Umthombo: I-Intercept
NgoSeptemba 19, 2001, Amagosa eCIA aqokelela iibhokisi zekhadibhodi ezizaliswe $ 3 yezigidi in amatyala ayi-100 yeedola ukuthenga iinkosi zemfazwe zase-Afghan, ukuqala ukuphendula kweMelika kuhlaselo lwe-9/11. Emva kosuku, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wema phambi kweCongress kwaye wabhengeza “imfazwe” oko “bekungayi kuphela de onke amaqela abagrogrisi afikelele ehlabathini afunyenwe, anqunyanyiswe, aze oyiswe.”
Kwiminyaka engama-20 kunye nangaphezulu, ithebhu yolu ngquzulwano, olwaqala e-Afghanistan kodwa lwasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Burkina Faso, Irakh, Libhiya, Mali, Nayija, Phakistan, Somaliya, iSiriya, iTunisia, kunye Yemen, iye yafikelela ngaphezulu kwe $ 6 zezigidi. Intlawulo ibimbi: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imfazwe ibulele ngeenxa zonke abantu 900,000, kuquka nabemi abangaphezu kwama-350,000 XNUMX; bagxothwe kangangoko 60 million; kwaye kwakhokelela ku iintlekele zoluntu kwaye i eyona nto yoyiswa kakhulu emkhosini wase-US ukususela ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam. Imali yaseMelika iye yakha imikhosi enayo Ukuwad or ngumphunga xa ucelwa umngeni; okwangoku, inani amaqela abanqolobi angaphandle ehlabathini lonke ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini ukusuka kuma-32 ukuya kuma-69.
"Izicwangciso zokulwa nobunqolobi ezijongana noonobangela bobunqolobi, endaweni yemibutho kunye nabantu abazenzayo, zinokuphelisa amaza obundlobongela obunqolobi."
Akuzange kube njalo, ngokutsho kophononongo olutsha lweendlela zokulwa nobunqolobi ezivela kwiProjekthi yeeNdleko zeMfazwe yeYunivesithi yaseBrown. Umphandi uJennifer Walkup Jayes uthi: “Ubugrogrisi yinto yezobupolitika.Ngaphaya kweParadigm yeMfazwe: Yintoni iMbali esixelela yona malunga nendlela amaPhulo oBugrogrisi aphela ngayo,” ekwabelwana ngayo kuphela ne-Intercept ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwayo ngoLwesibini. "Izicwangciso zokulwa nobunqolobi ezijongana noonobangela bobunqolobi, endaweni yemibutho kunye nabantu abazenzayo, zinokuphelisa amaza obundlobongela obunqolobi."
Uhlalutyo lwamanani oluntsonkothileyo luye lwabonisa ukuba kukho iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo, ezisebenzayo zokukhawulezisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwemibutho yabanqolobi, ngokutsho kwengxelo kaWalkup Jayes. Kodwa "i-paradigm yemfazwe," eyayiphuma kwindlela yangaphambili yokunyanzeliswa komthetho waseMelika ekulweni nobunqolobi, ayikho enye yazo.
Olunye uhlolisiso olutsha olwenziwa kumaqela amajoni angama-648 olwakhankanywa nguWalkup Jayes lubonisa ukuba sisi-7 ekhulwini kuphela samaqela abagrogrisi awoyiswayo ngemigudu yomkhosi. Yiyiphi intliziyo eyophayo, ekhohlo, enophondo lwendlovu eyafikelela kwesi sigqibo? I Ucwaningo lwe-2008 yaqhutywa yiRAND Corporation, itanki yokucinga yomkhosi, xa iindleko zemfazwe yobugrogrisi zazisezincinci. $ 752 billion.
"E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan," uBush watsho kwangaloo nyaka, "sibeka inkcazo ecacileyo yempumelelo: Impumelelo iya kufika xa i-Al Qaeda ingenayo indawo ekhuselekileyo kuloo mazwe kwaye abantu banokuzikhusela kuloyiko. Impumelelo iya kuza xa i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan zisebenza ngokwezoqoqosho. Impumelelo iya kuza xa i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ziidemokhrasi ezilawula ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ziphendule kwintando yabantu bazo. Impumelelo iya kuza xa i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan zinamandla kwaye zikwazi ukusebenzisana kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi. "
Namhlanje, i-Al Qaeda isekho ekhoyo eAfghanistan. Indlalifa yayo, i-Islamic State, iyasebenza kwi Afghanistani kwaye Irakh. Kwaye akukho nanye kwezo iintlanga yi idemokhrasi or esebenzayo ngokwezoqoqosho, njengoko iAfghanistan ngoku iqhubela phambili umngcipheko wokuwohloka koqoqosho kwaye ilawulwa ngu ulawulo kakhulu ukuba uBush wayeka esikhundleni ngo-2001.
Iingcali zithi olu luhlu lweentsilelo ngeluphetshwe kakhulu. "Unokuba nombono wemeko, emva kwe-9/11, apho uhlaselo lwabanqolobi lwaluphathwa njengengxaki yolwaphulo-mthetho," utshilo uStephanie Savell, u-co-director we-Costs of War Project, ephawula ukuba i-FBI kunye ne-CIA banokuba nayo. wakhokela iinzame ngenjongo yokubamba, ukutshutshisa, nokuvalela entolongweni uOsama bin Laden nabanye ababeceba uhlaselo.
Ngelixa ephawula ukuba Iindleko zeNgxelo zengxelo ziqaqambisa iingxaki kule ndlela, u-Savell uxelele I-Intercept ukuba ibiya kuba yinguqu. “Ngeke uyibone iminyaka engama-20 yongquzulwano kunye nale nkcitho imangalisayo yemithombo yobutyebi,” utshilo. "Impendulo yase-US ngeyingazange ikhokelele koku kunyuka, imfazwe nogonyamelo olubangela imfazwe nobundlobongela."
Imali echithwe kwiparadigm yemfazwe endaweni yoko ibinokwabelwa iinkxalabo ezinzulu zokhuseleko lwesizwe. UWalkup Jayes utsalela ingqalelo kwiingozi zengxaki yemozulu yehlabathi, into yokuba ukunqongophala kwe-inshurensi yezempilo kubulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-45,000 ngonyaka, kunye nobhubhani we-Covid-19 ongakhange ukhokelele ekuswelekeni kwabantu abasondele kwisigidi esinye kuphela kodwa. Ikwabhentsisile imeko elusizi yokhathalelo lwempilo lwase-US. Uthi: “Inyaniso yeyokuba intlupheko, ubuhlanga, nolunye ukungalingani kwezakhiwo zenza isisongelo esikhulu kubomi babantu kunohlaselo lwabagrogrisi. "Ezi zoyikiso ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu abaninzi kunamaqela omkhosi asebenzisa amaqhinga, kwaye kukho imigaqo-nkqubo enokwenzeka yokuhlangabezana nazo."
Yonke le nto iphakamisa umbuzo wokuba bekunokuba yintoni na ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemfazwe yobugrogrisi luphinde lwajongwa kwakhona. Ukuba urhulumente wase-US ebesebenzise nenxalenye ye-8 yezigidigidi zeedola ezichithiweyo kwaye enyanzelekile kwiimfazwe zasemva kwe-9/11 kweminye imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya ukukhuthaza impilo yoluntu kunye nentlalontle okanye ukunciphisa ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu, oko bekuya kuba nesiphumo Ukhuseleko lwabantu olunentsingiselo ngakumbi kweli lizwe, ”utshilo uSavell kwi-Intercept.
"Ngaphaya kweParadigm yeMfazwe" ibeka i-10 eyahlukileyo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha idlulayo, ezinye iindlela zokulwa nobunqolobi kwindlela yaseMelika yomkhosi. Oku kuquka imodeli yonyanzeliso lomthetho, exhomekeke kubupolisa kunye nenkqubo yenkundla; ukusebenzisa imiyalezo yoluntu kunye namaphulo osasazo ukubethelela iimbono ezibukhali; ukulungisa oonobangela bobunqolobi ngokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zophuhliso kunye namaqela oncedo; kunye nemodeli “yokhuseleko loluntu” egcweleyo ngakumbi, “ejolise ekuxhobiseni amaqela ahluthwe amalungelo ngokwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho…
UHeather Brandon-Smith, umlawuli wezomthetho wezomkhosi kunye namalungelo oluntu kwiKomiti yaBahlobo kuMthetho weSizwe, iqela lamaQuaker, uthi "Ngaphaya kweParadigm yeMfazwe" ibalulekile ekufundiseni amalungu eCongress, uninzi lwawo angena kurhulumente emva kwe9/11, malunga neendlela ezizezinye kwiqhinga laseMelika elingasebenziyo kodwa elihlala ixesha elide. “Sineminyaka engama-20 yokulwa nobunqolobi sibonwa ngeliso lemfazwe,” uxelele I-Intercept. “Le ngxelo intsha ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo onokukhetha kuzo kwaye ibonisa ukuba izisombululo zexesha elide, ezingezizo ezomkhosi zezona zisebenzayo. Ukwenza uphando kunye nobungqina bubekwe ngendlela ecacileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Inika ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze ube nencoko kunye neCongress kunye nolawulo lweBiden malunga nendlela yokuxhobisa ngokufanelekileyo ezi zixhobo zingezomkhosi, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimpumelelo yokulwa nobunqolobi. "
Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-White House yabeka imida yethutyana kugwayimbo lwe-drone kunye nohlaselo lwe-commando ngaphandle kwemimandla yemfazwe eqhelekileyo. Ulawulo luqalise ukuphononongwa kwemishini enjalo kwaye yaqala ukubhala "incwadi yokudlala" entsha yokulawula imisebenzi yokulwa nabanqolobi. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo, ekuxelwe ukuba ukhululwe malunga ne-20 yesikhumbuzo se-9/11, ulibazisekile njengoko i-White House iye yajongana nokuwa kwesiphithiphithi sokurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan kunye nogwayimbo lokugqibela "lobulungisa" lwedrone. ilizwe ukuba IPentagon yanyanzelwa ukuba ivume ukuba kubulawe abantu kuphela, uninzi lwabo ngabantwana.
