Umthombo: UMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kuGxininiso
Ifoto nguMike Chappazo/Shutterstock
Xa i-loony ilungelo lalihlanganisene kwiNkomfa yezoPolitiko yeConservative emva ngoFebruwari, umxholo wendibano enzima kaTrump wawusithi "iMelika engakhanselwanga." Isithethi emva kwesithethi wanyeliswa ngokuchasene "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" kwinkcubeko yaseMelika, ukusuka "kumahlokondiba avusiweyo" ukuya ku "censorship" kumajelo eendaba aphambili. Okumangalisayo kukuba, bazamile ukuguqula into ebizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yokurhoxisa ibe yeyona ngxaki inkulu ejongene ne-United States esele irhoxa kwi-COVID-19 kunye ne-punch yayo yezoqoqosho.
Kwaye okwangoku, amaxesha ngamaxesha, iye yaba lilungelo lelony elizimisele kakhulu ukucofa iqhosha lokucima.
Aba bacingela ukuba ngabakhuseli balo lonke ilungelo lokuvakalisa izimvo zabo bazamile ukurhoxisa unyulo lukamongameli lonke kuba aluphumelelanga ukuvelisa iziphumo abazithandayo. Bachithe amashumi eminyaka bezama ukurhoxisa amalungelo okuvota (singasathethi ke ngeentlobo ezininzi zamanye amalungelo). Baye bayalela izixa ezikhulu zexesha kunye nemali ekurhoxiseni izibonelelo zentlalo kwabo bangathathi ntweni baseMelika. Kuyo yonke imbali, baye baxhoma amaphulo okurhoxisa abantu abathile kuColin Kaepernick kunye noRep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) kuluhlu olumnyama lwexesha likaMcCarthy. Abakho ngaphezulu kokurhoxisa amaqela abantu bonke, ukusuka kuluntu lwe-transgender yonke indlela ebuyela kwisono sokuqala seli lizwe, oko kukuthi ukucinywa kwenyambalala yabantu boMthonyama baseMelika.
Emva koko kukho umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ulawulo lukaTrump aluzange ludibane nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe okanye iziko-isivumelwano seMozulu saseParis, isivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi-owayengafuni ukuwugubungela ngezitampu โzokurhoxisaโ.
Elinye iziko eliye laxhokonxa ingqumbo ethile ngasekunene ibe yiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe. Kwiveki ephelileyo, abaphathi beBiden bathathe inyathelo lokulungisa umsantsa phakathi kwe-United States kunye ne-ICC.
Ayihambanga ngokwaneleyo.
Ukuvala iNkundla
Ngo-2000, ulawulo lukaClinton lwatyikitya iSivumelwano saseRome esaseka iNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe, egxile ekuziseni ubulungisa bamazwe ngamazwe abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ukubulawa kwabantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu, kunye (ekuqaleni ngo-2017) ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela. Ngo-2002, ulawulo lukaBush lwasishiya isivumelwano, kwaye iCongress yatyhala ukuba ikhusele bonke abasebenzi basemkhosini base-US ekutshutshisweni kwe-ICC. Nangona ulawulo luka-Obama lusebenzisana neNkundla, kunjalo wayesaxhalabile malunga nophando olunokwenzeka kwi-US "imfazwe yobunqolobi."
I-ambivalence yajika yaba bubutshaba obucacileyo ngexesha leminyaka kaTrump. Umcebisi weSizwe kwezoKhuseleko uJohn Bolton wawenza umsebenzi wakhe okhethekileyo ukuhlasela i-ICC โnjengengasebenziyo, ingenakuphendula, kwaye eneneni, iyingozi kakhulu.โ Phakathi kweengxoxo ezininzi ezingeyonyani zikaBolton malunga neNkundla, wathi lo mzimba wenza uhlaselo kulawulo lwase-US kunye nomgaqo-siseko ngakumbi, ihashe elithandwayo lelony ilungelo. Kodwa "igatya eliphakamileyo" lomgaqo-siseko wase-US (Inqaku VI, igatya lesi-2) sele iseka ubungangamsha bomthetho wesigqeba phezu kwezibophelelo zezivumelwano. Ke, ngaba umntu unokucela abo bacingelwa ukuba ngabaphengululi bezomthetho ukuba bafunde ngokwenyani imigaqo-siseko yepokotho abayiphetheyo ngentlonipho?
Uhlalutyo lwe-Bolton lwe-off-base lweza nesongelo. "Siza kuphendula ngokuchasene ne-ICC kunye nabasebenzi bayo kangangoko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho wase-US," watsho lumkisa. โSiza kuvala iijaji kunye nabatshutshisi ukuba bangene eMelika. Siza kubagwebela iimali zabo kwinkqubo yezemali yase-US, kwaye, siya kubatshutshisa kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yase-US. Siza kwenza okufanayo kuyo nayiphi na inkampani okanye ilizwe elincedisa uphando lwe-ICC kubantu baseMelika. "
Ngo-2020, ulawulo lukaTrump lwaqala ukuphumeza isicwangciso sohlaselo sikaBolton ngo ukuwisa izohlwayo ngokuchasene namagosa e-ICC. Umtshutshisi uFatou Bensouda kunye negosa eliphezulu lomtshutshisi u-Phakiso Mochochoko babekwe phantsi kwezithintelo zokuhamba kunye nokumiswa kwe-asethi kuba babephanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan. Olu luhlu lwabamnyama lwabaphandi be-ICC luthumele umqondiso owothusayo wokuba iUnited States iza kuzama, njengelizwe elinobugqwetha, ukuthintela ubulungisa kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe.
Umba okhathazayo ngokulinganayo ubandakanya uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kwimimandla yasePalestine. Nangona abaphandi be-ICC bajonga izenzo ezikhohlakeleyo ezenziwa ngamaSirayeli kunye namaPalestina, bobabini bakwa-Israyeli kunye ne-United States balugxeka uphando, bephikisana ukuba u-Israel akalona ilungu le-ICC kwaye ngoko ke iqumrhu lamazwe ngamazwe lingenalo igunya. I-United States yenze ingxabano efanayo malunga nophando malunga nokuziphatha kwamajoni ase-US e-Afghanistan, ekubeni i-United States ingekho kwiqela le-ICC.
Kodwa igunya le-ICC li icace gca: inabela kulwaphulo-mthetho โolwenziwa lilungu leSizwe, okanye kummandla weQela likaRhulumente, okanye kwiLizwe elamkele igunya leNkundla.โ I-Palestine, ilungu le-ICC ukususela ngo-2015, licele uphando. Kwaye iAfghanistan ikwalilungu le-ICC.
Impendulo kaBiden
Kwiveki ephelileyo, uBiden ziphakanyisiwe Izohlwayo zolawulo lukaTrump. Amaqabane aseYurophu ngokukhethekileyo ayenehlombe ngalo mqondiso wongezelelekileyo wokuba iUnited States iphinda ijoyine uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. "Eli nyathelo libalulekileyo ligxininisa ukuzibophelela kwe-US kwinkqubo esekelwe kwimithetho yehlabathi," wathi Umphathi womgaqo-nkqubo we-EU uJosep Borrell.
Kodwa inyathelo lolawulo liza necaveat ebalulekileyo. Kwingxelo yakhe yokunyuswa kwesohlwayo, unobhala welizwe uAntony Blinken phawula ukuba โsiqhubeleka nokungavumelani kakhulu nezenzo ze-ICC ezinxulumene ne-Afghanistan kunye neemeko zasePalestina. Siyichasa ixesha elide imizamo yeNkundla yokumisela igunya kubasebenzi bamazwe angengawo aMazwe afana neUnited States noSirayeli.โ
Xa kuziwa kwi-ICC, emva koko, kuye kwavela imvumelwano ephazamisayo ye-bipartisan malunga nokutyholwa kwayo kulawulo lwase-US. Kulungile ukuba i-ICC itshutshise izenzo zamazwe akuMzantsi weGlobal, kodwa ikhuphe isandla kumakhwenkwe amakhulu, iwonga i-United States elidlulisela ngesisa kuSirayeli. Kwi-Senate, uBen Cardin (D-MD) kunye noRob Portman (R-OH) bhala ileta kwinyanga ephelileyo egxeka uphando lwe-ICC ePalestine, eyatsala inkxaso yabalingane babo abangama-55 (ehla ukusuka kuma-67 kwileta efanayo kunyaka ophelileyo). Kunye noSirayeli, iUnited States iyaqhubeka nokuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa kufikwa kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ekwabelwana ngawo neshumi elinesibini lamazwe, kubandakanywa nabambalwa iUnited States ngokubanzi engathandi ukunxulumana nayo, njengeNorth Korea, EMyanmar, eRashiya, eTshayina, eYiphutha, eBelarus, naseNicaragua.
Ewe, ayikhange ibe nguJohn Bolton nje kwaye abambalwa abangekho mthethweni bathi bagxeka i-ICC. Amazwe aseAfrika ngokukodwa atyhola eli ziko ngokuthatha icala. Ngokwenene iNkundla ivule uphando kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika: iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iCote d'Ivoire, iCentral African Republic, iSudan, iKenya, iLibya, neUganda. Uphando lokuqala lwenziwa eGabon, eGuinea, naseNigeria kwaye bekulindeleke ukuba luqalise eBurundi. Zonke ze Ngabantu abangama-46 abajongene namatyala phambi kweNkundla ngabaNtsundu.
Ukuphendula oku kuthambekela okubonwayo, iManyano ye-Afrika ngo-2017 ebizwa ngokurhoxiswa kwesininzi kwamalungu ayo kwi-ICC. Burundi wayishiya iNkundla ngaloo nyaka, ilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ukwenza oko (amanye amazwe, njenge-United States neRashiya, "arhoxa" kodwa ayengekasiqinisekisi isivumelwano kwasekuqaleni). Amanye amazwe amabini abonakala ekwicala lokurhoxa, uMzantsi Afrika kunye neGambia, ekugqibeleni batshintsha iingqondo zabo.
Umkhethe okanye umqolo?
I-ICC bekufanele ukuba iphelise ixesha lobulungisa bobukhosi apho abaphumeleleyo bamisela ukuba ngubani onetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, utyekelo olwalugqugqisile kumatyala eNuremburg. Iqeshe iijaji kunye nabaphandi abavela kuMzantsi weHlabathi: uFatou Bensouda ngowaseGambia, umzekelo, ngelixa uPhakiso Mochochoko ephuma eLesotho.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubamba kophando e-Afrika kufuneka kunqumame. I-ICC ngokucacileyo ibenobunzima bokwenza utshintsho kweli xesha litsha.
Kodwa makhe sibonise iimpikiswano ezicacileyo.
Okokuqala, i-ICC ayinamkhethe ochasene neAfrika. Icalula oozwilakhe baseAfrika kunye nabaphathi bemfazwe. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, iNkundla inomkhethe we-Afrika ngoku ukumela amaxhoba obundlobongela eAfrika. Amanye amazwekazi afanele ukuba nethamsanqa lokuba i-ICC ibajonge.
Okwesibini, i-ICC iye yakutshanje waqala ukucela umngeni kumagunya amakhulu, kuquka iRashiya ngenxa yezenzo zayo eGeorgia naseUkraine. Ikwaphande ngezenzo zikaSirayeli neUnited States. Ezi ntshukumo ziza nomngcipheko omkhulu, njengoko izohlwayo zikaTrump zityhile kabuhlungu.
Okwesithathu, i-ICC inezithintelo ezininzi zolawulo. Ayinakuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu eNyakatho Korea ekubeni lo ungelolungu. Oku kuyasebenza nakwi-China kunye nezenzo zayo kwi-Xinjiang.
Endaweni yokukhalaza malunga neendawo ezingaboniyo kunye neentsilelo ze-ICC, iMelika kufuneka ikhwele kwaye ibeke uxinzelelo kwamanye amazwe ukuba enze okufanayo. Abantu baseMelika abanakuzenza ngathi bayawuxhasa umthetho, ukuwuphakamisa ngelizwi eliphakamileyo kwihlabathi liphela, baze bajike bathi, โOwu, kulungile, ayisebenzi kuthi.โ Ukuba inkqubo yobulungisa yaseMelika ingatshutshisa abenzi bobubi ngombala oluhlaza njengoDerek Chauvin, iUnited States ingavumela inkqubo yobulungisa yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba itshutshise abenzi bobubi bekhaki ababulale abantu ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.
Ke, uBiden ufanelwe yindumiso ngokuguqula ulawulo lukaTrump olunentloni kunye nohlaselo oluhlazisayo kwi-ICC. Kodwa oko akuyonkxaso yokwenene yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Lixesha lokuba iUnited States irhoxise iNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe.
UJohn Feffer ngumlawuli wePolisi yezangaphandle ekuJoliseni kunye nombhali we IPivot yePandemic.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela