Umthombo: TomDispatch
Siphila kwiplanethi eshukumayo, ilizwe lokungqubana kunye nokukhukuliseka. Le yayikade inguMhlaba wamazwekazi amakhulu- gondwana, Rodinia, Pangea. Ulwandle olusempuma lweUnited States lwajikela ecaleni ENtshona Afrika, ngelixa i-Antarctica yayidibana ukuya kwelinye icala lelizwekazi laseAfrika. Kodwa akukho nto kweli hlabathi ihlala kwaye iipleyiti zetectonic ezigubungela iplanethi zihlala zihamba. Ngokukhawuleza - ekuhambeni kwexesha amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka -Amazwekazi amakhulu ayayeka ukubagqwesa, aqhekeza kwiindawo ezincinci zomhlaba ezikhukuliseka ziye kwiikona ezikude zehlabathi.
Kutshanje, loo mazwekazi ajikelezayo akrolwa ngabantu bawenza amazwe. Isibini - iTshayina kunye neIndiya - ngoku likhaya labantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni nganye. Kodwa kwanezizwe ezinobungakanani obuphantsi zinokuba zikhulu ngokwazo. eSpain naseKhanada, abamelwane ePangea kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngoku inabemi phantse 47 yezigidi kwaye phantse 38 yezigidi, ngokulandelelanayo, okwenza ukuba abe ngama-30 kunye nama-39 awona mazwe anabantu abaninzi kulo mhlaba. Kodwa ngokudibeneyo, akukho nkulu kunesizwe esingenasizwe, imeko yokungabi nalizwe ekhoyo kuphela njengemeko yengqondo. Ndithetha ngamaxhoba ongquzulwano ngoku asele esele kwimida yelizwe lethu.
Inani labantu abaye bagxothwa ngenkani ngenxa yemfazwe, intshutshiso, ugonyamelo ngokubanzi, okanye ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu kunyaka ophelileyo liye lantinga ngendlela emangalisayo. 84 million, ngokutsho kweUNHCR, i-United Nations Refugee Agency. Ukuba bazenzele ilizwe labo, bekuya kuba lelona 17 ngobukhulu emhlabeni, likhulu kancinane kune-Iran okanye iJamani. Yongeza kwezo ziqhutywa ngaphaya kwemida ukuphelelwa lithemba kwezoqoqosho kunye nenani leebhaluni ezidlulileyo kwibhiliyoni enye, libeka phakathi kwezizwe ezintathu ezinkulu eMhlabeni.
Esi "sizwe" sabaxuthiweyo kulindeleke ukuba sikhule kuphela, ngokutsho kwengxelo entsha yeDanish Refugee Council (DRC), intlangano yoncedo egxile ekufudukeni. Uqikelelo lwabo, olugubungela amazwe angama-26 asemngciphekweni omkhulu, luqikelela ukuba inani labantu abagxothiweyo liza kunyuka phantse ngezigidi ezithathu kulo nyaka kwaye phantse izigidi ezine ngo-2023. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kwiminyaka elishumi phakathi ko-2014 no-2023, abantu abafudusiweyo kule meko. iplanethi iya kuba phantse kabini, ukukhula ngaphezu million 35 abantu. Kwaye oko akuthethi nokubala uninzi lwe izigidi ezisixhenxe nangaphezulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba igxothwe kuhlaselo lwamva nje lweRussia eUkraine.
โKuyothusa kakhulu ukubona inani elikhula ngokukhawuleza kangaka labantu abagxothiweyo ngexesha elifutshane,โ utshilo UCharlotte Slente, unobhala jikelele weBhunga leeMbacu laseDenmark. โApha kulapho uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezozakuzo kufuneka zinyuke. Ngelishwa, sibona lincipha inani lezivumelwano zoxolo kunye nokungabikho kwengqalelo kumazwe ngamazwe apho ukufuduswa kuqikelelwa ukuba kunyuke kakhulu. โ
Abantu Abangenamakhaya Abasinda Kwiimfazwe Ezingenagama
Imbali yoluntu libali labemi abashukumayo, abantu banyanzelwa ngonaphakade kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba bahambe ukusuka apha ukuya apho. Abona banethamsanqa bebesoloko berhoxa ngokuthanda kwabo, bethuthuzelekile nangeentliziyo ezivuyayo. Abanye abaninzi baye batyhalelwa ngamatyathanga okanye kwindawo yebhayonet; kwanyanzeleka ukuba basabe njengoko iziqhushumbisi zazibetha ngakubo; okanye ngenxa yokuba amajoni kwiilori zomkhosi okanye isithuthuthu-ekhwele jihadis, bexhobe ngeeKalashnikovs, beza begquma kwiidolophana zabo.
Kunzima ukusonga ingqondo yakho malunga nobukhulu babantu abazizigidi ezingama-84 ababalekayo namhlanje. Kuthetha ukuba inani labantu abafuduswa ngenkani ngoku lingaphezulu Kabini inani labantu baseYurophu abagxothwa kumakhaya abo ngenxa yentlekele yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II; ngokuphindwe kathandathu inani labo baye bafuduswa ngenxa yokwenzakala isahlulo seIndiya nePakistan ngowe-1947; okanye 105 uliphindaphinda inani leVietnamese โabantu ngesikhepheโ abasabelayo eHong Kong, eMalaysia, eIndonesia naseThailand kwiminyaka engama-20 eyalandela ukuphela kweMfazwe yaseVietnam ngowe-1975. inye kubantu abangama-95 XNUMX kwesi sijikelezi-langa sihamba ngokuzenzekelayo. Yongeza kwezo ziqhutywa zizinyanzelo zoqoqosho kunye umntu omnye kwabangama-30 emhlabeni ngoku ungumphambukeli.
Ukusukela ngoJuni ophelileyo, phantse million 27 abantu Babeziimbacu kwinto uBob Dylan awayeyibiza ngokuba "indlela yokubhabha engaxhotywangaโ โ kunye ne-68% yabo abavela kumazwe amahlanu: iSyria (i-6.8 yezigidi), iVenezuela (i-4.1 yezigidi), i-Afghanistan (i-2.6 yezigidi), iSouth Sudan (i-2.2 yezigidi), neMyanmar (i-1.1 yezigidi). Uninzi lwabo bafuduswa ngenkani, nangona kunjalo, abanamakhaya kumazwe abo-amaxhoba eengxabano ezihamba zingabonwa lihlabathi ngokubanzi.
Ngo-2018, ndabukela inkampu elingana nesitampu sabantu abagxothiweyo kwiPhondo lase-Ituri kwimpuma ekude yeDemocratic Republic of Congo isuka kumakhulu abantu ukuya. Ngaphezu kwe10,000, ichitheka ngaphaya kwemida yayo kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba kwakhiwe enye inkampi ethe saa kwidolophu. Ngelo xesha kwakukho abafazi, abantwana namadoda eIturi uxhelwe ephila ngamajoni axhobe ngeesabile. Kwaye uhlaselo aluzange luphele ngokupheleleyo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ubundlobongela kunye nokufuduka kuyaqhubeka.
Kwiintsuku ezili-10 zokuqala zale nyanga kuphela, amajoni aqhube uhlaselo olusibhozo e-Ituri. Ngomhla woku-1 kuFebruwari, kwabulawa abantu abangama-62, kwabulawa abantu abangama-47, kwabulawa abantu abangama-XNUMX. bashiya amakhaya angama-25,000, ukongeza kumanani asele esazi ngeenkwenkwezi eCongo. Bamalunga ne-2.7 yezigidi zabantu baseCongo bagxothwa kumakhaya abo phakathi kukaJanuwari noNovemba ka-2021, ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo, benyusa inani elikhulu labantu abafuduselwe kweli lizwe ukuya kwi-5.6 yezigidi.
Ngo-2020, xa ndandihamba kwindlela ye-ocher eBurkina Faso, ilizwe elincinane elivaliweyo eNtshona Afrika, ndabukela intlekele yoluntu. Iintsapho zazithontelana kuloo ndlela zisuka eBarsalokho malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 kumntla wekomkhulu, iOuagadougou, ukuya ngaseKaya, idolophu yemarike enabemi abaphantse baphindeke kabini ngaloo nyaka. Babengamaxhoba a imfazwe engenagama, ukhuphiswano oluyingozi phakathi kwabanqolobi abangamaSilamsi ababulala abantu ngaphandle kokuvalelwa kunye nemikhosi karhulumente eye yabulala abantu abaninzi kunamajoni.
Yaye ukubandezeleka apho kusaqhubeka njengoko olo ngquzulwano luqhubeka lunyanzela abantu ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo. Inani labantu baseBurkinabe abagxothelwe ekhaya lenyuke nge-50% kunyaka ophelileyo ukuya ngaphezu kwe1.5 yezigidi, ngelixa abanye abantu be-19,200 babalekela kumazwe angabamelwane, ukwanda kwe-50% ngaphezu kwe-2020. 400,000 Burkinabe ngokunokwenzeka baya kufuduswa. Kwaye le kuphela yinxalenye yengxaki ebanzi yengingqi eye yagubungela ilizwe laseMali kunye neNiger apho esinye isigidi sabantu sishiywe bengenamakhaya.
Kwilizwekazi liphela, i imfazwe yamakhaya e-Ethiopia eqale ngoNovemba ka-2020 iyishiyile ingomnye wabona bantu bathe bafuduswa ngaphakathi ehlabathini. Ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka, abantu abazizigidi ezisisi-2.1 babesele begxothiwe kweli lizwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2021, elo nani laphindeka kabini 4.2 million. NjengaseCongo, ubundlobongela kunye nokufuduka kushiye abona bantu bangenathamsanqa baxhatshazwa kabini. Ngokomzekelo, ebutsheni bale nyanga, iimbacu zase-Eritrea ezikwinkampu yeembacu yase-Ethiopia eBarahle ziye zahlaselwa ngamadoda axhobileyo aza abulala amahlanu kuzo, aqweqwedisa amabhinqa aliqela, aza athumela abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Iimbaleki ze14,000 ukubalekela kwezinye iidolophu.
I-Afghanistan iye yaba yindawo yenye ingxaki eqhutywa lungquzulwano. Ukususela ekuhlaselweni kwe-US kwilizwe labo kwi-2001, phantse izigidi ezithandathu zase-Afghan baye bafuduswa ngaphakathi okanye baba ziimbacu, ngokweProjekthi yeeNdleko zeMfazwe yeYunivesithi yaseBrown. Ngokufanayo, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10 emva kokuqalisa kwemfazwe yamakhaya eSyria, isiqingatha sabemi belo lizwe sisabambekile kwi-limbo malunga nezigidi ezi-6.6 kubo abaziimbacu phesheya. 6.7 million bagxothwe kwilizwe labo.
Ukuthatyathwa komkhosi kaFebruwari 2021 eMyanmar ngokufanayo kwabangela ingxaki enkulu yokufuduka. ungquzulwano ngezixhobo, kuquka ukuhlasela kweenqwelo-moya nokudubula kweebhombu, okukhawulezisa ukubandezeleka. Kukho ngoku ubuncinane Iimbacu ezingama-980,000 kunye nabo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko ukusuka eMyanmar kumazwe aselumelwaneni nakwiindawo ezingqongileyo Ngama-812,000 abantu abagxothelwe emakhaya apho, kuquka abangama-442,000 XNUMX abanyanzelwa ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo ukususela kubhukuqo-mbuso.
Yahlula ilizwekazi
Ngo-2014, bamalunga nezigidi ezisithoba abantu abafudukayo ehlabathini bahlala kumazwe angathathi ntweni. Namhlanje, elo nani liqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-36 yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba, liBhunga leeMbacu laseDenmark, liya kwanda liye kutsho kwizigidi ezingama-40 ekupheleni kowama-2023. Ingxaki yokufuduka โichaphazela ngokungafanelekanga amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo nemimandla esele inemali eyaneleyo,โ utshilo uCharlotte Slente weBhunga. "Siyabona ukuba inkxaso-mali yoncedo ayanelanga kumazwe amaninzi apho kufuduswa khona."
Uqikelelo lwengqikelelo lwase-DRC, olusekelwe kumzekelo ophucukileyo osebenzisa izikhombisi ezingaphezu kwe-120 ezinxulumene nongquzulwano, kunye nolawulo nokusingqongileyo, iimeko zedemografi, kunye nezoqoqosho, lucebisa ukuba iBurkina Faso, iCameroon, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, South Sudan kunye ISudan iya kuba namava onke ukufuduka okubalulekileyo ngo-2022 ngelixa i-Ethiopia, iMozambique, kunye neSomalia kusenokwenzeka ukuba zibone ukwanda okukhulu ngo-2023. Konke, iBhunga liqikelela ukuba inani labantu base-Afrika ephantsi kweSahara abagxothwe kumakhaya abo liza kuxhuma ngaphezu kwezigidi ezihlanu ekupheleni konyaka ozayo.
Ngo-2020, xa bendisihla ngendlela ngeSUV etofotofo kunye namapolisa axhobe axhobe kakhulu esingise kwindawo yongquzulwano eBurkina Faso, ndabukela iintsapho ezazibophe iidonki zazo zafumba yonke into ezinako - zitshisa, iimethi zokulala, iimbiza zokupheka - kwiinqwelo ezitshiswe lilanga zisingise kwelinye icala. Ukuba besisahlala kwilizwekazi elikhulu lasePangea, ngebabedlule kwisikhululo sendlela eKaya baze basinge ngasentshona bedlula eMali naseGuinea, Ukugqiba kwakhe eMiami, eFlorida. Kodwa namhlanje eso sixeko โsezona ndawo ziphambili zobugcisa, iindawo zokutyela eziphezulu kunye iiboutiques ezimnandi kodwa ze-chicโ apho ixabiso lekhaya eliphakathi lizii-$471,000 yaye ilizwe apho ama-80 ekhulwini abantu aphila ngemali engaphantsi kweedola ezintathu ngosuku lihlabathi elahlukileyo okanye, kunoko, lahlulwe yiminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-3 yaye 5,200 eekhilomitha.
Siphila kwihlabathi apho ukukhukuliseka kwelizwekazi kushiye abantu abaninzi base-Afghan, eBurkinabe, baseCongo, nabanye bevalelwe kwimida yabo okanye kumazwe aselumelwaneni angakwaziyo ukuthwala umthwalo. Ubuzwilakhe bolwandle olwahlula abo bagxothiweyo ngenxa yongquzulwano kukhuseleko lomelezwe ngoorhulumente abangenankathalo, imida evaliweyo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo engenantliziyo ecutha kwaye ibe lulwaphulo-mthetho eyona ndlela yakudala yoluntu kwingozi: ukusaba.
Eyona nto incinci iiklasi ezitofotofo zehlabathi ezinokuyenza kukuphosa imali kule ngxaki. Urhulumente wase-US - onoxanduva ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60 yezigidi zabantu abangenamakhaya e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eLibya, ePakistan, kwiiPhilippines, eSomalia, eSyria, naseYemen ngenxa yemfazwe yayo yobugrogrisi-ithwele uxanduva olukhethekileyo, kodwa ayizange inyuke. โIingxaki zenkxaso-mali zisaqhubeka ziphazamisa [indlela] yokunceda abantu ekugxothweni,โ ifundeka ngolu hlobo ingxelo yeDanish Refugee Council ye2022 Global Displacement. "Ukujonga uqikelelo lwangoku luka-2022 kunye no-2023, iingxaki apho inkxaso-mali yoluntu kunye nokuhoywa kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunqongophala, ukufuduka kuqikelelwa ukuba kunyuke kakhulu."
Kumazwe apho izicwangciso zoncedo loluntu zazingaphezulu kwe-50% exhaswa ngemali ngo-2021, ukufuduswa kuqikelelwa ukuba kunyuke ngomyinge wabantu abangama-59,000. Kwezo apho inkxaso-mali ibingaphantsi kwama-50%, kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kuxhuma nge-160,000 yabantu, ngokomndilili. โUluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lufuna ukunyusa ngenkxaso eyongezelelweyo kumazwe achaphazeleka kakhulu kukufuduswa kwabantu,โ utshilo u-Slente wase-DRC.
Ukuba kuphela.
Ngenye imini, amazwekazi ethu ajikelezayo aya kuphinda abuyele kunye, ngokwezinye iingqikelelo, uMntla Merika untlitheka eAfrika, abamelwane bakudala baphinda badibana emva kwexesha elide behlukene. Ngelishwa, iya kuba yiminyaka eyi-300 yezigidi emva kwexesha kakhulu kwabo ngoku bangaphakathi kwisizwe esingenasizwe, abo bangenamakhaya ngenxa yemfazwe, ubundlobongela, kunye nentshutshiso. Imida yethu engafanelekanga, uncedo olukhohlakeleyo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhohlakeleyo iqinisekisa ukuba abo babanjwe ngamaxhoba ongquzulwano baya kuhlala bebhadula, bebhadula iplanethi bekhangela ukhuseleko, balahlwe ngabanye bethu njengabantu abancinci kwimida yelizwe elingaxoleli.
I-copyright 2022 Nick Turse
I-Nick Turse ngumhleli wokulawula TomDispatch kunye ne Chwetheza iZiko leMithombo yeendaba. Ungumbhali mva nje we Kwixesha elizayo Baza Kubala aba Dead leyo: Imfazwe kunye nokusinda eSudan kunye neyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu Bulala nayiphi na into ehamba.
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