Imibutho ezibophelele ekuguquleni ihlabathi ukuba libengcono kufuneka ijongane noxinzelelo olusisiseko: Kwelinye icala, kufuneka ibonise umbono wohlobo loluntu olunqwenela ukulenza. Kwelinye icala, banyanzelwa ukuba bacinge ngeenyaniso zemihla ngemihla zocwangco olukhoyo lwezoqoqosho nezobupolitika. Kwibutho labantu elilungelelanisa isithethe eUnited States, le ngxwabangxwaba idla ngokuchazwa njengongquzulwano phakathi “kwehlabathi njengoko linjalo” “nehlabathi njengoko lifanele ukuba njalo.”
Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo, ezinye zezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zothungelwano loluntu eUnited States-ukususela Isiseko sikaGamaliyeli ukuba Ukholo Lwezenzo kwi ISiseko seMimandla yoShishino, okanye i-IAF - baye bafundisa ngolu luhlu njengenxalenye ephambili yoqeqesho lwabo lwentshayelelo, belusebenzisa njengendlela yokuqhelanisa abaququzeleli abatsha kwindlela yabo yokulungelelanisa. Kule minyaka idlulileyo, isakhelo sicelwe nguBarack Obama, uSaul Alinsky kunye nabaququzeleli benqanaba kunye neefayile ezingenakubalwa. Kubaxhasi bale ngcamango, ukuqonda i-dichotomy "yehlabathi ezimbini" kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni uhlobo lwabantu abanokuvelisa ngokufanelekileyo utshintsho: oko kukuthi, i-radicals yokwenene.
Ngoko yintoni imvelaphi yale ngcamango? Yaye kutheni inokuba luncedo kuthi namhlanje?
Kwimemo yakhe ka-2003, "Roots for Radicals," u-Edward T. Chambers, owayekhokela i-IAF yaseSaul Alinsky esuka kwi-1972 ukuya kwi-2009, uchaza le ngcamango ngale ndlela: "Side sife, siphila noxinzelelo phantsi kwesikhumba sethu iziko lobuntu bethu. Sizalelwa kwihlabathi leemfuno kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko, amathuba kunye nokulinganiselwa, kwaye kufuneka siphile apho ... "Uqhubeka, ubhala, "Ukuzigcina, ukutya, impahla, indawo yokuhlala, ukhuseleko, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo kunye nomsebenzi kuyimfuneko kumntu wonke. Amanani amakhulu abantu angcungcuthekiswa zezi zinto yonke imihla yobomi babo; abaninzi bethu abacingi enye into.” Uthanda ungathandi, ezi ziimeko esiphoswa kuzo kunye neemeko ekufuneka sijamelane nazo. Bazi le ihlabathi njengoko linjalo.
Kodwa elo licala elinye kuphela lebali. Njengoko uChambers ephawula, “Sikwanamaphupha kunye nezinto esizilindeleyo, iminqweno kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni, amathemba kunye neminqweno. "Sihlala imihla ngemihla sisazi ukuba izinto azinakwenzeka nje kuphela, kodwa zinokuba, kufanele ukuba zahluke kuthi nakubantwana bethu." Amathemba ethu kunye neenjongo zoluntu olungcono ziyaqulunqa le umhlaba njengoko kufanelekile. Kwaye ezi ziyinxalenye yokuba singobani njengabantu. UChambers wabhala wathi: “Abagxeki bahlekisa ngombono kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha njengengabalulekanga kwihlabathi lokwenyani, kodwa inyani kukuba zibalulekile kubomi bethu obusengqondweni, kwingqibelelo nasekunyanisekeni kwethu.”
Ukuphumelela, abaququzeleli banyanzelekile ukuba bajongane nazo zombini ihlabathi ngaxeshanye. Kuya kufuneka bafumanise ukuba bangabaxolelanisa njani ngaphandle kokuncama umbono obanzi wotshintsho okanye imfuno yophuculo olubambekayo apha kwaye ngoku. Iintshukumo eziguqukayo ezifuna ukutshintsha iimeko zobomi babantu bemihla ngemihla kufuneka ziqale zilwe nemiqobo edalwa zezo meko—kuquka ukuphelelwa lithemba okubangelwa yinkqubo enoxanduva ngakumbi kwiminqweno yemali kunabantu abaqhelekileyo. Bamele bajongane nobunyani bamandla njengamandla akhokelayo ehlabathini. Ngexesha lokunyanzelisa imfuno enikiweyo okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo, abaququzeleli banokufumanisa ukuba ukuphumelela kufuna ukukhangela indlela yabo kumaziko asengozini kakhulu okanye bangene kumanyano olungathandekiyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka balinganise iindleko kunye nezibonelelo zokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo ngelixa bezama ukuhlala benyanisekile kumaxabiso abo.
Nangona imfuneko yokulungelelanisa le mibini yehlabathi ingumngeni, ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabo lunokuba namandla okudala: "Xa ezi hlabathi zimbini zidibanisa ngokwaneleyo kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwaneleyo, umlilo esiswini ngamanye amaxesha uvutha," kuchaza uChambers. “Ukungavisisani phakathi kwala mazwe mabini yingcambu yesenzo esiqatha sobulungisa nedemokhrasi[.]”
U-Alinsky, u-Obama kunye nengxaki yeengcamango
Ngexesha uChambers wayebhala imemori yakhe, amatsha ntliziyo ayexoxa ngengxwabangxwaba phakathi kwala mazwe mabini amashumi eminyaka. Iingcambu zesakhelo zinokulandelelwa USawule Alinsky ngokwakhe, umntu osisiseko kuluntu lwangoku lwase-US oluququzelela izithethe, owalusebenzisa njenge ingxoxo ukwala ukuzimela kwe-utopian kwaye ukulungele ukusebenzisana nenkqubo, nazo zonke iziphene kunye nemida. UBarack Obama, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomququzeleli woluntu lwase-Alinskyite, wafaka eli binzana njengenxalenye yembono yakhe yezopolitiko kunye nehlabathi. ngamanye amaxesha zi khankanywe it emva ukuba ngumongameli. Nangona kunjalo, yayingabalandeli baka-Alinsky abadumileyo abaye batshintsha isakhelo kwaye basilungelelanisa nemibutho yabo, bayifaka kwi-DNA yothungelwano oluququzelela uluntu olufana ne-IAF.
Nanjengoko isakhelo satsala umdla kubalandeli, sikwatsalele abachasi. Abagxeki bemodeli ka-Alinsky yokulungelelanisa uluntu babona kugxininise “kwihlabathi njengoko linjalo” njengendlela yokuphepha ingcamango nokuxinana kwiminqweno engqongqo ngakumbi yombutho. Kwi-critique ye Jacobin, umbhali wentlalontle uAaron Petcoff echaza ukuba, ephuma ngeminyaka yee-1960, u-Alinsky “wazama ukweyisela isizukulwana esitsha solutsha olunenzondelelo yempambano kwiNew Left ukuba samkele indlela yakhe ‘yepragmatic’ yokulungelelanisa, eyayixhomekeke ekwamkeleni ‘ihlabathi njengoko linjalo’ nasekugatyeni iipolitiki ezinogonyamelo ngakumbi. ”
Ngelixa besenokungavumelani ngokupheleleyo nokugxeka kukaPetcoff, abaququzeleli abahlukeneyo abaqeqeshwe kuluntu lokuququzelela isiko baye baqaphela ukuthambekela kokuchasene neengcamango eziye zabhakwa ekubunjweni kwazo. Kwisincoko 2018 for Isizwe, intatheli uNick Bowlin catshulwa Umququzeleli we-Detroit uMolly Sweeney, okhumbula ukuba uqeqesho lwakhe ku-Alinskyite lunqongophele. "Nakuphi na uhlalutyo lwamandla amakhulu obungangamsha abamhlophe kunye ne-capitalism eyenza ihlabathi lethu." Njengoko uSweeney ecacisa, “Ihlabathi linjengoko linjalo lachazwa kuqeqesho lwam ndingenanto yakwenza nohlalutyo lwendlela ihlabathi eliye laba lolo hlobo ngayo.”
Evakalisa iimvakalelo ezifanayo, uKatie Horvath weSymbiosis Research Collective wabhala kwi reflection 2018 for I-Ecologist malunga namava akhe ngendlela esasetyenziswa ngayo eso sikhokelo: “Sibhalwe njengepragmatism: Asiphili kwihlabathi njengoko lifanele ukuba njalo, siphila kwihlabathi lokwenene, yaye kufuneka senze ngokuvisisana nemithetho yalo ukuze sifumane oko sikufunayo. ,” uyachaza. “Eluqeqeshweni, oku kwakusoloko kuchazwa njengesicwangciso esiyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe umhlaba njengoko kufanele ukuba kube njalo,” kodwa uHorvath wazifumana ezibuza ngemida ayibekayo. Ukuba ne-pragmatic ngokugqithisileyo, ubonakalisa, "ithintela into enokwenzeka kwezopolitiko, njengoko oko kuthetha ukuba ekugqibeleni uphuma kweyona ndawo iphantsi yeenqobo ezisemgangathweni okwabelwana ngazo ngenxa yokoyika ukwahlukanisa amaziko angamalungu." Uqhube wathi, "Ukujolisa kwimbono emfutshane ekukhetheni kuphela imiba ebambekayo nenokuphumelela kuthetha ukuba ungaze ufikelele kwiingxaki zenkqubo ezifuna amaphulo amade okanye ezingenako ukusonjululwa kwaphela phakathi kwemiqobo yenkqubo yangoku."
Okunye koku kugxekwa kuyathetheleleka. Alinsky ubabalwe ukulungelelanisa malunga neemfuno ezimxinwa zengingqi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwakha amandla oluntu endaweni yokuthatha i-galvanizing, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nemiba yesizwe enokuthi idale iyantlukwano. Kukho imiba ethile eyakhayo kule ndlela: Abaququzeleli boluntu baye bazinikela ekufikeleleni ngaphaya kwamaqela abantu abasekhohlo, ukudibana nabantu “apho bakhoyo,” kunye nokwakha imanyano ebanzi ngokusebenza kwimiba yokufaneleka okubambekayo kuluntu oluthile. . Kwaye okwangoku, indlela ngamanye amaxesha inokuziva inengqondo encinci kunombono, ingaze iqhubele phambili ngenyani imodeli ekhuthazayo yehlabathi elahlukileyo. I-IAF, ngokukodwa, ithande ukubambelela kwimigaqo yokulungelelanisa yoluntu, kwaye iye yaba bhetyebhetye ngaphantsi konxibelelwano oluninzi loontanga ekubandakanyeni izigxeko zemiba eyahlukeneyo yemodeli ye-Alinskyite.
Oko kuthethiweyo, kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, umhlaba wokuququzelela uluntu ngokubanzi uye wavela kakhulu. Uninzi lweenethiwekhi ezinkulu ziye zatyala imali kwimfundo yezopolitiko kwaye zibandakanya uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo kwimbono yazo kunye nezicwangciso zabo - beqonda imfuno, njengoko umququzeleli ose-Oakland uGary Delgado eyibeka isincoko esinefuthe lika-1998 enesihloko esithi "The Last Stop Sign," "ukujongana ngqo nemiba yobuhlanga, umgangatho, isini, ugxininiso lweshishini kunye nobunzima boqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe." Njengabaququzeleli uDaniel Martinez HoSang, i-LeeAnn Hall kunye noLibero Della Piana kutshanje wabhala kwinqaku le- UkuQala, "Namhlanje, phantse lonke iqela eliququzelela uluntu liyakwamkela ukubaluleka kokumisela ubulungisa bobuhlanga." Ukongeza, la maqela abonise umdla omkhulu kumaphulo adlula inkxalabo yenqanaba lobumelwane, kunye nongenelelo lonyulo, ngakumbi emva koloyiso lukaDonald Trump luka-2016.
Ngaphandle kwepragmatism nje
Njengoko uthungelwano loququzelelo loluntu luye lwaqala ukucinga lukhulu kuhlalutyo kunye neminqweno yabo, ngaba "ihlabathi ezimbini" zihlala zizikhokelo eziluncedo?
Nangona, ekusebenzeni, isakhelo ngamanye amaxesha sisetyenziswe njengekhwelo kwi-pragmatism nje, kwifom yayo ecebileyo ingaba ngaphezu koko. Inene, ixabiso layo lokwenyani lixhomekeke kubume bayo be-dialectical. I-dichotomy ayilumkisi nje nge-utopianism engaqwalaselwanga; kwakhona iyayikhaba impembelelo yokwamkela ngokugqithisileyo imeko ekhoyo. Njengoko i-Chambers ibeka, "Ukuqonda ihlabathi njengoko linjalo ngelixa lingahoywa ihlabathi njengoko lifanele ukuba likhokelela ekugxekeni, ukwahlukana kunye nokunyanzeliswa." Ngokombono wakhe, ukuziphatha kakuhle kusekelwe "ekunyukeni ukuya kwingxwabangxwaba phakathi kwehlabathi ezimbini" kunye nokuqaphela ukunqongophala okukhoyo ekubeni namehlo abomvu okanye axhomekeke kwiimeko ezikhoyo. Ukuqhubela phambili umbono ofanayo, iinkokeli kuqeqesho lwe-IAF ziqaqambisa indima yawo omabini amandla nothando ekudaleni utshintsho. Echoing Martin Luther King Omnci., bacacisa besithi: “Igunya elingenalo uthando yingcinezelo. Uthando olungenagunya ziimvakalelo.”
Isidingo, ke, kukuhlakulela abantu abanokulawula omabini amacala okutyhala-kunye-okanye, magama yowayesakuba nguMlawuli we-IAF kuNxweme lwaseNtshona uLarry B. McNeil, abona bantu babalaseleyo basekuhlaleni “abanombono ophindwe kabini.” NgokukaMcNeil, "Bayakwazi ukubona into engekhoyo, kwaye banokubona ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo kunye namanyathelo ezopolitiko enza loo mbono ube yinyani." Kunjengoko ehlabela mgama esithi: “Inkoliso yabantu ibambeke kweli hlabathi njengoko linjalo. Baye badideke ngoku kangangokuba balibale ukucinga. I-Utopians yenza impazamo eyahlukileyo. Bachukumiseka gqitha kumbono wabo wekamva kangangokuba basilele ukwenza umsebenzi omdaka wemihla ngemihla ukuze umbono wabo ube wokwenene.”
UMcNeil wanika la mazwi kwintetho ka-1998 kwinkomfa yeUrban Parks Institute. Kwinkomfa, wakhuthaza indlela enzima yokwakha amandla kunye nokukhetha ngokucokisekileyo imiba yokulungelelanisa - "Simele sithathe iingxaki eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinamacala amaninzi kwaye siziguqule zibe yimiba ethile, ikhonkrithi, ngokukhawuleza," uxelele abo babekho. Ukanti, wagxininisa kwimfuneko yentelekelelo engenasithintelo, exelela abaphulaphuli bakhe kumazwi akhe okuvala, ukuba “baqinisekise ukuba umbono wenu ingaba yintoni akaze anikezele kumda wento eyiyo.”
Ngaba singaba sobabini umbono kunye neqhinga?
Ngenxa yokuba ukungavisisani phakathi kwepragmatism kunye ne-idealism ingumba ozingisayo kwiintshukumo zentlalo, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zesigama ziye zaphuhliswa ukuxoxa nge-dichotomy. Isazi ngezentlalo uMax Weber, okokuqala, wenza a umahluko phakathi “kokuziphatha kweenjongo zokugqibela” kunye “nendlela yokuziphatha yoxanduva.” Umntu osebenza egxininise kwiinjongo zokugqibela wenza ngokweenkolelo ezinzulu zokuziphatha; njengoko uWeber ebhala, lo mntu ulandela isaci sonqulo esithi, “UmKristu wenza ngokufanelekileyo yaye ushiya imiphumo eNkosini.” Ngeli xesha, abadlali bezopolitiko abakhuthazwa yinkqubo yokuziphatha yoxanduva basebenza ngakumbi; baxhalabele iziphumo kunye “nemiphumo ebonwa kwangaphambili yesenzo sikabani.”
Esalatha kwenye izikhokelo ezifanayo, ithiyori yentshukumo kunye nomqeqeshi uJonathan Matthew Smucker echaza ukuba ngaphakathi kweentshukumo, “Kufuneka sijonge kwaye sifumane ulungelelwano phakathi kwe ecacileyo kwaye i zixhobo imiba yentshukumo edibeneyo; phakathi kweqela ukudibana nangaphaya kweqela ukuvalwa kwebhulorho; phakathi kwe ubomi beqela kwaye into eyenziwa liqela ngaphandle kobukho bayo.”
Ukwahluka okunjalo mhlawumbi kudla ngokuxutyushwa njengengxwabangxwaba ekhoyo phakathi kwezopolitiko ezingokomfuziselo nezicwangcisiweyo. Udumo yingcali yentlalontle uWini Breines, le dichotomy yenza umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ajolise ekumiseleni uluntu olutsha lwangoku (iprefigurative) kunye nalawo agxile kakhulu ekuphembeleleni nasekushukumiseni amaziko aqhelekileyo (iqhinga). Ngokomgaqo, ezi ndlela zimbini zokuziqhelanisa zinokudityaniswa enye kwenye. Umzekelo, njengoko yayisiya yaduma ngezenzo zayo zokuhlala kwi-1960s zakuqala, iKomiti yoLungelelaniso yoBundlobongela yaBafundi, okanye i-SNCC, yafuna zombini ukubonisa kwangaphambili “uluntu oluthandwayo” olucingelwa ngumbutho wamalungelo oluntu kunye nokutyhala ngobuchule utshintsho. kumashishini nakurhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, kuhlalutyo lwakhe lwamaqela amatsha aKhohlo, uBreines wabona ukungavisisani phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini-leyo ibisoloko iqhutywa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zimbini zityekele ziboleka kwiithiyori ezahlukeneyo zotshintsho: Ezo zixhomekeke ngakuyo umfuziselo iinkxalabo zithande ukugxila ekwakhiweni kwamaziko angamanye okanye ukukhuthaza inguqu yomntu, ngelixa ezo zijolise ngakumbi buchule ezopolitiko zithande ukutsalela kwipolitiki yangaphakathi yomdlalo kunye nolungelelwaniso olusekwe kulwakhiwo olufuna ukuphumelela iimfuno zezixhobo.
Zonke ezi zicwangciso-nkqubo zizama ukubonelela ngolwimi lokuxoxa ngendlela iminqweno yombono kunye neemeko zehlabathi zokwenyani zityhalana omnye komnye ekufuneni inguqu kwezentlalo. Inye into eyenza ukuba umbono “wehlabathi ezimbini” wahluke kukuba udityaniswe ngokuqinileyo kwinkcubeko noqeqesho lwekharityhulamu yothungelwano olufana ne-IAF. Le asiyongcamango engabonakaliyo enekhaya kwizifundo zentlalo yoluntu. Kunoko, yinto imibutho yoluntu ethetha ngayo rhoqo kwaye ibandakanye njengeyona nto iphambili yokuqhelanisa amalungu amatsha. Yindlela yokugonya ngokuchasene neengcamango ze-ideological purists, kwelinye icala, kunye ne-jaded insiders, kwelinye - abo bafuna ukuba basebenze ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kweendlela zezopolitiko ezisemthethweni kunokuba basebenzise amandla abantu abalungelelanisiweyo abavela ngaphandle. Isifundo esifundiswa ngabaququzeleli sesokuba asinakukwazi ukuba ngamalungisa ngokugqithiseleyo okanye sibe ngabagxeki ngokugqithiseleyo.
Kukho imizekelo yendlela ezinye iintshukumo ezithetha ngayo ngale ntlupheko kwimisebenzi yazo yemihla ngemihla. UMichael Harrington, umseki weDemocratic Socialists yaseMelika, okanye iDSA, ifaniswe ibhalansi awayecinga ukuba iiradicals kufuneka ihambe “kwintambo eyingozi.” Wayekholelwa ukuba umbono ocacileyo umele utshate “neentshukumo zokwenene ezilwela ukungaguquli inkqubo, kodwa ukufumana isidima esincinane okanye iqhekezana lesonka.” Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-DSA kunye nemibutho eyandulelayo, ikhwelo likaHarrington lokusebenza njenge “iphiko lasekhohlo lenokwenzeka” sisebenze njengesilogeni esazisa amalungu alo kwimbonakalo yeqhinga yeqela - ngendlela efana nendlela inkqubo “yehlabathi ezimbini” esebenze ngayo kwiindawo ezininzi eziququzelela uluntu. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, iintetho-ntetho zisebenza njengendlela yokwenza unxunguphalo lube yinxalenye engundoqo yendlela imibutho enokuyichaza ngayo ithiyori yotshintsho kunye nokuhlela umbono.
Umba onzulu kunezopolitiko
Ngoko ke, luluphi ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwengcamango enqwenelekayo kunye nepragmatism?
I-Chambers kunye noogxa bakhe abanikezeli kakhulu isikhokelo malunga nendlela yokulinganisa ihlabathi ezimbini abazichazayo, kwaye oku kunokuthathwa njengokusilela kwi-dichotomy yabo. Kwangaxeshanye, isakhelo “sehlabathi njengoko linjalo” sicebisa ukuba imibuzo ecwangcisiweyo esiyiphakamisayo asiyiyo enokuphendulwa ngokuphandle; zimele zihlale zizimisele phakathi kokuqwalaselwa kweemeko zehlabathi lokwenene. Kananjalo ayiyomibuzo enokuphendulwa kube kanye ize ijongwe njengesonjululwe ngokuqinisekileyo. Kunoko, kufuneka babalelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Nangona oku kubalwa kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwezopolitiko, ekugqibeleni ngumcimbi wokomoya kunye nobukho. UChambers ugxininise ngelithi, “ingxaki endiyichazayo apha asiyongxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe. Yimeko yomntu.” Kwiingcamango ezisengqiqweni, “ukuthwala uxanduva ngekamva lethu kuthetha ukwamkela ngabom ukruthakruthwano oloyikekayo, olubakho xa sikhetha ukuphila ngokungagungqiyo phakathi kwehlabathi njengoko linjalo nehlabathi njengoko lifanele ukuba njalo, sisala ukugwetyelwa ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo okanye ubuxoki. ingcamango njengendlela yobomi. "
Ngelixa amaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu anokufikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo malunga nendlela yokwenza ngokungqinelana neyona milinganiselo yawo ibambelele nzulu ngeli lixa esebenza phantsi kweemeko ezineziphene zoluntu lwethu lwangoku, akukho namnye unokukuphepha ukulwa nokuchasana. Umbono "wehlabathi ezimbini" kuxinzelelo - enye iyinyani emdaka kwaye enye iyinyani exabisekileyo yento enokuba yiyo - ibonelela ngendlela efikelelekayo yokuxoxa ngale ngxaki inzima, eqondakalayo nakwabo bangenawo amava kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kuphela, yingcamango efanele ukuxatyiswa.
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