Ibingunyaka onzima kumkhosi wase-US. Kodwa ubungekhe uyazi kwi-Intanethi, ngoku igcwele i-websites ezityebileyo, ezingezizo ezomkhosi zalo lonke uhlobo ezilalele ulutsha olufuna ukwazi (okanye abazali babo abanomsindo) abanokuthi babhuqe. Ehlabathini, umkhosi unokuxinzelelwa phantsi kuthumo olubonakala lungenasiphelo ebekucingelwa ukuba "igqityiwe" umva ngoMeyi 1, 2003, kodwa kwiWebhu iseyinto-yonke-yonke-unako-ihlabathi lokhetho oluphambili lomsebenzi, imisebenzi yoxolo, kunye nemincili engenamngcipheko.
Ngelixa bekukho iingxelo zeendaba kutsha nje kwiingxaki zePentagon zokuhlanganisa zonke-zomkhosi amavolontiya, okanye nkqu a amagosa asebenzayo, ukusuka kuluntu oluya luthandabuza, amagosa asemkhosini ahamba phambili kumajelo eendaba kwinkalo ethile. Bayazi ukuba iphi imikhosi yexesha elizayo abayidingayo. Inqaku: Abafundi amaphephandaba okanye babukele iindaba zasebusuku zasebusuku, kodwa bona are ukusefa iwebhu, ukukhangela ukonwabisa, ulwazi, ulonwabo, kwaye mhlawumbi nekamva.
Ukongeza ekunyuseni i ubuninzi beminyaka yokubhalisa, akusenjalo ukugxotha abasebenzi abatsha ngaphandle kwesandla "sokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, utywala, ukungondleki kakuhle kunye nokukhulelwa," ukuvumela abo banayo iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphakathi, kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo anje Hefty $20,000 ukubhalisa-up iibhonasi (ngentetho yeebhonasi ezicetywayo kwixesha elizayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40,000 yeedola, kunye ne-50,000 yeedola ezixabisa "uncedo lwemali mboleko") ukunyanzela abo bavalelwe imali ukuba babhalise onke-amavolontiya emkhosini, enye yeendlela zomkhosi ezizithandayo zokuxhasa imiqulu ijolise kwabaselula - ngakumbi abakwishumi elivisayo - ukugcwalisa izikhundla.
Eyona nto ixabiseke ngokwenene emkhosini lulutsha oluluhlaza. Akumangalisi ukuba iPentagon ihlawula iinkampani ezifana UPhando loLutsha olungenasiphelo (TRU), ethi inika abathengi โiindlela ezingasikelwanga mda zokuphanda ngabakwishumi elivisayo,โ ukuze bangene ezingqondweni zabantwana. Kutshanje kuye kwavezwa ukuba iSebe lezoKhuselo (DoD), ngoncedo lwefemu yokuthengisa yabucala, BeNow, wenze i sedata yabaselula abazizigidi ezilishumi elinesibini, abanye abaneminyaka eli-16 kuphela ubudala, njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuchonga abantu abanokuba ngabasebenzi. Ixhobe "ngamagama, imihla yokuzalwa, iidilesi, iinombolo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iidilesi ze-imeyile zabantu, ubuzwe, iinombolo zomnxeba, inqanaba lamanqaku abafundi, indawo yokufunda kunye nezinye iinkcukacha," iPentagon ngoku ineendlela ezingcono kakhulu kwaye. iindlela zokujolisa ngokuchanekileyo ulutsha.
