingxaki ye-COVID-1. Ukusabela kolu qhankqalazo luqhubekayo, urhulumente uye wabulala amashumi, yanyamalala amakhulu, yabeka imiqathango yokubuya ekhaya kwizixeko ezininzi, yaza yabiza umkhosi. Kodwa uqhanqalazo luyaqhubeka-kuba, ubuncinci, ngokuyinxenye, bayakwala ukulwa yonke into kweli lizwe.
Ngasemva kwemvukelo yaseColombia yi umbuzo womhlaba. Imfazwe yamakhaya emashumi ngamashumi eminyaka ikhokelele ekubeni izigidi zabalimi baphoswe kumhlaba wabo, nothe waphelela ezandleni zabanini-mhlaba abakhulu okanye wasetyenziselwa iiprojekthi ezinkulu zeshishini. Kuluhlu oluqhubekayo lomhlaba olwenziwa eColombia kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kukho isixhobo esitsha nesoyikisayo: ukulwa nokulondolozwa kwendalo. Kuluhlu lwelizwe lonke lwemisebenzi yomkhosi eqala ngoFebruwari, ebandakanya inani elikhulu lamajoni namapolisa, umkhosi wabamba abantu abangama-40, lowo ligqwetha jikelele utyholwa lokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokwembiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni, kwiindawo ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Kwi- ukusebenza kwangaphambili, umkhosi wabamba abantu abane ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nemekobume, abaye babizwa ngokuba "ngabavukeli bombutho we-Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)" nguMongameli waseColombia u-Iván Duque, ngokutsho inqaku e Mongabay. Komnye umsebenzi ngoMatshi ka-2020, amajoni azama ukubamba abafuyi abangekho mthethweni kwiipaki zelizwe wachola abantu abangama-20, 16 kubo kwaba ngabalimi, abangenamhlaba nankomo; ngokutsho ukuya Mongabay. Ngokutsho komkhosi waseColombia, imisebenzi esibhozo yenziwa ngo-2020, apho "ifunyenwe ngaphezu kweehektare ze-9,000 zehlathi," ngelixa ibamba abantu abangama-68, abangama-20 kubo bengabantwana, lathi inqaku Umongabay.
Oko umkhosi ubiza ihlathi "elifunyenweyo" ngummandla ingabikho ebantwini bayo. Inyathelo lilonke, eliqale ngo-2019, libhalwe “Umsebenzi Artemis.” Ithumela ntoni inqaku elinye kwiPhepha lesiXeko (iBogotá) libiza “amaqhawe endalo aseColombia agcwele isinyithi” kumzamo wokunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngo. 50 ekhulwini, njengoMongameli Duque xelelwe Reuters.
Ngokhuseleko oluninzi lwehlathi lwehlathi, umbuzo ophakamayo ngowokuba, ngaba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyingxaki enokusonjululwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo? Ngaba ihlathi lingasindiswa ngokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi? Ngaba umkhosi ofanayo ukuba yabulala amawaka abantu abamsulwa, kuquka namahlwempu, kwiinzame zokwandisa amanani emizimba yabo, banokuthenjwa ukuba bakhusela imekobume?
IAmazon isesichengeni
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi eAmazon yingxaki yokwenene. The IAmazon yaseColombia ibumba malunga nama-42 ekhulwini omhlaba waseColombia nesi-6 ekhulwini sommandla weAmazon uwonke, iBolivia neVenezuela nganye isenza esinye isi-6 ekhulwini, iPeru sisi-9 ekhulwini, yaye iBrazil isenza ama-66 ekhulwini ommandla weAmazon uwonke.
Umongameli Jair Bolsonaro waseBrazil ukhankasele kwisithembiso sokuba “Phuhlisa” iAmazon kwaye ithathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukwenza oko. NaseColombia, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ngokomlinganiselo ophakathi kweehektare ezimalunga ne-100,000 200,000 nezingama-XNUMX XNUMX ngonyaka. njenge2018. Ezona njini zinkulu zokugawulwa kwamahlathi kukulima, ukutshisa, ukulinywa kwecoca kunye nepoppy, kunye nokwandiswa kwendlela kunye nemigodi. Ukuba izinga "lokubuyisela"-elichazwa njengokukhupha abantu kwindawo ngemikhosi yasemkhosini-lilandela ipatheni ka-2020 Ngama-9,000 eehektare ngonyaka, umkhosi"i-metal eco-warriors epheleleyo” basebenza ngokucothayo kangangezihlandlo ezili-11 ukunqanda ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni eColombia kwaye kutheni.
IAmazon khuselwe phantsi komgaqo-siseko waseColombia, njengoko kunjalo namalungelo emimandla abantu boMthonyama. Phakathi kwala malungelo kukho i ilungelo lokukhululeka, ngaphambili, kunye nemvume enolwazi xa kukho nasiphi na iskimu sophuhliso. Kukho iqela leeforam apho abantu boMthonyama bathi bathi bakwazi ukusebenzisa la malungelo. Ezi ziquka i mesa permanente, i comisión nacional kwaye i Mesa kwiNgingqi yase-Amazon. Inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yeAmazon yaseColombia—ngaphezu kwesigamu—ngokomthetho, iphantsi kolawulo lweMveli.
Le mihlaba inqwenelwa yimidla yamaqumrhu.
Amalungelo abaTyali-mali Acelwa umngeni kwiiNkundla
Esona sixhobo sinamandla sokuhlutha umhlaba wenkampani asizenzi ngathi sikhusela indalo esingqongileyo: sisikhokelo “sorhwebo olukhululekileyo,” olufakwe kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, eziphawule isazi ngeelwimi kunye nesithandi sobulumko uNoam Chomsky. uye waxoxa ingabizwa ngcono “njengezivumelwano zamalungelo abatyali-zimali.” Kodwa esi sikhokelo sisoloko siphantsi komngeni ngabantu bomthonyama kunye nazinkundla ezinelungelo elincinane lokuzimela.
Mininzi imizekelo yaxa abantu bomthonyama besiya ezinkundleni ukuze baxhase amalungelo abo ngomhlaba wabo. Xa inkampani yemigodi yaseKhanada Cosigo Resources Ltd Fu maneka ngokwenza izinto ezingekho mthethweni kwipaki yesizwe yaseAmazon yaye yaphandwa yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yaseColombia, inkampani wathatha iColombia ukuya kulamlo eTexas, apho umcimbi uza kuqhutywa ngokwemigaqo yeKhomishini yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMthetho woRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (UNCITL). I-Cosigo Resources Ltd. yabanga ukuba ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko waseColombia kwi-Yaigojé-Apaporis National Natural Park iphula izibophelelo zaseColombia zokukhusela amalungelo otyalo-mali phantsi kweSivumelwano sokuKhuthaza uRhwebo lwe-US-Colombia. Elo dabi lisaqhubeka.
Enye inkampani yezimayini yaseCanada, i-Auxico Resources, izama ukukhupha igolide kunye ne-coltan (isithako esibalulekileyo kwiiselfowuni) phantsi kwe-Amazon. I-Axico Resources isayinwe a Imemorandam yokuqonda kunye nerhuluneli yaseGuainía, uJavier Zapata, "ngokuveliswa kwezimbiwa," ngokutsho ukuya eMinería Pan-Americana. Ngo-2018, uZapata wabhengeza ukuba iipesenti ezingama-80 zomhlaba zinikezelwe kwiAuxico Resources. UZapata ngoku usentolongweni ngenxa yorhwaphilizo. Kodwa i-Auxico isasebenza kwindawo. Ngo-2019, uMongameli Duque wabhengeza ukuyilwa kwe umasipala omtsha yeBarrancominas eGuainía, ukukhupha kwangaphambili inyathelo loluntu lwemveli (85 ekhulwini abantu baseGuainía ngabemi Bomthonyama) kwingingqi ukuseka amalungelo abo omhlaba.
Inkampani yesithathu, i-Amerisur Resources (ngoku GeoPark), uphumelele ilayisenisi ukwenza uphando lwepetroleum eSiona kumhlaba woMthonyama ePutumayo kumazantsi eKholombiya (kwimida yayo ne-Ecuador nePeru), uluntu olunabantu abangama-2,600 abaye bahlaselwa ngamajoni kunye nabarhwebi beziyobisi kangangamashumi eminyaka—iingxelo zamapolisa zibonisa. 23 ukubulawa kwabantu okwahlukeneyo ePutumayo phakathi ko-1993 kunye no-2014. Uluntu lwafunga ngo-2014 ukuba lungavumeli ukusetyenziswa kwepetroleum kwindawo yabo. Ngo-2018, i-Inter-American Commission yamaLungelo oLuntu "yalela amanyathelo okukhusela" eSiona, kwaye ijaji yaseColombia nayo yathi "ithumele umyalezo ocacileyo" kwaye yayalela ukuba i-Amerisur Resources iyeke iprojekthi yokuhlola ioli apho, ngokutsho. i inqaku e-El Espectador. Ijaji yayalela ukuba kunqunyanyiswe iimpepha-mvume zokuhlola komnye wale ndawo yogcino. Imithombo ye-Amerisur yabhengeza ngokukhawuleza ukuba iza kuqhubeka nokwenza imigodi kuba “ukubonisana kwangaphambili,” ilungelo eliphantsi komgaqo-siseko waseColombia, kubonakala ukuba laligqityiwe. Idabi liyaqhubeka nanamhla, kunye nenkampani iqhubeka nokunyanzelisa ukuba ifezekise imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yemvume yangaphambili ngexesha elidlulileyo.
Ngo-2010 e-Ecuador, umkhosi cetywayo ukudala ihlathi elilawulwa ngumkhosi "elikhuselweyo" kummandla waseSiona-iSiona ayizange ivume. NgoJulayi ka-2020, iRhuluneli yaseSiona uSandro Piaguaje ibhengezwe kwiGeoPark ukuba “[Y] uya kulahlekelwa, ngenxa yokuba awuyi kukwazi ukufumana nethontsi yeoli kummandla wethu.” Kodwa ngoku izilumkiso zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi zivela kulo lonke ilizwe laseSiona kunye iingxelo zokurhweba ngeziyobisi. I-Siona yoyika ukuba ezi zilumkiso ziya kubonelela ngesizathu sokuba umkhosi ungene kwindawo kwaye uya kuqalisa inkqubo eya kuphelela ekunikezeleni indawo kwi-GeoPark.
Xa kuxoxwa ngezinto ezinomdla kwinkampani eAmazon, imeko kaSteven Donziger kunye neChevron e-Ecuador akufanele ilityalwe. Ngowe-1993, uDonziger waqalisa ibango eliyimbali ngokuchasene nesigebenga seoli iChevron, eyayingcolise iAmazon e-Ecuador yaza yatshabalalisa abantu boMthonyama apho. Ngo-2011, inkundla yase-Ecuador yayalela ukuba iChevron ihlawule I-9.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kumonakalo. I-Chevron ayizange ihlawule-kwaye yaqhubeka isebenzisa inkqubo yenkundla yase-US ukutshutshisa u-Donziger, ngoku ohlala kunyaka wakhe wesibini evalelwe endlwini eNew York.
Amaqamza okusiNgqongileyo asasazwe ngokuchasene naBalimi
Nokuba ziphezulu kangakanani iindleko zamadabi asenkundleni, abantu bomthonyama babonakalise ukuba umzabalazo wabo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweenkundla zokukhusela okusingqongileyo ungaphumelela. Kwiinkampani ezilambele umhlaba, ulondolozo lomkhosi luye lwavela njengenye indlela yobuchule kumadabi asemngciphekweni asenkundleni. Kunye ne-Operation Artemis, iColombia iye yavelisa iqhinga “Amaqamza okusiNgqongileyo, ” Qalile ngo-2016. Ngo-2017, umkhosi waseColombia uthathe inxaxheba kuthotho lwemithambo yase-Amazon ebizwa ngokuba “.Ukusebenza eUnited States,” ngokudibeneyo noorhulumente basePeru, eBrazil, eKhanada, ePanama, eArgentina naseUnited States—kodwa kungekhona eBolivia.owayengumongameli u-Evo Morales wala).
IiBubble zokusiNgqongileyo yimisebenzi eyothusayo, eyenziwa yaziwe eluntwini emva kokuba umkhosi wenze iphulo lokukhusela indawo ethile ngokuchasene nomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Ilizwe ngalinye (isebe) eColombia lifumana a "Amandla okusabela ngokukhawuleza ukwenza umsebenzi wokubeka iliso, ukuthintela, ukulawula kunye nokujonga izinto ezibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi."
Ngo-2018, imibutho ye-campesino (abalimi) yangqina phambi kwe- #JuicioALaDeforestación (ityala lokuchithwa kwamahlathi) malunga into eyenziwe ngabasemagunyeni kubo egameni lolondolozo. KwiPaya yeSizwe yePaki yeNdalo, umthunywa ovela kwiLeguízamo Peasant Workers Association ngelixa enikela ingxelo malunga "nezityholo zokuxhatshazwa kwabemi ngabasemagunyeni kwimimandla," wathi, "Zonke izinto zabo, izindlu kunye nezilwanyana zatshiswa ngexesha lokungenelela. .” Uqhube wathi, “Thina mahlwempu ayisosizathu sokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Umnini-mhlaba omkhulu, ohluthe iwaka leehektare epakini, uhambahamba ngokukhululekileyo engenangxaki.” Eminye imisebenzi emine yomkhosi wohlobo olufanayo yenziwa kulo lonke i-2018-19.
The ityala Labarce, kwisebe laseColombia laseSucre, nalo liyafundisa. Abemi base-Afro-Colombia, ezinye zeentsapho zabo ezazifike kuloo mmandla ukususela ngowe-1916, babona imihlaba yabo isiba yinxalenye yepaki yelizwe—iSantuario de Flora y Fauna el Corchal—ngowama-2002. imihlaba “engenanto”—kwaloo mfundiso yayisetyenziswa xa kuhluthwa abemi Bomthonyama kumazwe abo kulo lonke elaseMerika, kuquka iUnited States neKhanada apho ikomkhulu lemibutho yemigodi likomkhulu. Abalimi beza ngaphambili benokholo oluhle lokusebenzisana nenkqubo kwaye banamalungelo phantsi komthetho. Kumashumi eminyaka ababehlala apho, baye bakhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zaloo mmandla baza bagcina intsimi ecandiweyo ngaphandle kokunabela ehlathini. Ngapha koko, bachazwa njengabemi ngokungekho mthethweni kumhlaba wabo. Zininzi ezinye iimeko zabalimi ababhengezwa ngequbuliso njengabangeneleli, izizukulwana emva kokuba ookhokho babo bakhuthazwa ukuba “babe koloni” imihlaba.
I-Environmentalism kufuneka ingabi namkhosi
Ukuthinjwa kolondolozo lwendalo yimikhosi yomkhosi akuphelelanga nje eKholombiya—isifundiswa saseKenya uMordekayi Ogada ubhale ngeentshukumo ezifanayo kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. Ubhala kweyakhe website, “Uthando lomntu wasemzini ngezilwanyana zasendle ludla ngokuba ngumlinganiselo wentiyo anayo ngabantu Bomthonyama.” Ukuba "ulondolozo" lunokwabelwa njengesilogeni sokugxotha abantu boMthonyama, lixesha lokuphinda ucinge ngalo mbono. Lixesha lokuba lahla iMalthusianism, intelekelelo “yamazwe angenanto,” kunye ne i-apocalypticism esisiseko sokucinga kakhulu kokusingqongileyo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba iAmazon ineminyaka engama-13,000 XNUMX ubudala, yaye lo mmandla sele ukho umiwe iminyaka eyi-19,000 okanye ngaphezulu-kukho isizathu, ngamanye amazwi, ukuqwalasela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba amahlathi ashinyeneyo anokuthenjwa ngokwenene imbonakalo yenkcubeko idalwe ngabantu kunye nezinye iintlobo ezisebenzisanayo. Encwadini Ngowe-1491: Izityhilelo Ezitsha ZaseMerika Ngaphambi KoColumbus, umbhali uCharles Mann unika eziliqela uqikelelo malunga nokuba leliphi icandelo leAmazon elenziwe ngabemi Bomthonyama; olunye uqikelelo olulumkileyo lwelokuba “malunga ne-12 ekhulwini lamahlathi aseAmazon angazange akhukuliswe yimikhukula ayenemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo—ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokungangqalanga ngabantu”; omnye umphandi umxelela ukuba “konke kudalwe ngabantu”; kwaye ngokutsho komnye umphandi, "Ibinzana elithi 'imekobume eyakhiweyo ...
Ngegunya leNational Natural Parks yaseKholombiya isetyenziselwa ukugxotha abalimi, esinye isindululo sokuphumelela kolu ngquzulwano kukuba “IiParques con Campesinos” (Iipaki Nabalimi) ingcamango—eya kwenza abalimi babe ngamaqabane kulondolozo, kunokuba ibamise njengeentshaba zokusingqongileyo.
Esona sixhobo sinxamnye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi asisosixhobo kwaphela. Kukunika abalimi ukhuseleko lwengqesho yomhlaba, ukuqalisa kwakhona izenzo ezizinzileyo eziye zagcina iAmazon enkulu nezukileyo. IsiCwangciso soPhuhliso seSizwe sangoku phantsi kwe-Operation Artemis enenjongo yokukhonza “nokugcinwa” usukelo luya kuwubona uncitshisiwe ube yimimandla ekhuselweyo engadibaniyo, enqunyulwe ziindlela, ijikelezwe ziibloko zepetroleum, amadama ombane aphehlwa ngamanzi, iindawo eziqhunyiswa ngumphunga, kunye nemigodi, njengoko iimephu ezibonisiweyo ngamatsha ntliziyo kwiNkqubo yoKhuseleko lwamaHlathi eAmazon. Ubukho babahlali nabanyamekeli emhlabeni—kungekhona “i-eco-warriors enesinyithi esipheleleyo”—kuphela kwendlela enokuthenjwa yokuphelisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi.
Indlela yokusindisa iplanethi ayikuko ukuba nelona ziko litshabalalisayo-umkhosi wale mihla-udala "amaqamza" angenanto ebantwini, emva koko ke wabele umhlaba kwiinkampani zeoyile nezimbiwa. Indlela yokusindisa esi sijikelezi-langa kukubuyisela umhlaba kubantu abaqheliselo lwabo lwaqinisekisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo esiye sazinandipha kangangamawaka eminyaka.
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Nikela