I-White House ayiyi kubonelela ngolwazi olusisiseko malunga nemeko yokuhlaziywa kwe-counterterrorism kwaye nini-okanye nokuba-ulawulo lunokutyhila imigaqo-nkqubo emitsha. "Sihlala sivavanya imeko yethu yokuchasana nobunqolobi kwihlabathi liphela kwaye senze uhlengahlengiso njengoko kufuneka," igosa eliphezulu lolawulo lixelele I-Intercept.
Kutshanje, iReps. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., kunye noBarbara Lee, D-Calif., babize okungaphezulu “kunohlengahlengiso.” "Ezona zoyikiso zinkulu kukhuseleko lwaseMelika - ubhubhani, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ugunyaziso-awunakoyiswa kumbhobho wompu. Lixesha lokuba uyeke ukuthembela kwincwadi enye endala kwaye endaweni yoko senze umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle osebenzela abantu bemihla ngemihla,” babhale phantsi. inqaku ebhengeza isigqibo seCongressional abasazisayo. “Owona mcelimngeni mkhulu wokhuseleko wanamhlanje awunakusonjululwa ngokubakho komkhosi. Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, idiplomacy, uphuhliso, kunye nokwakha uxolo - hayi iibhombu - kufuneka ibe zizixhobo zenkqubo yangaphandle ilizwe elifikelela kuyo kuqala. "
Ezinye iingcali ziye zabiza umgaqo-nkqubo odibeneyo ogcina amandla omkhosi okhoyo kodwa ugxininisa ngakumbi kwezinye iindlela. ULuke Hartig, umlawuli ophezulu wokulwa nobunqolobi kwiBhunga leSizwe lezoKhuseleko kwi-Obama White House kwaye ngoku ungumlingane kwiNkqubo yoKhuseleko lwaMazwe ngaMazwe laseMelika, ucele "zonke izixhobo zokulwa nobunqolobi" ezidibanisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukhuseleko lomda, ubukrelekrele. kujoliswe kwinkxaso-mali yabanqolobi, ubambiswano lwamazwe angaphandle, kunye nokuchasana neengcinga ezibaxiweyo, kwakunye nemisebenzi yasemkhosini.
"Sizixhobisile ngokugqithisileyo iimpendulo zethu zasemkhosini kwaye asizisebenzisi kangako iinkqubo zethu zasekuhlaleni."
“Sizixhobisile ngokugqithisileyo iimpendulo zethu zasemkhosini kwaye asizisebenzisi kangako iinkqubo zethu zasekuhlaleni,” uxelele I-Intercept. “Andicingi ukuba ukuphelisa imfazwe yanaphakade kuthetha ukuphelisa yonke imisebenzi yomkhosi ngokuchasene namaqela abanqolobi, kodwa oko kuthetha ukutshintshela kwimbono ekhokelwa ngabantu. Oko kuthetha ukutyala imali eninzi kwizinto ezifana nokuchasana nobundlobongela obugqithisileyo kunye nokwakhiwa kweziko. Kuthetha ukuhambisa idiplomacy savvy ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zokuchasa ubunqolobi. Kwaye kuthetha ukukulungela ukuthembela kukhuseleko lwethu ukukhusela ilizwe kunokuba sijolise ngokubulalayo kuzo zonke izisongelo esizibonayo emhlabeni. ”
"Ngaphaya kweParadigm yeMfazwe" igcwele iziphumo ezinomdla ezivela kwizifundo zomkhosi, ezinje ngekhonkco phakathi kokungalingani ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantu abadala abancinci kunye nobunqolobi kunye nenyaniso yokuba imfundo eluntwini "inokubonelela ngonyango ngokuchasene neengcinga ezinobundlobongela, ngakumbi ezo zijolise kuzo. abanye ngenxa yobuhlanga okanye inkolo,” kunye neengcebiso malunga nendlela olo phando olunokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo zokuchasana nobunqolobi behlabathi. Lilonke, libethelela oko kwafunyaniswayo kwiBhanki yeHlabathi kwingxelo yoPhuhliso lweHlabathi yowama-2011, egxininiswe nguWalkup Jayes, ukuba nangona kunjalo kubonakala ngathi iye yaphuncuka kulawulo olune lomongameli kunye namakhulukhulu abaqulunqi bomthetho kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-20: Ugonyamelo lwaseburhulumenteni ngendlela yohlaselo. , umsebenzi, kunye nengcinezelo ngundoqo kwingqiqo yamaqela abanqolobi.
"Siza kuba kwindawo ehluke kakhulu ukuba sitshutshise ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye siyibiza ngokuba yimini," u-Walkup Jayes utshele i-Intercept. "Umbono wemfazwe ubangele ukuba abantu abaninzi bathathe izixhobo ngokuchasene ne-United States kwaye bandise inkxaso kumaqela abanqolobi le mfazwe ijolise ekupheliseni. Ke ukuba injongo yakho kukuthintela ubunqolobi ngokwenyani, ukubheja kwakho kukukhuthaza ukhuseleko kunye namalungelo oluntu, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba abantu banokufikelela kwizixhobo abazifunayo. ”
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