(Military) Culture JAMRS
I-BeNow kunye ne-TRU, nangona kunjalo, zimbini nje kwinani leekontraka zabucala abasebenza ngazo JAMRS -Inkqubo yePentagon "yonxibelelwano lwentengiso edibeneyo kunye nophando lwentengiso kunye nezifundo" - ukugcwalisa amanqanaba omkhosi wethu onyukayo-ongenamdla wokuvolontiya. I-JAMRS ithi iphuhlisa kuphela โiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke [ukunceda] ukwandisa ukuqonda kwabantu ngeNkonzo yaseMkhosini njengokhetho lomsebenzi.โ Nangona kunjalo, ikwaqesha iifemu ukuba zibandakanyeke kuzo zonke iintlobo zezifundo ezingasetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke ezijoliswe โukunceda ukuqinisa ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinzame zokufuna nokugcina iiNkonzo.โ Beka enye indlela, emva kwemiboniso umkhosi ukwiphulo lokukhangela iindawo ezibuthathaka kuluntu olukhulayo lokuchasa ukujoyina iinkonzo ezixhobileyo. Okunye koku akunakwenzeka ukufunda ngenxa yokuba ukufikelela kwizifundo nge-portal yewebhu ye-JAMRS kuthintelwe. Ukuba undwendwele kwaye ubuze malunga nokuphonononga uphando lwabo, uxelelwa ngokungaqinisekanga ukuba "ufikelelo okwangoku lulinganiselwe kwiintlobo ezithile zabasebenzisi" - akukho namnye kubo.
Into esiyaziyo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba iJAMRS ngoku igxile koku kulandelayo iindawo zomdla kwiinzame zokuxhasa umkhosi wamavolontiya onke:
ยท Izithintelo ze-Hispanic ekubhaliseni: iprojekthi "yokuchonga izinto ezinegalelo ekumelaneni okungaphantsi kolutsha lwase-Hispanic phakathi kokungena emkhosini" kunye "nokwazisa izicwangciso zexesha elizayo zokwandisa ukumelwa kwe-Hispanic phakathi kwamasebe oMkhosi."
ยท Ukuyeka iKholeji/Ukuyeka iSifundo: iprojekthi โejolise ekuqondeni ngcono ukuba yintoni eqhubela abafundi beekholeji ukubaโฆ 'bayeke phakathi' kwaye bamisele indlela iiNkonzo ezinokuthi zisebenze ngayo kweli qela labantu (abaneminyaka eyi-18-24)."
ยท Isifundo soMomo sikaMama: โOlu phononongo luvavanya isimo sengqondo sabantu ekujoliswe kubo (oomama abangama-270 bolutsha olukwibanga le-10 nele-11) ngokuphathelele uMkhosi nokubhaliswa kwabantu.โ
Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, i-Hispanics yathatha amanani angaqhelekanga abantu abenzakeleyo kunye ukungafani okufanayo ibe ingxelo eIraq. I-JAMRS, ngokucacileyo, ijonge ukuqinisekisa ukuba esi siko lomkhosi siyagcinwa. Ukongeza, amashiya kufuneka aphakanyiswe ngaphezulu kwePentagon ejonge iindlela zokuphembelela oomama abakwishumi elivisayo ukuba bathumele oonyana neentombi zabo emfazweni kwaye emkhosini ulangazelela ukufunda ukuba yintoni efunekayo ukuze abantwana "bayeke" isikolo. kunye nendlela umkhosi onokuthi ubaqokelele ngayo. Mhlawumbi owona mgca unika umdla wophando, nangona kunjalo, "Sifundo sokuLawula iSimo sokuziphatha" esinenjongo ebonakala ngathi ilungile "kukuchaza ngcono ubudlelwane phakathi kokuziphatha kwangaphambi kweNkonzo kunye nempumelelo yeNkonzo elandelayo." Yintoni iphepha le-JAMRS lolwazi elingakwenzi kucace, kodwa yintoni enokuthi ichazwe ngcono kwicandelo elikhuselweyo le-password lesayithi, kukuba "ukukhutshwa komlingiswa wokuziphatha" yindlela apho abantu abanokuba ngabasebenzi abaneerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho bavunyelwe ukuba babhalise. umkhosi wase-US.
Ukothuka Kwekamva
Elinye lamaqabane eJAMRS yiNtengiso kaMullen โesebenza neJAMRS kuluhlu lonxibelelwano lwentengiso, ucwangciso, kunye namanyathelo acwangcisiweyo. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya ukujongana noluntu, impembelelo egxile kwi-intanethi kunye namaphulo entengiso ye-intanethi. Enye inzame kaMullen yeyona nto ingenamkhosi MyFuture.com. Yiwebhusayithi ekrelekrele enolwazi ngezihloko ezinjengokuhlala wedwa, ukubhala ileta, okanye ukufumana umsebenzi kwaye iquka iingcebiso zokunxiba ukuze uphumelele. (โThatha ixesha elongezelelekileyo ukuze ujongeke kakuhle.โ) Ngaphandle kwegama ledomeyini yesiqhelo yokuxela โ.milโ, iMyFuture inika into ebonakala ngathi yingcebiso ngemisebenzi yoluntu (nangona inemifanekiso yasemkhosini etshizwe kuyo yonke indawo). Unako, umzekelo, ukuthatha i-Quiz yoMdla woMsebenzi ukuze ufumanise ukuba kufuneka "uye ekholejini okanye ukhangele umsebenzi." Nangona kunjalo, okukhona uphonononga, kokukhona ubona ukuba le ndawo ngenene imalunga nokuqondisa abantu abancinci ukuya kwimikhosi exhobileyo. Umzekelo, xa uthatha loo khwizi, uyacelwa ukuba ubuze umcebisi wakho wesikhokelo sesikolo "malunga nokuthatha iNkqubo yokuHlola i-ASVAB yomsebenzi ukuba ungathanda ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nobuchule bakho, ixabiso kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo ..." Ayikhankanywanga kukuba i-ASVAB eneneni Iinkonzo ezixhobileyo zeVocational Aptitude Battery - uvavanyo olwenziwe ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam njengoko "Uvavanyo lokwamkelwa kunye nokubekwa kumkhosi waseMelika. "
Xa ndandiphendula imibuzo ndaxelelwa oku: โNgokusekelwe kwiimpendulo zakho kwimisebenzi edwelisiweyo, nazi iindlela zokusebenza ezinokuthi zilungele wena: Uphando [kunye] Nobugcisa.โ Ukulandelela ubuchule bam bophando, i-MyFuture.com ibonelele ngeengcebiso ezisibhozo zemisebenzi yoluntu, ukusuka kugqirha wezilwanyana ukuya kwi-meteorologist. Ikwacebise oogxa babo basemkhosini abasibhozo kuquka iNgcali yoNyanzeliso loMthetho kunye neNgcali yoKhuseleko. Ngenxa yobuchule bam bobugcisa, iMyFuture yacebisa ukuba โndingawuthanda umsebenzi othi: โNdivumele [ndibe] nobuchule [kwaye] Ndivumele [ndisebenze] ngokwemithetho [yam].โโ Kuyabonakala ukuba, kukho imisebenzi esibhozo yasemkhosini eya kuthi incede abantu basemkhosini. ndivumele ukuba ndolule intelekelelo yam kwaye ndenze kanye le nto ndiyifunayo, ngokuthetha ngobugcisa. Ngubani owayesazi, umzekelo, ukuba intshukumo egqibeleleyo yezobugcisa, i-freethinker yayiza kujoyina umbutho osekelwe kwigunya kunye nokuhambelana - kwaye emva koko ube "yiNgcali yeNkonzo yokutya"?
I-MyFuture.com ibanga ukuba "iwebhusayithi ibonelelwa njengenkonzo yoluntu," ngelixa indawo yeJAMRS ibhekisela kuyo "njengendawo yoluntu yabantu abanokuba ngabagqatswa basemkhosini ukuba bafumanise ngakumbi ngamathuba emisebenzi afanelekileyo kwizinto abazithandayo." Ewe, ngokwenene ngumzamo wokugaya abantwana.
Ngomso uMkhosi, Namhlanje?
Enye indawo eyenziwe ngeNtengiso kaMullen ijolise kubantu abahlukileyo. NjengoMyFuture, NamhlanjeMilitary.com yindawo ekhangelekayo ephucukileyo engenawo โ.milโ kwidilesi yayo yewebhu, kodwa endaweni yokujolisa kwabakwishumi elivisayo, le webhusayithi ibhengeza ukuba โifuna ukufundisa abazali nabanye abantu abadala ngamathuba kunye neenzuzo ezifumanekayo kubantu abaselula eMkhosini namhlanje. .โ Kwi-JAMRS-thetha oko kuthetha ukuba "yindawo yoluntu ejoliswe kubaphembeleli."
I-Today'sMilitary.com igcwele ulwazi malunga nenkuthazo yezemali efumanekayo kwabo bangenela umkhosi kunye namaphepha ewebhu anikelwe โkokuba kunjaniโ ukuba semkhosini kunye nendlela umkhosi โonokuthi ujike iidayimani ezincinci zibe ngowona mkhosi ubalaseleyo. phezu kobuso bomhlaba.โ Sifunda ukuba uqeqesho olusisiseko loMkhosi [m] ore kunee-pushups kunye neeholo ezimdaka. Ngapha koko, into eyahlukileyo kuvavanyo lokuthuthunjiswa, eneneni โluhambo olude lweeveki ezilithoba lokuzifumana.โ Inkampu ye-boot ye-Marines ifika njengesiqhelo ngakumbi, nangona ingenangqondo, i-nary ikhankanywa ngobunzima bayo ngaphandle "kovavanyo lokugqibela lonyamezelo lwentsebenziswano." Ukujonga amaphepha, sifunda nokuba ubomi emkhosini abukho nje โobonwabisayo, ucelomngeni kwaye banomvuzo omkhulu,โ kodwa ukuba ngexesha labo elingekhoyo, abantu basemkhosini โbahambahambaโฆ kwaye bathenga nezinto zakudalaโ (ezinokuthi i-akhawunti ye ezinye zezinto zamandulo ebonakala ngathi ilahlekile eIraq).
Umkhosi wanamhlanje ude uthabathe ixesha lokususa โiintsomiโ ezifana nezi: โAbantu baseMkhosini abahlawulwa njengabasebenzi becandelo labucala.โ NgokweMilitary yanamhlanje bayiyo - musa nje ukuyixelela kuManzi kutsha nje rough up abalingane babo abahlawulwa kakhulu be-mercenary e-Iraq. "Omnye uMkhosi waseLwandle uyandibeka phantsi aze abeke idolo lakhe emqolo wam. Emva koko ndiye ndeva omnye uManzi waseLwandle esithi, โKuvakala njani ukwenza laa kontraka imali ngoku?โโ Wanikela loo ngxelo lowo wayesakuba nguMkhosi waseLwandle ngoku osebenza kummandla wemfazwe โnjengekontraka yokhuseleko yabucala.โ Amagosa e-Iraq ngokubanzi afumana i-100,000 yeedola ukuya kwi-200,000 yeedola ngonyaka. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, phantsi koxinzelelo lweCongress, iPentagon yabhengeza ukuba, nayo, iya kuqalisa ukuhlawula olu hlobo lwemali. I-Caveat enye - kufuneka ufile.
Izinto ezingathandekiyo ezifana nokufa kunye nokulwa zihamba zingakhankanywanga kwi-Today'sMilitary.com (okanye nakweyiphi na indawo ekhankanywe kweli nqaku). Ngapha koko, ekuphela kwentetha enje kwiphepha lewebhu eliqeqesha abazali kwiindlela zokutyhala abantwana babo ukuba bathathele ingqalelo emkhosini. Iyalela abazali ukuba โ[e] babakhuthaze ngeengcebiso ezichuliweyoโ ukukhuthaza incoko ngalo mbandela kwaye inike iingongoma zokuthetha ukuchasa uloyiko olunokwenzeka lwalowo unokuba ngabhalisela imikhosi exhobileyo. Phakathi โkwemibuzo enzimaโ enokubuzwa ngumntwana sisibakala esilula, esiqhutywa ngobusuku ngeendaba: โKuyingozi.โ Namhlanje uMkhosi unika le mpendulo ilandelayo:
โAlithandabuzeki elokuba umsebenzi wasemkhosini asingomntu wonke. Kodwa wena kunye nomntu oselula ninokothuka kukwazi ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-80% yemisebenzi yasemkhosini ikwimisebenzi engeyiyo eyokulwaโฆ Umsebenzi wasemkhosini uhlala uyinto oyenzayo ngawo.
Xelela loo nto kumajoni angalwiyo anjengoJessica Lynch, uCorporal Holly Charette ongasekhoyo (oboniweyo apha uhambisa imeyile kuManzi) kunye nogxa wakhe Iingxwelerha ezilishumi elinesine ukusuka kuhlaselo lwamva nje lwemoto-ibhombu kwiqela leMicimbi yoLuntu yaseMarine Corps e-Fallujah, okanye inani elikhulu lamanye amajoni kwiindima zenkxaso eziye zazifumana ngokuthe ngqo kwingozi. Njenge Inqaku leVoice of America kutshanje, "Ngokwandisa, kukho umgca ochanekileyo phakathi kwemisebenzi yokulwa kunye neyokungalwi, ngokukodwa kwindawo efana ne-Iraq, apho kungekho mgca wangaphambili, kwaye nayiphi na iyunithi inokuzifumana kwi-firefight nanini na."
Uhlaselo kunye (Isakhono) ibhetri
UMaj. Gen. uMichael Rochelle, intloko yoMkhosi woQeqesho loMkhosi, kutshanje uthe, โUkufikelela ukuba 17- ukuba 24 abaneminyaka ubudala isitshixo kakhulu kuthi. Siyathemba ukuba wonke umlawuli wesikolo esiphakamileyo angasinika ezo zintlu [zamanani omnxeba wabafundi kunye needilesi] kuthi. Babaluleke kakhulu kule nto sizama ukuyenza. โ Emva kokutyhilwa kwedatha entsha yePentagon yolutsha lwaseMelika, Isithethi esiyintloko sePentagon uLawrence Di Rita wathi, โSizama ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo ukuzenza sikhuphisane kwindawo yentengiso kwaba bantwana banokukhetha okuninzi.โ Kodwa njengoko Wesizwe umhleli wephephancwadi uKatrina vanden Heuvel kutshanje ubhale kuye Umhleli's Cut blog, ayilokhetho nje lokugcina abantwana kude:
"Impikiswano e-Iraq yenze ukuba ukuqashwa kwaba ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu kwaye abaqeshwa baye batshona phantsi ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulayo lokuzalisekisa izabelo zenyanga kunye nenkcaso ekrakra evela kubazali abangayixhasiyo imfazwe kaMongameli yase-Iraq."
Enye ye-lows entsha yomkhosi isibuyisela kumxholo we-ASVAB kunye neendlela ze-Vietnam-era. Ejongene nesidingo semikhosi enokuchithwa, uNobhala wezoKhuselo uRobert McNamara waseka udibaniso olungengcwele lweMfazwe yeNtlupheko kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam-iProjekthi ye-100,000. Iprojekthi ye-100,000 yacela umkhosi, nyaka ngamnye, ukuba ungenise kwinkonzo yamadoda ayi-100,000 angaphumelelanga iimviwo zawo. Inkqubo yabanga ukuba iya kunxiba abo basilelayo ukufikelela kwimigangatho yengqondo, amadoda uMcNamara awabiza ngokuba "ngamahlwempu angaphantsi komhlaba," ngemfundo kunye noqeqesho olunokuba luncedo ekubuyeleni kwabo kubomi basekuhlaleni. Endaweni yokufumana izakhono eziluncedo kwimarike yemisebenzi yoluntu, nangona kunjalo, โamajoni kaMcNamara,โ njengoko ayesaziwa njalo emkhosini, ayeqeqeshelwa ukulwa kumanqanaba aphakamileyo, athunyelwa ngokungafanelekanga eVietnam, kwaye ayephindwe kabini inani lokufa. yemikhosi yaseMelika ngokupheleleyo.
Namhlanje, iPentagon enqwenelayo ibonakala ilandela indlela efanayo. Njengoko uEric Schmitt we ENew York Times ubhale, uMkhosi usiya uguqukela kumabanga aphakamileyo ayekayo esikolweni, sele uphantse waphinda kabini inani lonyaka ophelileyo lokufumana amanqaku kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi kwiiNkonzo ezixhobileyo zeVocational Aptitude Battery kwaye โukwamkela amakhulu yabaqeshwa kwiinyanga zakutshanje ebebeza kugatywa kunyaka ophelileyo.โ Ngeli xesha, ezo zenzeka kwiPentagon's Iwebhusayithi ye-ASVAB uyakufumana olunye uyilo olutyibilikayo, olunemigibe embalwa yasemkhosini, akukho dilesi yewebhu ethi โ.milโ, kunye nezinto ezininzi. Injongo iingcebiso ngomsebenzi. Kuya kufuneka ujikeleze isiza ukuze ufumanise ngokushicilelweyo okubonelelweyo โnjengenkonzo yoluntu liSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US, iZiko leDatha laBasebenzi boKhuselo.โ
Njenge-Today'sMilitary.com, indawo ye-ASVAB yenza i-pitch kubazali, ibakhuthaza ukuba "[e] bakhuthaze umntwana wakho ukuba athathe i-ASVAB." Ikwazama ukuphembelela ootitshala ukuba โ[ba]dibanise[e] iNkqubo ye-ASVAB eKlasini,โ bade bacebise nokuba iinxalenye โzabelwa njengomsebenzi wasekhayaโ kubafundi.
Ibotshelelwe imizimba, iPentagon ibeka umshicileli wenkundla ogcweleyo ukuze agcwalise amanqanaba. Iphakheji yayo entsha yokunyuswa ibandakanya: iibhonasi ezinkulu zokusayina kunye nemigangatho ethotywe kakhulu; NASCAR, ubuchwephesha bokukhwela inkomo, kunye nenkxaso yenkxaso yeBhola yeArena; Iimidlalo yevidiyo ukuba kabini njengezixhobo zokugaya; Iintengiso zikamabonwakude ezithontsiza ngemiboniso ehendayo yozuko lomkhosi okanye uphawu Umfundi umkhosi uDonald Trump; engenanceba iingcebiso ngomsebenzi iiwebhusayithi; kunye nenkqubo edityanisiweyo "yonxibelelwano lwentengiso kunye nophando lwentengiso kunye nezifundo" zibandakanyeka ngokusebenzayo kumanyathelo okujolisa kwi-Hispanics, "i-drop outs," kunye nabo baneerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho kwinkonzo yasemkhosini. ISebe lezoKhuselo, ngokufutshane, likhupha zonke iindawo zokumisa, lingagcini ndleko, kwaye lichithe ubuncinci I-$ 16,000 kwiindleko zokuthengisa yodwa kwijoni ngalinye elibhalisiweyo.
Ngokucacileyo i-Pentagon ifuna ukuqeshwa kakubi kwaye ulutsha olubotshwe yimali lumele elinye lawona mathuba alungileyo okugcwalisa iyunifomu. Umkhosi ucinga ngokucacileyo ukuba ulutsha lwaseMelika alukwazanga ukuluphumelela uvavanyo lwakho lobuntlola olusisiseko. Iiwebhusayithi zayo zijongela phantsi ingozi kwaye iintengiso zayo zikamabonwakude ezityibilikayo zibonisa imiboniso engenagazi ye-adventure kunye nobugorha obungenasikwele ngemifanekiso (kunye neendaba) ngoku zibuya ekhaya zisuka e-Iraq zisiya kubumelwane bakhe nabani na. Ukusuka kumazinga okuqeshwa kwe-hiccuping, kucacile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ulutsha lwaseMelika sele luzazi ezi ntengiso kunye neewebhusayithi ziphosa izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo-imiboniso yemikhosi yaseMelika esebenza njengabahlali bangaphandle, ukubulala abantu, ukuthuthumbisa amabanjwa, ukuvutha amadangatye okungoneliseki, kunye nokusilela. ukuhambisa ukhuseleko olusisiseko okanye ukhuseleko hayi nje kwi-Iraqis kodwa imikhosi yabo.
I-copyright 2005 Nick Turse
U-Nick Turse usebenza kwiSebe le-Epidemiology kwiYunivesithi yase-Columbia. Ubhalela i-Los Angeles Times, i-Village Voice kwaye rhoqo kwi-Tomdispatch kwi-complex yenkampani yomkhosi kunye nelizwe lokhuseleko lwelizwe.
[Eli nqaku lavela kuqala I-Tomdispatch.com, iblogi yeWebhu yeSizwe, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni kunye nombhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba kwaye Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho.]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela