Ebekho ebizwa enye yezona ingqondi zezopolitiko zenkulungwane yama-20. Ababhali-mbali Khomba ukuba "ukuba izicatshulwa zemfundo kunye neereferensi ze-intanethi nasiphi na isikhokelo, unempembelelo ngakumbi kunoMachiavelli." Kwaye impembelelo yakhe kwindlela esicinga ngayo malunga neenkqubo zenguqu yentlalo ibekho ichazwe njengokuthi "umfutshane kancinci ekufakeni umbane."
Izinto eziphunyeziweyo zika-Antonio Gramsci, owazalwa e-Italy ngo-1891, ziphawuleka ngakumbi xa ucinga ukuba ubomi bakhe babufutshane kwaye bunzima kakhulu: Intsapho yakhe yayiswele ebuntwaneni bakhe; wayegula ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe; Wachitha ixesha lakhe lobudala evalelwe entolongweni ngamaFasi kaBenito Mussolini emva kokuba iinzame zombutho wakhe zokuphembelela inguquko ziwa phantsi; wayesoloko engavunyelwa ukuba afumane iincwadi ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwakhe; waze wafa eneminyaka engama-46 kuphela ubudala. Sekunjalo, phezu kwako nje oku, wavelisa ingcamango echulumancisayo ethe yanconywa kakhulu yaza yachazwa njengempembelelo ngabaququzeleli kwizizukulwana ezininzi nakumazwekazi amaninzi.
Ngalo lonke eli lungelo, kuselungile ukubuza ukuba ngaba ukuzibandakanya nokucinga kwe-Italiya kuhlala kufanelekile kubatsha ntliziyo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi asibhozo emva kokusweleka kwakhe. Ngaba umdla kwiGramsci uyinto nje yokufunda, okanye ngaba kukho izifundo ezisebenzayo ezinokuthi intshukumo yentlalontle ivelise iziqhamo namhlanje?
Kukho ukuphikisana okuhle ukuba le yokugqibela kunjalo. Kubaququzeleli abasebenza kumnombo wobusoshiyali, i-Gramsci ibalulekile kuba inika inguqulelo yohlalutyo lukaMarxist olukhupha uninzi lwenkolelo kunye ne-orthodoxy ejonge ngasemva ethe ngelishwa yabambelela kwisiko. Kwangaxeshanye, ugcina ulwazi olungundoqo malunga nokuba kutheni ubungxowankulu buxhatshazwa ngokwemvelo kwaye kutheni ukuyitshintsha kuya kufuna iintshukumo ezisuka ngezantsi ukuze zibandakanyeke kukhuphiswano lwamandla, endaweni yokuthenga ingcamango yokuba inkqubo inokudityaniswa ngempumelelo ngabahlaziyi betekhnoloji. izimvo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezikrelekrele.
Kodwa nakwabo bangazichaziyo ngokwabo isithethe sobusoshiyali, ukuqonda ukucinga kweGramsci kunye nobukrelekrele bakhe. iindlalifa ivumela ukuxabisa indlela iintshukumo kumazwe ngamazwe eziphuhlise ngayo izicwangciso zazo: ukusuka kubasebenzi abangenamhlaba eBrazil abaye badibanisa imisebenzi yomhlaba kunye nokudala uthungelwano oludlamkileyo lwezikolo zasemaphandleni ukuya. bashiye abantu abaninzi eSpain ukulandela amacebo onyulo ajolise ekudaleni โingqiqoโ entsha ngokuthanda ulwabiwo ngokutsha kunye nomanyano loluntu. EUnited States, ulwazi lweGramsci luya kuba yimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ootitshala abashiyekileyo eNew York banokuqhuba a workshop โkuhlahlelo oluhlangeneyo,โ okanye kutheni incwadi efana nesikhokelo solungiselelo sikaJonathan Matthew Smucker ithatha isihloko esithi โHegemony Indlela-To. "
Ke zeziphi iikhonsepthi, ke, ezinentshukumo ezithatyathwe kumzimba wethiyori kaGramsci? Yaye iye yazichaphazela njani iindlela zabo zokulungelelanisa?
Imbali ayinakusenzela umsebenzi wethu
Ukusuka kwingcinga yezopolitiko yeGramsci kunye nobuchule obusebenzayo kuza iseti yezimvo ekungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ziye zakhula ngakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Phakathi kwazo: Olo tshintsho lwenguquko alunakuze lufike ngenxa yemithetho emiselwe kwangaphambili yembali. Ukuba iintshukumo ezinenkqubela phambili ziza kudala inguqu, kufuneka ziphumelele kwiintlanga ezininzi zoluntu kwindlela yazo yokucinga ngehlabathi. Kwaye olo lungiselelo kufuneka lwenzeke kumacandelo amaninzi - ezenkcubeko, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho - ezifuna uthethathethwano namaziko amaninzi oluntu.
Nangona wafa ngo-1937, u-Gramsci akazange aziwe ngaphandle kwe-Italiya, ngakumbi kwihlabathi elithetha isiNgesi, kude kube ngo-1970. Kungelo xesha apho iinguqulelo ezihleliweyo zodumo โlweeNcwadi zamanqaku zaseNtongweni,โ ezabhalwa ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwakhe kunye nokuthutyeleziswa ngokufihlakeleyo ngaphaya kokufikelela kobuFasi ekugqibeleni zafumaneka ngokubanzi. Kwityala lakhe ngowe-1928, umtshutshisi kaGramsci wathi, โKufuneka siyiyeke le ngqondo isebenze iminyaka engama-20!โ "Iincwadana zamanqaku eNtolongo" zibonisa ukuba kutheni urhulumente we-Mussolini wabona i-theorist njengesongelo esinjalo.
Nangona ibhala ngeziqwengana eziqhekezayo, iGramsci ingena nzulu kuluhlu oluninzi lwezihloko-ezithatha inkolo, ezoqoqosho, imbali, ijografi, inkcubeko kunye nemfundo. Olu luhlu, umbhali-mbali uPerry Anderson unalo ba phi kisana, โibe, kwaye ayinanto ilinganayo kuncwadi lwethiyori olungasekhohlo.โ Ngaphandle kwemibuzo yesicwangciso sezopolitiko, umsebenzi weGramsci unempembelelo enkulu kwiinkalo zemfundo zezifundo zenkcubeko, subaltern imbali, kunye nokufundwa โkweenkqubo zehlabathiโ phantsi kobukapitali.
Ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwezinto anomdla kuzo uGramsci, kukho izifundo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinokutsalwa kumsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa isifundo sokuqala esibalulekileyo kubaququzeleli seso savela kwinkcazo-bungcali yokugatya izinto zesithethe sakhe sobulumko.
Inkokeli yeQela lamaKomanisi eItali, iGramsci yabona uthotho lwemisebenzi yomzi-mveliso kwiFiat autoplants eTurin ngo-1919 nango-1920. Ezi zenzo zazibonakala ngathi zingaluphawu loguquko lwabasebenzi olunokuthi lulandele ezithendeni ze Imbali yoloyiso lwamaBolshevik eRashiya. Kodwa ke, emva kokubona ukwanda kobuFasi nokuvalelwa entolongweni ngowe-1926, wanyanzelwa ukuba awuhlaziye umbono wakhe wokuba ihlabathi elinobulungisa ngakumbi linokumila njani. Njengomfundi waseBritani owazalelwa eJamaican uStuart Hall ndiza kuchaza kamva, uGramsci "wasebenza, ngokubanzi, ngaphakathi kwi-paradigm ye-Marxist. Nangona kunjalo, yena ... uhlaziywe ngokubanzi, wahlaziya kwaye waphucula imiba emininzi yesakhelo sethiyori ukuze ayenze ibaluleke ngakumbi kubudlelwane bentlalo banamhlanje. " Omnye wemiba ephambili awayiphosayo yayiyimvakalelo yesiko lokungathinteleki kwembali.
Ngexesha likaGramsci, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba โiisoshiyali zenzululwaziโ zicacise umbono oqinisekileyo wembali. Ngokwale mbono, uKarl Marx uye watyhila utyekelo lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho olwalufana nemithetho yendalo: ubukhapitali bagwetywa ngokuphikisana kwabo kwangaphakathi ukuze buvelise intlekele, yaye ezi ntlekele ngokungaphephekiyo zaziya kukhokelela ekunyukeni okoyisayo kweqela labasebenzi phezu kwabaxhaphazi babo bongxowankulu.
I-Gramsci yayikholelwa ukuba kuphela ngolungelelwaniso olumiselweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule kwentando yabantu apho amaziko asisiseko oluntu aya kuthi atshintshe abe ngcono.
U-Gramsci wabona indlela ezi nkolelo, ezisasazwa ngabadala kunye nabantu bexesha elifanayo, ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwi-fatalism, i-passivity kunye nokugqithiswa ngokugqithisileyo. Abo babecinga ukuba iingxaki zezobupolitika zaziya kuconjululwa ngomngcelele ongenakuguquguquka wembali akuzange kufuneke bathabathe uxanduva lokuza nezicwangciso ezicingisisiweyo ezilungelelanisa usukelo lombono kunye nesenzo sobuchule. Endaweni yoko banokuthi, ngokwamazwi kaGramsci, babambe โukuthiya umgaqo wokulalanisaโ kwaye basasaze inkolelo yokuba โokukhona kusiba mbi, kokukhona kuya kuba ngcono.โ Njengoko esitsho, โEkubeni iimeko ezivumayo ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuvela, yaye ekubeni ezi, ngendlela engaqondakaliyo,โ zinokuqhubela phambili inguqu, aba bobusoshiyali babona amalinge ajolise ekungeniseni inguquko nje โnjengengento nje engenamsebenzi kodwa neyingozi. .โ
Umntu unokutsho ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kwembali enjalo kwavela kumfundi ophosakeleyo kunye nokunciphisa uMarx. Nangona kunjalo akukho mathandabuzo okuba iye yanwenwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi abukhali ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwaye yayibalasele ngakumbi ngexesha leSibini saMazwe ngaMazwe, umanyano olunqamlezileyo lwemibutho yabasebenzi kunye neyobusoshiyali eyayidibana ngamaxesha athile phakathi ko-1889 no-1916, ixesha apho. yahambelana nolutsha lukaGramsci.
I-Gramsci yayinyanisekile kwingcamango yokuba amandla ezoqoqosho kunye nobudlelwane beklasi babubaluleke kakhulu ekubumbeni ukuhamba kwembali. Nangona kunjalo wayekholelwa ukuba kuphela ngolungelelwaniso oluqinisekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule kwentando yabantu apho amaziko asisiseko oluntu aya kuthi atshintshe abe ngcono. UGramsci wayichasa imbono yokuba "iingxaki zoqoqosho zangoko zivelisa iziganeko ezisisiseko zembali." Kunoko, wathi, โzinokudala nje indawo elungele ukusasazwa kweendlela ezithile zokucingaโ neentlobo ezithile zolungelelwaniso. Iingxwabangxwaba eziqhubekayo zobukapitali ziyawadala amathuba, kodwa abantu kufuneka badibane ukuze basebenzise โintando nobuchule baboโ ukuze bathabathe ithuba leemeko ezintle.
Isitshixo seGramsci yayikukuphepha ukuba lixhoba kuyo nayiphi na into uqoqosho - okanye ugxininiso olugqithisileyo kwizinto ezibangela uphuhliso lwembali - okanye ingcamango, nto leyo ebandakanya imbono ebaxiweyo ngoko kunokuphunyezwa nje ngeenjongo ezintle nangokuvakalisa isigqibo sokuzithandela. Ukwenza ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko nohlalutyo lwembali.
Iintshukumo kufuneka zifunde "ubudlelwane bemikhosi" yangoku, okanye ukulingana kwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko kunye nomkhosi wamandla phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Bamele bajonge utshintsho olwenzekayo kuluntu kwaye bagqibe ukuba zeziphi eziphilayo, ebonisa iinguqu ezinzulu kubume bezoqoqosho, kwaye ezizizo nje ngokudibeneyo - izehlo zexeshana ezinokuthi "ziphantse zazenzekela" kwaye zingabi "nembali ebaluleke kakhulu." Kuphela ngolo lungiselelo lucokisekileyo banokugqiba ukuba "kukho iimeko eziyimfuneko kunye nezaneleyo" zenguqu kuluntu olunikeziweyo, kunye nokuba isicwangciso esinikezelweyo siyasebenza.
Iimbono ezinjalo ziya kuhambelana neengcinga zezinye ii-radicals, ezinjengombhali osekwe e-Detroit, umququzeleli kunye nomcebisi we-activist. UGrace Lee Boggs, owacebisa iingcali zombutho wentlalontle ukuba zibuze ukuba โLiliphi ixesha kwiwotshi yehlabathi?โ xa beqwalasela izicwangciso zabo zokusebenza. Kwaye iingcamango ezihambelanayo ezivela kwezinye izithethe eziququzelelayo, ezifana nentsimi yokumelana noluntu, egxininisa Indima zombini izakhono kwaye iimeko - oko kukuthi, indlela iimeko zembali kunye ne-arhente yabantu nganye edlala indima kuyo ukumisela impumelelo okanye ukusilela kwentshukumo.
Intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yengxoxo kaGramsci kukuba akuyi kubakho ndlela enye kwi-socialism eya kulandela ilizwe ngalinye. Endaweni yoko, wathi ngenxa yokuba imeko yezopolitiko iyahluka, kuyafuneka ukuba kujongwe ngocoselelo kumhlaba - into echazwa nguGramsci njengokuthatha "ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe ngokuchanekileyo ilizwe ngalinye."
Lo mbono ubonakalise inkuthazo ngokukodwa kumatsha ntliziyo akuMzantsi weHlabathi athe ashukunyiswa ukuba ayile iinguqulelo zethiyori egqibeleleyo ebandakanya iimbali ezizodwa zemimandla yazo. Izifundiswa uNicolas Allen noHernรกn Ouviรฑa bhala ukuba amaSoshiyali aseLatin America ukususela ngexesha likaGramsci aye afaka umsebenzi wakhe โkwiphulo lengqondo elikhudlwana eliye lazama ukulungelelanisa ingcamango kaMarx ukuze ivumelane nenyaniso yezentlalo yommandla ubukhulu becala ongahoywanga buMarx obuqhelekileyo.โ โIincwadi zamanqaku ezintolongweniโ zabakhuthaza ukuba โbabandakanyeke ngokuthe ngqo kwiseti yezinto zokwenene zengingqiโ ezo amaqela asekuhlaleni amakomanisi ebekade engazihoyanga ngokuthobela โinkcazelo yembali yamaKomanisi aMazwe ngaMazwe (Comintern), egxininisa kwiinkcukacha zelizwe ngalinye.โ
Uhlalutyo lweGramscian lukhuthaza ukunyakaza endaweni yokwamkela uxanduva lokulungelelanisa, ukufundisa kunye nokulungiselela isiseko sabantu abanokulungela ukwenza xa kuvela amaxesha afanelekileyo.
Ewe, kwiGramsci, kwakubalulekile ukuba ufundo lweemeko kulo naliphi na ilizwe elinikiweyo lihambisane nesenzo esisebenzayo. Ngaphandle kokuba umntu ujonge โukubhala nje isahluko sembali yangaphambili,โ kufuneka baqonde ukuba lonke uhlahlelo lwezopolitiko โalunakuba sisiphelo ngokwalo.โ Endaweni yoko, uGramsci wabhala, olu hlalutyo "lufumana ukubaluleka kuphela ukuba lusebenzela ukuthethelela umsebenzi othile osebenzayo, okanye inyathelo lentando. Baveza amanqaku awona awona mandla okuxhathisa, apho amandla entando anokusetyenziswa kakhulu ngeziqhamo; bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe amaqhinga akhawulezileyoโ yaye โbabonisa eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuqalisa iphulo loqhushululu lwezobupolitika.โ
Ukuba imbono kaGramsci yayinexabiso kuphela ekuchaseni ama-Marxists angama-orthodox, ayinakuba nexabiso elihlala njalo namhlanje. Kodwa intsingiselo yayo inkulu ngakumbi. Nangona uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwenkolelo kwimbali yembali yabasebenzi eyayixhaphake ngexesha leGramsci isenokungaxhaphakanga ngoku, kusekho abantu abaninzi-nokuba ngabazizifundiswa eziqhelekileyo, abahlalutyi bezopolitiko, abakhululekileyo okanye abanamandla kakhulu-ababambe i-deterministic. iinkolelo zabo. Aba bantu babambe ukuba imibutho yezentlalo ayinakukwazi ukuphembelela imbali, ukuba uvukelo olukhulu luvela kuphela ngenxa yeemeko zembali ezingaphaya kwamandla ethu, okanye ukuba ukusungulwa kweteknoloji kuphela komqhubi obalulekileyo wenkqubela kunye notshintsho.
Uhlalutyo lwe-Gramscian lubonelela ngezixhobo eziluncedo zokugatya ukungakhathali okunjalo, nokuba kuvela ekuphelelweni lithemba, ukugxeka, kugxininiso kwi-techno-fixes okanye uloyiko lokufuna ngokunyanisekileyo amandla. Ikhuthaza iintshukumo endaweni yokwamkela uxanduva lokuququzelela, ukufundisa kunye nokulungiselela isiseko sabantu abanokulungela ukuthatha amanyathelo xa kuvela amathuba afanelekileyo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, uGramsci uthi, iimeko zembali zinokugqalwa njengelungileyo kuphela ngabo "banakho ukungenelela ngokufanelekileyo kuzo." Ngamanye amazwi, ithamsanqa likhetha abalungelelanisiweyo.
Ukuphumelela idabi lemibono
I-Gramsci idale enye impumelelo ngokucacisa ngokubaluleka kwezinto zenkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye neengcamango ezithi, kwisithethe sikaMarxist, zenza "i-superstructure" yoluntu. Kuloo nkqubo, wanceda ekuphuhliseni ithiyori entsha yokuba iintshukumo zinokuwufaka njani ngempumelelo umbono wazo woluntu olunobulungisa ngendlela ehlala ihleli.
Xa uhlalutya kwakutheni ukuze i-revolution iphumelele eRashiya kodwa wasilela kwamanye amazwe, kuquka nelakhe, uGramsci wazoba umbono owandisiweyo wokuba amaqela alawulayo ahlala njani elawula. Urhulumente wongxowankulu, waxoxa wathi, awunakubonwa nje njengeseti yamaziko karhulumente agcina amandla ngokunyanzeliswa - alawulwa ngeenkundla zawo, amapolisa kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi. Endaweni yoko, amandla karhulumente anda ngakumbi, edlula kumaziko oluntu, kubandakanywa izikolo, amajelo eendaba, iicawe kunye namanye amaziko.
Umyalelo olawulayo ungahlala unjalo kuphela ngokugcinwa kwe indibaniselwano. Ingcamango exhaphake ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neGramsci, i-hegemony ayibandakanyi kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuqeqeshwa "komthetho", kodwa iquka iindlela zokusasazwa kweengcamango zokulawula ngoluntu, ukudala ukusemthethweni kunye nemvume yolawulo lweqela elilawulayo.
Ngala magama engqondweni, iGramsci yenza umahluko phakathi kweemeko zaseRashiya kunye namazwe aseNtshona. ERashiya, wachaza, amaziko asemthethweni karhulumente ayengawona, ngelixa "uluntu lwaluyinto yokuqala kunye ne-gelatinous." Noko ke, โeNtshona, kwakukho ulwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi koRhulumente noluntu.โ Kwimeko yokugqibela, uluntu lwakhusela amaqela alawulayo ukuba angabhukuqwa lula: "xa urhulumente wayengcangcazela," uGramsci wachaza, "isakhiwo esomeleleyo soluntu lwatyhilwa kwangoko. Urhulumente yayingumsele ongaphandle; emva kwayo kwakumi inkqubo enamandla yeenqaba nezakhiwo zomhlaba: ezingakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwezininzi ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye.โ
Eqaphela ezi meko, uGramsci waxoxa ukuba "imfazwe yokulawula," uhlobo lokuhluthwa kwamandla ngohlaselo oluthe ngqo oluxelwe yiRussian Revolution, luya kuthatyathelwa indawo kumazwe aphambili ongxowankulu ngohlobo olwahlukileyo lomzabalazo. ENtshona, ukulungelelanisa kuya kufuneka kugxininise "kwimfazwe yesikhundla" - oko kukuthi, ukungena kwimfazwe yexesha elide ye-hegemony, eyenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi bentlalo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, oku kuya kuthetha ukuphumelela idabi lemibono. Umgxeki uRaymond Williams wabhala ukuba i-hegemony yenziwe โyinkqubo engundoqo yoqheliselo, iintsingiselo kunye nezinto ezixabisekileyo ezanelisa ukuqonda koluntu kwinqanaba elinzulu ngakumbi kuneengcamango eziqhelekileyo zeengcamango,โ yaye yinto efuna ngokuqhubekayo โihlaziywe, iphinde yenziwe ngokutsha kwaye ikhuselwe. โ Abo basebenza kumnombo weGramscian baphikisa ukuba abaphembeleli abanqwenela ukuguqula lo myalelo okhoyo kufuneka bajolise kwinto enye ekudaleni "ingqiqo" entsha apho abantu baya kuqonda indawo yabo emhlabeni.
NjengoHarmony Goldberg, itshantliziyo kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho kwiProjekthi yoMgaqo-nkqubo weGrassroot, Ichaza, "I-Gramsci yaxoxa ukuba isoshiyali ayinakuzuzwa okanye igcinwe ukuba inesiseko esincinci sabasebenzi. Endaweni yoko, abasebenzi bafanele bazibone njengabo bakhokelayo kumanyano olubanzi lweeklasi ezininzi (olubizwa ngokuba โyimbali yembaliโ nguGramsci) onombono omanyeneyo wenguqu nolwela iimfuno zawo onke amalungu alo.โ Ukudala ulungelelwaniso olumanyeneyo kuthetha ukuqonda ukuba abantu abazenzi iinkolelo zabo ngendlela esekelwe kubume bezoqoqosho kuluntu.
Endaweni yoko, ukwakheka kweengcamango kuyachaphazeleka, njengoStuart Hall wabhala, โngokwahlukahlukana ngokwentlalo nokungavisisani okuvela kubuhlanga, ubuzwe, ubuzwe nesini.โ Izinto ezinomdla kwiqela lentlalontle, iHolo phawula kwezinye iindawo, โazinikwa kodwa zimele zakhiwe ngokwezobupolitika nangeengcamango.โ
Ezi ngcamango zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo: Ubugcisa bezopolitiko bomyalezo odumileyo kunye nokwakha umfelandawonye akufunekanga buyekwe kubuntu obuqhelekileyo, kodwa kufuneka bube yindawo yabo bafuna utshintsho olungaphezulu. Iintshukumo ezifuna ukuphumelela azinakwaneliswa kukusasaza iziqubulo ezinomtsalane kuphela kumaqela azimele geqe amatshantliziyo acinga ngokufanayo; kufuneka bakhathalele ukufikelela ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo esikhoyo kunye nemiyalezo yokuyila enokuthi ibhenele kwiseti ebanzi yamaqabane anokubakho.
Ukwakha ingqiqo entsha kufuna ukulwa nezimvo ezigcina abantu bengakhathali. UGoldberg uqaphela ukuba imbono yomntu ngamnye kunye neyantlukwano yamaqela alawulayo ngoku inokudodobalisa ngokunzulu. Yena ubhala: โSingafikelela ekukholelweni ukuba izinto esizithandayo zihambelana nempumelelo yobukapitali endaweni yokutshatyalaliswa kwabo (umzekelo, 'Ukunyuka kwamaza kuphakamise zonke izikhephe.'); singakholelwa ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi kule nkqubo njengoko injaloโฆ; sinako ukuzifaka ngaphakathi iimvakalelo ezingeyonyani zokuba songamile okanye siphantsi (umz. ukongama kwabamhlophe okukhuthaza abantu abamhlophe abahlwempuzekileyo ukuba bazithuthuzele ngamalungelo abo ekuhlaleni); kunye nokuninzi."
Ukuba iintshukumo ziza kuthatha indawo yeenkolelo ezilolo hlobo zibeke ezazo iinkolelo, kufuneka zichaze enye indlela ngendlela ekholisayo. Kodwa eli linyathelo lokuqala kuphela. Kufuneka kwakhona banqume ukuba ngawaphi amaqela ezentlalo anokumanyaniswa ekuxhaseni le ndlela kwaye emva koko bakhe ngokucophelela amandla ezopolitiko aloo lungelelaniso. Injongo, njengokuba iiGramscians zangoku zinokuthi, kukudala ngokwaneleyo "thina" kungekhona nje ukuphumelela unyulo ngamaxesha athile, kodwa ukuguqula indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngokwabo kunye nokudibanisa kwabo nabanye. Kukwakha umyolelo ohlangeneyo wokuthatha amanyathelo.
Ukubandakanya amaziko
Ingcinga yeGramscian ikhuthaza ukungafani kobuchule. Ekubeni iindlela zokufundisa ziya kuphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lweemeko ezizodwa zelizwe elithile, izicwangciso zentshukumo ziyahluka kwiindawo ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ekubeni imfazwe yezikhundla ingumzamo wexesha elide, olwelwa kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, uluhlu olubanzi lwamagalelo lunokunceda kumzabalazo wobulungisa bentlalo noqoqosho.
Kudliwanondlebe lwakutsha nje kunye nomphengululi weGramscian uMichael Denning kwi โThe Dig,โ umsasazi wepodcast uDaniel Denvir ucebise ukuba ukucinga kukaGramsci yayiyindlela yekhohlo yokuphuma kwiingxoxo-mpikiswano ezidala ezibona โunyulo,โ ukuncedisana kunye nokulungelelana kwendawo yokusebenza njengento eyodwa. kunokuba zibe ziindlela ezihambelanayo. UDenning wathi xa ephendula: โNgasekhohlo, sonke besinokuba nemfesane ngakumbi omnye komnye ngokulandela iziphiwo nobuchule bethu, kunokuba sibeke abantu ityala ekwenzeni izinto abangenaziphiwo zokuzenza.โ Uqhube wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba iGramsci ikhokelela umntu ukuba angacingi ukuba isikhundla esinye siqinisekisiwe ukuba sisembindini. Abantu kufuneka balwe kwimizabalazo apho baziva ngathi banokusebenza kakhulu kwaye banamandla kwaye apho iitalente zabo zikhona. "
Indlela engcono yokulwa imfazwe yesikhundla kuxoxwa ngayo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, umlweli wabafundi baseJamani uRudi Dutschke waxoxa ngelithi ekhohlo kufuneka โlihambe uhambo olude kumaziko.โ Oku kwakuthetha ukungena kumaziko asekuhlaleni amiselweyo - kubandakanywa izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi, amaqela ezopolitiko, amajelo eendaba, ababoneleli bezempilo, imibutho yoluntu, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye neengcali - ngenjongo yokuphucula kunye nokuguqula. Abaninzi baye bakwenza oko kubonwa imatshi enjalo njengokwandiswa komnombo weGramscian.
Umbutho wabasebenzi abangenamhlaba baseBrazil (owaziwa ngesiPhuthukezi njengeMovement dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, okanye iMST) liqela elinye eliye wamanga le ndlela. Phakathi kwezona ntshukumo zikhulu zezentlalo eLatin America, i-MST igcine imisebenzi yasemaphandleni ebanga umhlaba weentsapho ezingaphezulu kwama-350,000, ngelixa inxibelelana ngokugxekayo norhulumente ukwakha uthungelwano olubanzi lwezikolo, iikliniki zempilo yoluntu kunye namaziko okulungisa ukutya.
Umphengululi uRebecca Tarlau ichaza ezi nzame โnjengolawulo olubambeneyo olusukuzanayo.โ Apha, amafama angamatsha-ntliziyo akatshintshi nje kuphela ubume bamaziko aqhelekileyo abangena kuwo; bakwasebenzisa le mibutho ukwandisa ukuba semthethweni kunye nokulungelelanisa izakhono zentshukumo yabo. UTarlau uthi, โOkubalulekileyo, i-MST ayibandakanyi esi sicwangciso-qhinga seGramscian kuphela, kodwa amatsha ntliziyo aphinda azobe ngokucacileyo ithiyori yeGramscian ukuze athethelele ukudibana kwawo norhulumente waseBrazil.โ
I-Gramsci isixelela ukuba amandla akuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ukubamba i-ofisi kubaluleke kakhulu njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu sokunyakaza ukuhlanganisa iintliziyo neengqondo malunga nombono oqhubekayo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kule ndlela ingcamango yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bentshukumo bangena kumaziko kungekhona njengabahlaziyi - isikhundla esingabashiya besengozini yokubambisana - kodwa njengenxalenye yomzamo wokwakha "ubunkokeli bengqondo kunye nokuziphatha" okufunekayo kwiprojekthi eqhubela phambili yokufumana i-hegemony. โIinkcuba-buchopho zezinto eziphilayo,โ ezithelekiseka nabafundisi-ntsapho basezilalini okanye abefundisi berhamente e-Italiya yexesha likaGramsci, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni iimbono ezizezinye malunga nokudala uluntu olungcono lube yinto yokwenene yehlabathi.
Ngokwahlukileyo kubaphengululi bemveli, aba bathathi-nxaxheba bemibutho yasekuhlaleni basasaza ingcamango kungekhona ngophuhliso lwethiyori, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ubunkokeli kwimicimbi yoluntu kunye namaziko. UTarlau uchaza ukuba, ngezenzo zabo, aba bantu enyanisweni โbasoloko bezama ukufumana imvume kuluntu ukuba baxhase iinjongo zabo zopolitiko nezoqoqoshoโ kwaye benze โizizathu zeendlela ezintsha zobudlelwane boluntu.โ
Rhoqo, iindlela eziphambili kwezopolitiko zibona onke amandla njengakurhulumente, ngakumbi kwinqanaba lomdibaniso, kwaye babona ukunyula abaphambili abaphumeleleyo kwiofisi njengesitshixo sokukhuthaza inkqubela. I-Gramsci isixelela ukuba amandla akuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ukubamba i-ofisi kubaluleke kakhulu njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu sokunyakaza ukuhlanganisa iintliziyo neengqondo malunga nombono oqhubekayo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abaninzi abasebenza ngaphandle korhulumente baphishekela utshintsho kwindawo enye kuphela - kwinqanaba lendawo yokusebenzela enye, isikolo, icawa, intsebenziswano yokutya okanye inyathelo lommelwane - ngaphandle kokudibanisa imizamo yabo kwiprojekthi yotshintsho ebanzi. . I-Gramsci ikhuthaza iintshukumo ukuba zilandele ungenelelo olubanzi, kodwa zihlala zibadibanise njengenxalenye yenkqubo efanayo yokuguqula uluntu.
โIngakumbi namhlanje,โ wabhala oko uStuart Hall ngeminyaka yee-1980, โsiphila kwixesha apho iimpawu zakudala zezobupolitika ziwohloka.โ Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nakumaxesha esiphila kuwo. Ukuba iintshukumo zobulungisa ziza kuphumelela, kufuneka zisebenzele ukwakha izazisi ezintsha kunye nomanyano, olwakhiwe ngothethathethwano namaziko ahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zongquzulwano lwezopolitiko ezenza ubomi babantu.
I-Gramsci ayinikezi zimpendulo zilula kule mingeni sijongene nayo. Nangona kunjalo ngeekhonsepthi ezinje nge "hegemony" kunye "noongqondongqondo bendalo," "imfazwe yesikhundla" kunye "neqela lembali," "uhlalutyo lokuhlangana" kunye nedabi "lokuqonda," ubonelela ngeentshukumo zentlalo ngesigama esicwangcisiweyo sobuchule. Kwaye ngokunyanzelisa kwakhe ukwala ukuzimisela kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezona nkolelo zibambekayo eluntwini, unikezela ngendlela yezopolitiko eziguqukayo ezinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze zihlale zifanelekile kwiingxaki - kunye neenguqu - ezizayo.
Uncedo lophando olubonelelwa nguSean Welch.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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