I-United States ilwe ngaphezulu kweshumi elinambini "iimfazwe eziyimfihlo" kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, ngokutsho ingxelo entsha kwiZiko lezoBulungisa laseBrennan kwiSikolo soMthetho seYunivesithi yaseNew York. Ngokudityaniswa komlo wasemhlabeni, uhlaselo lweenqwelomoya, kunye nokusebenza kwemikhosi yommeli wase-US, olu ngquzulwano luqhubekile ukusuka e-Afrika ukuya kuMbindi Mpuma ukuya e-Asiya, luhlala lungaziwa ngokupheleleyo kubantu baseMelika kunye nokongamela okuncinci kweCongress.
UKatherine Yon Ebright, ongumcebisi weBrennan Center's Liberty and National Security Programme wabhala wathi: โOku kwanda kwemfazwe efihlakeleyo yinto yamva nje, yaye akunademokhrasi yaye kuyingozi. โUkuziphatha kobutshaba obungachazwanga kumazwe angekaxelwa kungqubana noyilo lwethu lomgaqo-siseko. Imema ukunyuka komkhosi okungabonakaliyo kuluntu, kwiCongress, kunye noonozakuzaku abajongene nokulawula ubudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle e-US. "
Ezi ngxabano ezifihlakeleyo zenziwe ngoGunyaziso lwe-2001 lokuSebenzisa uMkhosi woMkhosi, owenziwe emva kohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba, kunye nommiselo wesenzo esifihlakeleyo, esivumela imisebenzi eyimfihlo, engabonakaliyo, eyenziwa ngokuyinhloko yiCIA. IUnited States nayo ixhomekeke kwiseti ye sobumnyama amagunya entsebenziswano yokhuseleko ukuba I-Intercept inawo iphandwe ngaphambili, kubandakanywa kwi bhenca ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka oko kwatyhila ubukho bemizamo engaxelwanga yokulwa nobunqolobi e-US IYiputa, iLebhanon, iSiriya, neYemen. Amaxwebhu e-Ebright ebizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo ze-127e, ezaziwa ngokubizwa kwawo ngokusemthethweni, kuloo mazwe kunye nabanye abayi-12: Afghanistan, Cameroon, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Tunisia, kunye nelizwe ummandla weAsia-Pasifiki ongekachongwa esidlangalaleni.
Igunya le-127e, elivumela i-commandos yase-US ukuba iqeshe i-surrogates yendawo kwimishini ekhokelwa yi-US, ijolise kwiintshaba zase-US ukuphumeza iinjongo zase-US, yenye yemizamo emithathu ephantsi ehlalutywe kwingxelo yeZiko leBrennan. Enye, i-10 US Code ยง 333, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yi-global train-and-equip authority," ivumela i-Pentagon ukubonelela ngoqeqesho kunye nezixhobo kwimikhosi yangaphandle naphi na emhlabeni. Igunya elikude le-murkier 1202 livumela iSebe lezoKhuselo ukuba linike inkxaso kubalingane bangaphandle abathatha inxaxheba kumlo ongaqhelekanga ojolise kubalingane abakhuphisana nabo njenge China neRussia.
Ingxelo, ekhutshwe ngoLwesine, inika uhlalutyo olupheleleyo okwangoku lwesiseko somthetho, ukudideka kwengqungquthela, kunye ne-Pentagon obfuscation ejikeleze le migudu kwaye ichaza ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni iSebe lezoKhuselo likwazile ukuqhuba iingxabano ezingaphantsi kwetafile kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo. .
โIngxelo yeZiko laseBrennan igxininisa imfuneko yokukhanyisa kwimisebenzi yethu yokhuselo efihlwe emfihlekweni ixesha elide. Ubuncinci, uluntu kunye neCongress kufuneka bazi ukuba phi kwaye kutheni sithumela amalungu ethu enkonzo engozini, "uRep. Sara Jacobs, D-Calif., Ilungu leKomiti yeeNkonzo zeNdlu, uxelele I-Intercept. "Ndiyathemba ukuba le ngxelo iyakomeleza ukungxamiseka kweCongress ukubuyisela amandla ayo emfazwe, ukuphelisa izithuba ezikhoyo kwiinkqubo zentsebenziswano zokhuseleko, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izicwangciso zethu zihambelana neenqobo zethu, iinjongo kunye nokuzinikela kumalungu ethu enkonzo."
UEbright ubhala athi: โIndlela iCongress iwuqonda ngayo umlo waseUnited States ngokufuthi ayiphucukanga kunengxelo yoluntu. โOogxa bezozakuzo beSebe lezoKhuselo kwiSebe leLizwe bayasokola ukuqonda nokuqonda malunga nokufikelela kwimfazwe yase-US. Apho ukonganyelwa kwenkongolo kusilela, kukwanjalo nokongamela kwisebe lesigqeba solawulo.โ
Uhlalutyo luka-Ebright lukhanyisa ngokukodwa kwimeko yaseSomalia, apho i-United States yavelisa imikhosi emibini ebalulekileyo ye-proxy, i-Danab Brigade kunye ne-Puntland Security Force. I I-CIA yaqala ukwakha iPuntland Security Force ngo-2002 ukulwa ne-Al Qaeda-enxulumene ne-al-Shabab kwaye kamva i-Islamic State eSomalia, okanye i-ISS. Umkhosi watshintshelwa kulawulo lomkhosi wase-US malunga ne-2012 kwaye waqhubeka ukulwa kunye nemikhosi ye-US Special Operations ishumi leminyaka. "EPuntland, sakha loo mandla, sibaqeqesha kwinqanaba lobuchule kunye nendlela yokuzixhasa kunye nokulandela isicwangciso esilungileyo sokulwa ne-al-Shabab," uDon Bolduc, owayesakuba yinkosi ye-Special Operations Command Africa kwaye ngoku ungumgqatswa weRiphabhlikhi. ISenethi yaseNew Hampshire, ixelele I-Intercept kudliwanondlebe luka-2019.
U-Ebright uphawula ukuba abalweli be-proxy "babezimele kurhulumente waseSomalia, ngaphandle nje kokuba yayingamajoni axhobileyo kunye nelinye lawona maqela asebenza ngokukhethekileyo eSomalia. Kwaye ubudlelwane babo nemikhosi yase-US bebugcinwe buyimfihlo ixesha elide, namagosa ase-US ekhanyela ubukho babacebisi bomkhosi eSomalia de kwaba ngu-2014. "
Okukhathaza ngakumbi, uhlalutyo lwakhe lubonisa ukuba ixesha elide, kwakungekho siseko sisemthethweni somkhosi wase-US ukuba ulwe kunye kwaye uqondise le mikhosi. Ulawulo luka-Obama lutyumbe i-al-Shabab ibutho elihambelana ne-Al Qaeda kwaye ngoko ke, injongo esemthethweni phantsi kwe-2001 AUMF kwi-2016. Olo lawulo lwenze okufanayo kwi-Islamic State kwi-2014, kodwa i-ISS ayizange ichongwe esidlangalaleni njenge-ISIS enxulumene ne-ISIS. ukunyanzeliswa ngalo naluphi na ulawulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Pentagon yaphuhliswa kwaye yalwa kunye nePuntland Security Force esuka kwi-2012 kunye ne-Danab Brigade esuka kwi-2011 - phantsi kwe-127e kunye ne-333 iziphathamandla zokubambisana kwezokhuseleko - ngaphambi kokuba i-AUMF igwetywe ukuba igunyaze ukulwa ne-al-Shabab kunye ne-ISIS, ngaphantsi kwe-ISS.
"ISebe lezoKhuselo alinakuphikiswa ukuba aliyiphathi i-ยง 333 kunye ne-127e njengezigunyaziso zokusetyenziswa komkhosi. Inyaniso ayicacanga kangako,โ ubhala watsho uEbright. "Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, imikhosi yase-US isebenzise ezi ziphathamandla ukudala, ukulawula, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zibandakanyeke kumlo kunye namaqela afana noMbutho woKhuseleko wePuntland kunye neDanab Brigade."
Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, abongameli bebesoloko bebanga amalungelo abanzi okuzikhusela, kungekuphela nje imikhosi yase-US kodwa namaqabane afana noMkhosi woKhuseleko wePuntland kunye neDanab Brigade, ethi, amanqaku ka-Ebright, anokuvumela i-US ukuba ilwe neentshaba ezikude. ngokungabikho kwalo naluphi na ugunyaziso lwenkongolo.
U-Rep. Jacobs uthe kunzima ukuqinisekisa uluntu lomkhosi kwisithili sakhe saseSan Diego โukuba senza konke esinako ukubagcina bekhuselekile xa iCongress inolwazi oluncinci, singasathethi ke ngokubeka iliso kwixesha, phi, kwaye njani. ngokusebenzisa umkhosi. Iinzame zokunqanda ukujongwa kwiCongress- kunye nokulahlwa kweCongress kumandla ethu emfazwe - kungundoqo kwindlela esiye saphelela ngayo kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo, i-spike kwixhoba labantu, kunye nezicwangciso ezisileleyo ezichitha iidola zabarhafi kwaye ziphembelela iingxabano esizama ukuzo. sombulula.โ
Iinkcazelo ezinabileyo zokuzikhusela ngokuhlangeneyo kweeproksi nazo zixhalabisa ngakumbi malunga noku 1202 igunya, efuna ukujongwa okungaphantsi kwe-333 kunye ne-127e kwaye "isetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngenkxaso kwimikhosi yangaphandle, amandla angaqhelekanga, amaqela, okanye abantu ngabanyeโ ababenenxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezingaqhelekanga. Ngelixa ipateni emva kwe-127e, i-1202 ayijoliswanga kumaqela abanqolobi bengingqi afana ne-al-Shabab kunye ne-ISS kodwa "kumazwe akhohlakeleyo," njenge-Iran okanye i-North Korea, okanye iintshaba ezisondeleyo ezifana neRashiya ne-China. "Ukutolikwa okubanzi kwesebe lolawulo lokusetyenziswa kwamagunya anamandla, xa kudityaniswa ne-1202, kunokukhokelela ekulweni, nto leyo iCongress ayivumanga, ngokuchasene namazwe anamandla," u-Ebright uxelele I-Intercept. "Ukuze igunya le-1202 libe nolongamo oluncinci xa imingcipheko ithwala - xa uqhuba imikhosi ye-proxy ngokuchasene namandla, namazwe axhobe ngenyukliya - yimpazamo enkulu."
Ingxelo inikezela ngeengcebiso zokuphucula ukulawulwa kwe-congressional kunye noluntu, ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kwamagunya emfazwe ngaphakathi kurhulumente, kunye nokuthintela ubutshaba obungagunyaziswanga yiCongress. "Ukutshitshisa i-ยงยง 333, i-127e, kunye ne-1202 iya kubuyisela amandla apho yayimi khona ngaphambi kwemfazwe yobugrogrisi," u-Ebright ubhala, enyanzela i-Pentagon ukuba iqinisekise iCongress ukuba ukwakha ama-proxies angaphandle kwamanye amazwe kunomdla wokhuseleko lwelizwe laseMelika. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuba ukusebenza, kunye, kunye namaqabane angaphandle kunye namahlakani ngundoqo kumbono wePentagon wehlabathi, ngokolawulo lweBiden olusanda kukhutshwa. IsiCwangciso soKhuseleko lweSizwe kwaye Isicwangciso soKhuselo lwesiZwe.
"Omabini la maxwebhu agxininisa ukuba i-DOD ijonga intsebenziswano yokhuseleko njengekamva lendlela yayo," u-Ebright uxelele I-Intercept. Okwangoku, eCapitol Hill nakuluntu ngokubanzi, asinazo iincoko malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini oku, ukonakalisa abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuba sisemfazweni kwaye izakuchaphazela njani ukubandakanyeka emkhosini kunye nokungena phesheya.
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