Iintshukumo ezidumileyo zaseBolivia zizama ukusebenzisa idemokhrasi kunye norhulumente osemthethweni ukuqhubela phambili iajenda yolongamo, ukulingana okukhulu, kunye nophuhliso. Abachasi babo, bekhokelwa ziirhuluneli ezininzi zamaphondo atyebileyo kwinxalenye yelizwe ebizwa ngokuba yi "media luna", bazama ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela kunye nesabhulo ukunqanda loo ajenda ngokuxhokonxa imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nesiphithiphithi. Ucelomngeni kurhulumente waseBolivia nakumongameli wayo uEvo Morales kukuphelisa ugonyamelo ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuxhokonxa ukuba kuphumelele. Ukuhlangabezana nalo mngeni, uMorales unenkxaso yoninzi loorhulumente baseLatin America. Abachasi bakhe baxhaswa ngurhulumente waseUnited States.
Omabini amacala asebenzisa iimodeli ezivavanyiweyo. Indlela yaseBolivia iyafana naleyo yaseVenezuela. Emva kweengxoxo ezinde malunga nokuba indlela yonyulo yokutshintsha ilungile na, isicwangciso sonyulo senziwa imephu kunye nemibutho yentlalontle exhasayo, abanye bayathandabuza. Emva kokuba ephumelele unyulo, urhulumente omtsha wajamelana nobunzima ngenxa yokuba izixhobo ezininzi zombuso, kuquka oorhulumente bemimandla, zahlala zisezandleni zabantu abadala kunye ne-status quo, ngelixa uqoqosho lwahlala lulawulwa ngamagunya angaphandle kunye ne-elites yendawo. Ukuzama ukuhlengahlengisa urhulumente ngeli lixa ilizwe liqhubeka liqhuba, lijongana nongenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle, emva koko kusetyenziswe umthetho kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ukuzama iinguqu ezinzulu, ngumngeni omkhulu. Kodwa iinzame zikarhulumente zohlaziyo zomelezwa zaza zaphenjelelwa yinkxaso exhaphakileyo, okona kubalulekileyo, yintlangano ethandwayo. Ngeli xesha into yokuba ingqalelo yaseWashington yayigxile kuMbindi Mpuma yabonelela indawo yokuphefumla.
Inkcaso iphinda isebenzise iimodeli ezivavanyiweyo. E-Venezuela ngo-2002 naseHaiti ngo-2004, imibutho ye-elite exhaswa yi-US yavelisa iindlela zokwenza uwiso lobhukuqo ngokuchasene norhulumente onyuliweyo. Imithombo yeendaba yaseNtshona iya kuxhasa i-elite kwaye ibonise umfanekiso ogqwethekileyo worhulumente onyuliweyo kunye nenkokeli yakhe "njengendoda eyomeleleyo" okanye "uzwilakhe". Ezi ngxelo zosasazo zinokuguqulelwa kwaye zisasazwe kwakhona ekuhlaleni ukubonisa urhulumente odumileyo ngokungathi ubekwe yedwa kumazwe ngamazwe. Uzakuzo wase-US kunye nabanye abasebenzi banokuba negalelo kwiphulo leendaba kunye nezezimali, ezopolitiko kunye nombutho wezomkhosi wabaphikisayo. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, imikhosi yomkhosi okanye imikhosi yamajoni iya kufuneka. Bangadala iziganeko ezimangalisayo zobundlobongela: mhlawumbi ngokuhlasela abaqhankqalazi abangaxhobekanga abakufa kwabo kutyholwa kurhulumente; ngenye indlela, banokuhlasela abaxhasi bakarhulumente abajongene nenkcaso kwimiboniso echaseneyo.
Oku kusenokukhokelela kwisenzo sezixhobo ngabaxhasi bakarhulumente ekuzikhuseleni okanye ekuphindezeleni, okanye kwingcinezelo yomkhosi esanyanisekile kurhulumente. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ezinye izizathu zibonelelwe ngokutyhola urhulumente kunye nobundlobongela, obunokuthi bukhokhelele kwiminxeba evela e-US ukuba urhulumente arhoxe kwinkomfa yabezindaba eqikelelwayo kuMzi wozakuzo wase-US.
Ngeli xesha eBolivia, iphulo leendaba zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene norhulumente lisebenza ngokupheleleyo, i-US iye yanceda ekuququzeleleni inkcaso, kwaye ukususela ngoSeptemba 10 ukubulawa kwabantu okufunekayo kuye kwaveliswa, ngokuchasayo ngokwawo, amaxhoba abaxhasi bakarhulumente. Ukuba oorhulumente bengingqi bayamxhasa urhulumente waseBolivia kwaye imikhosi exhobileyo ihlala ithembekile, njengoko kunokwenzeka, urhulumente waseBolivia uya kusinda kule ngxaki. Kodwa abantu baye baphulukana nobomi babo ngokungekho ngqiqweni ngelinge lokuthintela abemi baseBolivia ekubeni bafune amalungelo abo.
Nangona indlela eya kule ngxaki ikhoyo sele inde kuneeveki ezimbalwa (ngemvelaphi yethu bona yangaphambili "iBolivia kwiBrink", iZNet ngoMatshi/08: http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/16788), i-trigger yobundlobongela obukhoyo yayisibhengezo ngo-Agasti 28, 2008 ngu-Evo Morales womhla wokuvotela umgaqo-siseko omtsha. Iza kubanjwa nge-7 kaDisemba 2008, kwaye iya kuthetha ukusekwa kwakhona kwelizwe: ukulungiswa komhlaba, ukwenziwa kwemithombo yendalo kuzwelonke, kunye notshintsho lwamaziko oluya kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubantu abaphezulu ukuvala amanyathelo athandwayo.
Eyona njongo iphambili yesicwangciso-qhinga kukuphepha uluvo lomgaqo-siseko ngokucinezela urhulumente ukuba aluhlehlise uvoto lomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuya kubiza u-Evo ngenkxaso yakhe edumileyo kwaye atshabalalise nasiphi na isikhundla okanye umfutho wohlengahlengiso oludumileyo. Urhulumente weMorales udume kakhulu, kwaye abantu abaphezulu bayayazi loo nto. Isicwangciso sabo sibe, kunokuba bathi bamele ilizwe ngokubanzi, ukuba bafuna ukuzimela kwimimandla yabo, elawulwa ngothungelwano oludala lwe-patronage (kwaye, kutshanje, ubundlobongela ngokunjalo). NgoMeyi ka-2008 baye babamba ezabo iijaji zokuzimela, eziququzelelwe ngoorhulumente bamaphondo abahlanu abaphantsi kolawulo lwabo, kungekho liso lamazwe ngamazwe kwaye kungekho siseko sisemthethweni. Urhulumente kaMorales wagxotha ezi zinto njengezingekho mthethweni kwaye xa i-recall referendum yabanjwa ngo-Agasti 16, 2008 (ngeli xesha kunye nababukeli bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nesiseko somthetho), uMorales waphumelela nge-67% yevoti.
Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva nge-28 ka-Agasti, uMorales wakhupha umyalelo kamongameli obeka umhla we-7 kaDisemba wokuvotelwa komgaqo-siseko. NgoSeptemba 2, inkundla yonyulo yabhengeza inkcaso yayo kwi-referendum ngezizathu zobugcisa (inkundla yabanga ukuba i-referendum ayinakubhengezwa ngomyalelo kodwa kufuneka ipasiswe yiCongress, kubandakanywa ne-Senate elawulwa yinkcaso). Iirhuluneli eziphikisayo zamaphondo amahlanu zafuna ukuba lurhoxiswe uvoto. Abaqhankqalazi benkcaso baqalisa ukuvala iindlela. Bathimba isikhululo seenqwelo-moya eCobija ngoSeptemba 5 baza bavala uhola wendlela ophakathi kweSanta Cruz (inqaba ebalaseleyo) kunye nekomkhulu, iLa Paz, elandelwa ziindlela ezidibanisa iBolivia neBrazil. Bazama ukuthatha ii-ofisi zikarhulumente kwaye bangquzulana nemikhosi exhobileyo yaseBolivia - eyayiyalelwe, kwaye yalandela imiyalelo, ukuba ingaphenduli kwingqumbo.
Kwiveki yokuqala, olu qhankqalazo lwenkcaso aluphumelelanga. Abazange bavelise impindezelo enqwenelekayo okanye bathembe inkxaso edumileyo kurhulumente, nangona babebangele umonakalo kwezoqoqosho. Iinkokeli eziphikisayo, njengerhuluneli esisityebi uRuben Costas odibene nonozakuzaku wase-US uPhilip Goldberg, kufuneka ukuba babenexhala lokungaphumeleli kwabo. Ke kwiveki yesibini yoqhanqalazo, inkcaso iye yanda kwaye yehla kwindlela yokutshabalalisa kunye nokubulala. Ukuvalwa kweendlela kuye kwabangela ukunqongophala kwamandla kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngabachasi, kodwa ukubanjwa kwesityalo segesi eVillamontes ngoSeptemba 8 kunye nokuhlaselwa kombhobho oya eBrazil ngoSeptemba 10 kwenza iingxaki zibe zibi nakakhulu. NgoSeptemba 11, “ungquzulwano” eCobija, ePando, lwabulala abantu abamalunga ne-11. Urhulumente waqalisa ukusebenzisa izintywizisi kunye neepellets ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi. UMorales ucele ukuqhubeka nokuzibamba, kodwa walumkisa ngelithi "umonde unemida".
NgoSeptemba 12, amajoni ahlasela uqhanqalazo oluxhasa urhulumente, ngaphandle nje kweCobija, abulala abantu abangama-30, nto leyo amagosa karhulumente waseBolivia ayibiza ngokuba yindyikitya yokufa. Omnye wabasindileyo, u-Antonio Moreno, uxelele i-Associated Press ukuba abaqhankqalazi babengenazixhobo. Amadoda axhobileyo adubula kubo ephuma kwiilori ezinemipu. Ingxelo kaMoreno: "Basithukile, basidubula, baxhobile, abanye bephethe iintonga. Sahlehla umgama oziimitha ezingama-800 kodwa umntu wathi kufuneka sijongane nawo. Kwabakho umlo, sabahlutha izixhobo kodwa asizange sikwazi ukuzibamba. kude izixhobo zabo." Urhulumente watyhola irhuluneli yasePando, inkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo uLeopoldo Fernandez, ngobundlobongela kwaye wathi ababulali beqela eliqeshwe ngamaqela aphikisayo batsale iziqhushumbisi. Abachasi baphendule ngelithi abalimi bahlasele kuqala.
Amaxhoba oku kubulawa yayiyimibutho ethandwayo kunye nemibutho yemveli, abaxhasi bakarhulumente, kwiindawo ezilawulwa yinkcaso. Le mibutho yanceda ukukhupha ivoti ethandwayo ye-Evo kwi-recall referendum kwaye ijoliswe ekuphindezeleni ngabaphezulu. Phakathi kohlaselo kwiphondo lasePando liziko lohlaziyo lomhlaba, ii-NGO zamalungelo oluntu ezixhasa abantu abangathathi ntweni, kunye nomanyano lwasekuhlaleni. Phakathi kwamaxhoba embubhiso kaPando kwakukho uBernadino Racua, inkokeli eyaziwayo yomthonyama.
NgoSeptemba 13 kunye ne-14 urhulumente we-Evo wachaza imeko yonxunguphalo ePando. Yasebenzisa umkhosi ukuze ibuyise isikhululo seenqwelo-moya neeofisi zikarhulumente ezazithatyathwe ngabachasi. Kwakhutshwa imiyalelo yokuba kubanjwe uFernandez nabanye. Umonde wawufikelele kwimida yawo, ngobundlobongela obuchasayo kunye nongenelelo lwase-US: unozakuzaku wase-US wabhengezwa njengomntu ongeyena grata kwaye waxelelwa ukuba ahambe, ekhanyela uMzi wozakuzo ithuba lokubamba inkomfa yesiqhelo yeendaba efuna uthethathethwano, imvume, okanye ukurhoxa. UChavez walandelwa ngokugxotha unozakuzaku wase-US eVenezuela, esithi elinye iyelenqe lokuvukela umbuso liye labhengezwa, kwaye iHonduras yala ukungqina ukuba ngunozakuzaku wabo ongenayo waseMelika.
I-US yaphendula ngobubele, igxotha oonozakuzaku baseVenezuela naseBolivia, besongela "imiphumo emibi", kwaye ibhengeza izohlwayo kubaphathiswa baseVenezuela ngezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokulwa neziyobisi (ukukhupha ezi zityholo zemfazwe yeziyobisi kufuna elinye inqaku kwaye alinakwenziwa apha). Iziphumo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko ziya kuhamba kumacala omabini ukuba ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho phakathi kwe-US kunye neLatin America bonzakala. U-Evo wayesandula ukutyelela uMbindi Mpuma, kuquka ne-Iran, ngokuchasene neenzame zase-US zokwahlukanisa elo lizwe, kwaye iVenezuela isandula ukubhengeza umthambo odibeneyo waseRashiya ngoNovemba. U-Rafael Correa wase-Ecuador ubhengeze inkxalabo yeentshukumo ezahlulayo kwi-mold yaseBolivia ethatha inyathelo kwiphondo lase-Ecuador's Guayaquil.
Ngaphakathi kweBolivia u-Evo uye wazama ukukhanyela inkcaso uloyiso lobuchule kunye nokuthintela ungquzulwano ekuchitheni i-ajenda edumileyo. Nge-9 kaSeptemba, embindini wonxunguphalo, wakhupha abanye babaphathiswa ekuye kwanyanzeliswa ukuba abamkele ngaphandle kokulalanisa nabantu abaphezulu wababeka endaweni yabantu ababekulungele ukuhambisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho edumileyo. Wavula incoko nabachasi kodwa wagxininisa ukuba uvoto luza kuqhubeka ngoDisemba 7. Iqela eliphikisayo lathi liza kuyishenxisa imiqobo yendlela ngoSeptemba 14. Urhulumente wavuma eli nyathelo kodwa wathi kwakunganelanga ngokupheleleyo ukubuyisela ucwangco. Emva kokucwangcisa ukufa kwabantu abaninzi, inkcaso akufuneki ivunyelwe ukuba iyalele ukurhoxa okwethutyana. Banelungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo kutshutshiso lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abanalungelo, emva kokuququzelela ukubulala nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, bafune imvume kurhulumente osemthethweni.
Iinkokeli zaseLatin America, eziquka ezo zaseVenezuela, eColombia, e-Ecuador, eBrazil, eArgentina, eChile nezinye, zihlanganisene ngoSeptemba 15 ukuze zifumane isicombululo kungquzulwano lwaseBolivia. Phantse bonke, kubandakanya ne-US ally Columbia, babhengeze inkxaso kurhulumente kaMorales kunye negunya lakhe elidumileyo, kwaye bayakwala ukwamkela ukwahlula.
Iintshukumo ezazisa u-Evo amandla aziyi kuhamba ngokuthula, njengoko inkcaso ifanele ikwazi. Ngaphandle kwamandla obhukuqo-mbuso lwesizwe, iqela eliphikisayo liswele inkxaso edumileyo yokuhlwayela “ukungalawuleki” kumaphondo abo ixesha elide. Imfuno yabo engxamisekileyo kukusebenzisa amajelo eendaba ukukhulisa izenzo zabo ezilinganiselweyo zibe zikhulu kunabo, ukuvelisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lwangaphandle ukunyanzela u-Evo ukuba enze iminyinyiva kwaye boyise intshukumo ethandwayo kubo. Ngenxa yoko, impumelelo yeenkqubo ezithandwayo zaseBolivia ixhomekeke ngokuyinxenye ekubeni amabali obuxoki ngorhulumente, kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, kunye neentsuku ezizayo, ayakholelwa kusini na.
UJustin Podur ngumbhali oseToronto. Ibhlog yakhe www.killingtrain.com.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela